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Average Wind Affecting AircraftAn average wind is an imaginary wind that would produce the same wind effect during a given period as two or more actual winds that affect the aircraft during that period. Sometimes an average wind can be applied once instead of applying each individual wind separately.Authentically Averaging WDsIf the WDs are fairly close together, a satisfactory average wind can be determined by arithmetically averaging the WDs and windspeeds. However, the greater the variation in WD, the less accurate the result. It is generally accepted that winds should not be averaged arithmetically if the difference in directions exceeds 090° and/or the speed of less than 15 knots. In this case, there are other methods that may be used to obtain a more accurate average wind. A chart solution is shown in Figure 4-43.Figure 4-43. Solving for average wind using chart. [click image to enlarge]Computer SolutionWinds can be averaged by vectoring them on the wind face of the DR computer, using the square grid portion of the slide and the rotatable compass rose. Average the following three winds by this method: 030°/l5 knots, 080°/20 knots, and 150°/35 knots:Place the slide in the computer so that the top line of the square grid portion is directly under the grommet and the compass rose is oriented so that the direction of the first wind (030°) is under the true index. The speed of the wind (15 knots) is drawn down from the grommet. [Figure 4-44A]Figure 4-44. Solving for average wind using computer. [click image to enlarge]Turn the compass rose until the direction of the second wind (080°) is under the true index, and then reposition the slide so that the head of the first wind vector is resting on the top line of the square grid section of the slide. Draw the speed of the second wind (20 knots) straight down (parallel to the vertical grid lines) from the head of the first wind arrow. [Figure 4-44B]Figure 4-44. Solving for average wind using computer (continued). [click image to enlarge]Turn the compass rose so that the direction of the third wind (150°) is under the true index, and reposition the slide so that the head of the second wind vector is resting on the top line of the square grid section of this slide. Draw the speed of the third wind (35 knots) straight down from the head of the second wind arrow. [Figure 4-44C]Figure 4-44. Solving for average wind using computer (continued). [click image to enlarge]Turn the compass rose so the head of the third wind arrow is on centerline below the grommet. Reposition the slide to place the grommet on the top line of the square grid section. The resultant or average wind direction is read directly beneath the true index (108°). Measuring the length of the resultant wind vector (46) on the square grid section and divide it by the number of winds used (3) to determine the windspeed. This gives a WS of about 151/2 knots. The average wind then is 108°/15 1/2 knots. [Figure 4-44D]Figure 4-44. Solving for average wind using computer (continued). [click image to enlarge]With a large number of winds to be averaged or high windspeeds, it may not possible to draw all the wind vectors on the computer unless the windspeeds are cut by 1/2 or 1/3. If one windspeed is cut, all windspeeds must be cut. In determining the resultant windspeed, the length of the total vector must be multiplied by 2 or 3, depending on how the windspeed was cut, and then divided by the total number of winds used. In cutting the speeds, the direction is not affected and the WD is read under the true index.Wind effect is proportional to time. [Figure 4-45] To sum up two or more winds that have affected the aircraft for different lengths of time, weigh them in proportion to the times. If one wind has acted twice as long as another, its vector should be drawn in twice as shown. In determining the average windspeed, this wind must be counted twice.Figure 4-45. Weigh winds in proportion to time. [click image to enlarge]Resolution of Rectangular CoordinatesData for radar equipment is often given in terms of rectangular coordinates; therefore, it is important that the navigator be familiar with the handling of these coordinates. The DR computer provides a ready and easy method of interconversion.Given:A wind of 340°/25 knots to be converted to rectangular coordinates. [Figure 4-46]Plot the wind on the computer in the normal manner. Use the square grid side of the computer slide for the distance.Rotate the compass rose until north, the nearest cardinal heading, is under the true index.Read down the vertical scale to the line upon which the head of the wind vector is now located. The component value (23) is from the north under the true index.Read across the horizontal scale from the center line to the head of the wind vector. The component value (9) is from the west. The wind is stated rectangularly as N-23, W-9.Figure 4-46. Convert wind to rectangular coordinates. [click image to enlarge]Figure 4-46. Convert wind to rectangular coordinates (continued). [click image to enlarge]Given:Coordinates, S-30, E-36, to convert to a wind.Use the square grid side of the computer.Place south cardinal heading under the true index and the grommet on zero of the square grid.Read down from the grommet along the centerline for the value (30) of the cardinal direction under the true index.Place east cardinal heading, read horizontally along the value located in Step 3 from the centerline of the value of the second cardinal direction and mark the point.Rotate the compass rose until the marked point is over the centerline of the computer.Read the WD (130) under the true index and velocity (47 knots) from the grommet to the point marked.Wind Triangle and Its Solution (Part Two)Dead ReckoningWind Triangle Problems Depending on which of the six quantities of the wind triangle are known and which are unknown, there are three principal types of problems to solve: ground vector, wind vector, and TH and GS. The following discussion gives the steps for the computer solution for each type. Work each sample problem and [ ]Read the full article Wind Triangle and Its Solution (Part One)Dead ReckoningVector Diagrams and Wind Triangles A vector illustration showing the effect of the wind on the flight of an aircraft is called a wind triangle. Draw a line to show the direction and speed of the aircraft through airmass (TH and TAS); this vector is called the air vector. Using the same scale, connect the [ ]Read the full article Effect of Wind on AircraftDead ReckoningAny vehicle traveling on the ground, such as an automobile, moves in the direction in which it is steered or headed and is affected very little by wind. However, an aircraft seldom travels in exactly the direction in which it is headed because of the wind effect. Any free object in the air moves downwind [ ]Read the full article DR ComputerDead ReckoningAlmost any type of navigation requires the solution of simple arithmetical problems involving time, speed, distance, fuel consumption, and so forth. In addition, the effect of the wind on the aircraft must be known; therefore, the wind must be computed. To solve such problems quickly and with reasonable accuracy, various types of computers have been [ ]Read the full article Plotting (Part Two)Dead ReckoningPlotting Course From Given Position A course from a given position can be plotted quickly in the following manner. Place the point of a pencil on the position and slide the plotter along this point, rotating it as necessary, until the center hole and the figure on the protractor representing the desired direction are lined [ ]Read the full article Plotting (Part One)Dead ReckoningDead Reckoning (DR) Having discussed the basic instruments available to the navigator, this section reviews the mechanics of dead reckoning (DR) procedures, plotting, determining wind effect, and MB-4 computer solutions. Using basic skills in DR procedures, a navigator can predict aircraft positions in the event more reliable navigation equipment is unavailable or not operative. Therefore, [ ]Read the full article Airspeed (Part Two)Basic InstrumentsComputing True Airspeed ICE-T Method To compute TAS using the ICE-T method on the DR computer, solve, for each type of airspeed, in the order of I, C, E, and T; that is, change IAS to CAS, change CAS to EAS, and change EAS to TAS. This process is illustrated by the following sample problem. [ ]Read the full article Airspeed (Part One)Basic InstrumentsAirspeed is the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air mass surrounding that aircraft. Pitot-Static System Accurate airspeed measurement is obtained by means of a pitot-static system. The system consists of: 1. A tube mounted parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft in an area that is free of turbulent air generated [ ]Read the full article

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