Brian Williams

Time 2020-12-24 22:09:11

Web Name: Brian Williams

WebSite: http://www.briangwilliams.us

ID:144955

Keywords:

Brian,Williams,

Description:

Wed, 23 Dec 2020 14:21:39 |Geology17 comments tl Eureka Slide SuperStock, tr Gavriel Jecan CORBIS, bl Stockbyte SuperStock, br Bob O'Connor Getty Images, bkgd Science VU GSFC Visuals Unlimited Earth scientists use specific methods to investigate Earth and beyond. Earth science encompasses five areas of study astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and environmental science. Jjjdjea Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations. Precise communication is crucial for scientists to share their... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 12:05:23 |Climate Change7 comments Tidal energy is predictable to the minute for at least the rest of the century. Tide levels can be affected by storm surges as experienced dramatically in the UK in 1953. The British Isles benefit from some of the greatest tidal ranges in Europe. In summary, there are at least four technologies that can exploit the action of the tides, offering reliable electricity in the multi-gigawatt range. They are Trapping water at high tide and releasing it when there is an adequate head is an ancient... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 11:20:43 |Green Chemistry2 comments Intituto Tecnolog a Qu mica, UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain New and pending industrial legislation throughout the world requires more stringent environmental protection. Thus, it will soon become illegal to release into the atmosphere some products benzene, volatile hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, corrosive and reactive oxides of sulfur, and nitrogen that contribute to the greenhouse effect. Due to new environmental legislation, many refiners will be required to make significant processing changes. In... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 07:26:49 |Change in the Weather41 comments Water also absorbs heat when it evaporates. This heat supplies the energy needed to break the hydrogen bonds that hold molecules together. Because it is used to break the hydrogen bonds between individual molecules, this heat does not raise the temperature of the liquid water. It is known as latent heat, because it appears to be hidden see the sidebar Latent heat and dew point below . Heat energy that is absorbed when water evaporates is released when the hydrogen bonds form once again and the... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 07:08:12 |Weather and Climate3 comments Variations of three to eight weeks' duration are observed in the strength of the zonal westerlies, averaged around the hemisphere. They are rather more noticeable in the winter months, when the general circulation is strongest. The nature of the changes is illustrated schematically in Figure 7.23. The mid-latitude westerlies develop waves, and the troughs and ridges become accentuated, ultimately splitting up into a cellular pattern with pronounced meridional flow at certain longitudes. The... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 00:58:02 |Climates and Weather26 comments Figure 12.1 shows that winds between the tropics converge on a line which we call the Intertropical Convergence Zone i.e. ITCZ or equatorial trough. This line of convergence near the equator is also discernible in a map of streamlines Figure 12.2 Note 12.A . It is actually a band a few hundred kilometres wide, enclosing places where winds flow inwards are 'confluent' and subsequently rise convectively. It is the latitude of the highest air temperature and vapour pressure near the surface, and... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 00:57:46 |Hydrogen5 comments The LZ-129 Hindenburg and her sister-ship LZ-130 Graf Zeppelin II were the two largest aircrafts ever built. The Hindenburg was named after the President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg. It was a brand new all-aluminum design 245 m long, 41 m in diameter, containing 211 890 m3 of gas in 16 bags or cells, with a Fig. 2.6 On May 6, 1937, at 19 25 the German zeppelin Hindenburg caught fire and was utterly destroyed within a minute while attempting to dock with its mooring mast at Lakehurst Naval... Wed, 23 Dec 2020 00:57:38 |Atmospheric Science11 comments Fig. 2.11 Annual mean sea surface temperature. Top The total field. Bottom Departure of the local sea surface temperature at each location from the zonally average field. Based on data from the U.K. Meteorological Office HadISST dataset. Courtesy of Todd P. Mitchell. The term cryo- frozen sphere refers to components of the Earth system comprised of water in its solid state, or in which frozen water is an essential component. The cryosphere contributes to the thermal inertia of the climate... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 23:43:27 |Geology4 comments Atomic number -Symbol -Atomic mass - The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope for that element. The names and symbols for elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118 are temporary. Final names will be selected when the elements' discoveries are verified. Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are smaller particles called electrons. An electron e has little mass, but it has a negative electric charge that is exactly the same magnitude as the positive charge of a... How do compounds form Many atoms gain or lose electrons in order to have eight electrons in the outermost energy level. In the diagram, energy levels are indicated by the circles around the nucleus of each element. The colored spheres in the energy levels represent electrons, and the spheres in the nucleus represent protons and neutrons. 1. How many electrons are present in atoms of Element A Element B 2. How many protons are present in the nuclei of these atoms 3. Use the periodic table on... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 15:34:02 |Geology5 comments N4TdHa Igneous rocks are the rocks that form when molten material cools and crystallizes. Real-World Reading Link At any given point in time, igneous rocks are forming somewhere on Earth. The location and the conditions that are present determine the types of igneous rocks that form. If you live near an active volcano, you can literally watch igneous rocks form. A hot, molten mass of rock can solidify into solid rock overnight. As you read in Chapter 4, magma is molten rock below Earth's... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 12:49:28 |The Carbon Cycle1 comment Estimates of present-day global volcanic degassing rates are under constant revision e.g., see Gerlach, 1991 Brantley and Koepenick, 1995 Sano and Williams, 1996 Marty and Tolstikhin, 1998 Kerrick, 2001 . A compilation of recent estimated rates of most degassing processes is shown in table 4.1. A constraint on estimates is that none can exceed total global degassing. The latter can be determined from the steady-state assumption that CO2 release by global degassing must be balanced by global... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 11:53:36 |Low Energy Strategies3 comments As the climate warms, the demand for environmental cooling will inevitably increase. It would increase anyway in developed countries the acceptable ' comfort zone' inside buildings is becoming narrower. Occupants are less and less willing to modify their clothing and habits in response to seasonal changes. Fifty years ago clerical staff thought nothing of wearing woollen underwear to the office, where men would work in three-piece suits, collar and tie for most of the year. In the height of... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 11:52:52 |Natural Environment3 comments In order to appreciate truly his farm, the farmer must needs begin as a child with nature-study in order to be successful and make the farm pay, he must needs continue in nature-study and to make his declining years happy, content, full of wide sympathies and profitable thought, he must needs conclude with nature-study for nature-study is the alphabet of agriculture and no word in that great vocation may be spelled without it.1 A serious agricultural depression in the north-eastern United... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 11:52:46 |Solar Energy2 comments To achieve cost-effectiveness in mass production, the collector structure must feature not only a high stiffness-to-weight ratio, to keep the material content to a minimum, but also be amenable to low-labor manufacturing processes. A number of structural concepts have been proposed, such as steel framework structures with central torque tubes or double V trusses and fiberglass Kalogirou et al., 1994b . A recent development in this type of collectors is the design and manufacture of the... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 10:18:20 |Atmospheric Chemistry5 comments Up to this point we have considered spherical particles of a known diameter Dp and density pp. Atmospheric particles are sometimes nonspherical and we seldom have information about their density. Also a number of techniques used for atomospheric aerosol size measurement actually measure the particle's terminal velocity or its electrical mobility. In these cases we need to define an equivalent diameter for the nonspherical particles or even for the spherical particles of unknown density or... Jules Verne appears to be one of the earliest people to recognize, or at least articulate, the idea of splitting water to produce hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2 in order to satisfy the energy requirements of society. As early as 1874 in The Mysterious Island, Jules Verne alluded to clean hydrogen fuels, writing Fig. 2. The terawatt renewable energy challenge the energy mix has to switch from the panel on the left to the panel on the right to cap CO2 levels at safe limits. Data from the International... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 06:21:03 |Dangerous Weather59 comments MEDITERRANEAN SEA Algiers__Amiaba ji lt . DuaqadouooiV Bamako o , Atacama Desert, which lies along the coast of Chile. Atacama Desert, which lies along the coast of Chile. There is a striking difference between the Sahara and the Atacama Desert. The Sahara borders the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, but it is a huge area, most of which is a long way from the sea. The Atacama, on the other hand, comprises a narrow coastal strip bordering the South Pacific Ocean. The Namib Desert,... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 06:20:55 |Geology19 comments Design an Experiment This lab demonstrated the relationship between exposure time and weathering. Consider other factors that affect weathering. Design an experiment to measure the effects of those factors. Download quizzes, key terms, and flash cards from glencoe.com. Weathering and erosion are agents of change on Earth's surface. chemical weathering p. 166 exfoliation p. 165 frost wedging p. 164 mechanical weathering p. 164 oxidation p. 166 weathering p. 164 MAUWJdSa Weathering breaks down... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 06:19:41 |Marine Ecology24 comments The zonation of plants and animals is often clearly visible on rocky coastlines of the British Isles. An excellent summary of 'typical' patterns of zonation on sheltered, moderately exposed and exposed shores is given in Hawkins and Jones 1992 . For a fuller picture, students should refer to Lewis 1964 where a full account is given of distribution patterns on many different shores throughout the British Isles. Other useful references include Ballantine 1961 and Moyse and Nelson-Smith 1963 .... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 06:18:58 |Change in the Weather45 comments Extremely cold, dense air also subsides over the North and South Poles. It produces the two polar high-pressure regions. Air flows out from them and is deflected to become the polar easterly winds. Any object moving toward or away from the equator and not firmly attached to the surface does not travel in a straight line. As the diagram illustrates. It is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Moving air and water tend to follow a clockwise... As was explained in Chapter 3, Section 3.2.4, power towers or central receiver systems use thousands of individual sun-tracking mirrors, called heliostats, to reflect solar energy onto a receiver located atop a tall tower. The receiver collects the sun's heat in a heat transfer fluid molten salt that flows through the receiver. This is then passed optionally to storage and finally to a power conversion system, which converts the thermal energy into electricity and supplies it to the grid.... In the Waur view, self-control over violent aggressive impulses, compassion for children, and acceptance of the responsibility to share material wealth are all basic attributes of human beings. EMIL1ENNE IRELAND, CEREBRAL SAVAGE Although war and other types of violence may be very noticeable, a close examination of cross-cultural data reveals that people usually deal with conflict without violence. Humans have a solid capacity for getting along with each other peacefully, preventing physical... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 02:31:08 |Geology16 comments Chemical weathering of limestone by water causes the characteristic topography of karst areas. Real-World Reading Link You might have seen an old gravestone, statue, or sculpture that has been weathered by acidic water. Similar processes form limestone caves underground. Acids are aqueous solutions that contain hydrogen ions. Most groundwater is slightly acidic due to carbonic acid. Carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water and combines with water molecules. This happens... Tue, 22 Dec 2020 01:36:12 |Weather and Climate53 comments Another thermally induced wind regime is the land and sea breeze see Figure 6.11 . The vertical expansion of the air column that occurs during daytime heating over the more rapidly heated land see Chapter 3B.5 tilts the isobaric surfaces downward at the coast, causing onshore winds at the surface and a compensating offshore movement aloft. Typical land-sea pressure differences are of the order of 2 mb. At night, the air over the sea is warmer and the situation is reversed, although this... Although dwarfed in scale by the European barriers, three New England barriers constructed during the 1960s have some design features and operating characteristics that might be relevant to the New York metropolitan region. Barriers across open waterways exist at three locations Stamford CT, Providence RI and New Bedford MA. The construction of hurricane-flood protection for the region was authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of 5 July 1958 Public Law 85-500, 85th Congress . The... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 21:09:52 |Natural Environment2 comments The West of which I speak is but another name for the Wild and what I have been preparing to say is, that in Wildness is the preservation of the World.1 No doubt there would have been an environmental movement without Thoreau, but it is hard to imagine such a movement without the rhetorical fire of his words or the inspirational force of his actions. It was Thoreau's ability to embody his actions in powerful and incisive language that made them resonate so widely most famously, his one-night... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 21:07:38 |Social Justice3 comments Niue is small island in the South Pacific located 480 kilometres east of Tonga, about a four hour flight from Auckland. The island has a land area of 259 square kilometres. It may be the only country in the world that is a net sink of greenhouse gases because forest regrowth appears to be sequestering more carbon than is being emitted from human activities.11 As a result of climate change, air temperature in Niue is expected to increase by between 0.7 to 1.5 degrees C by the year 2050.12 Only... Green political thought is replete with favourable references to co-operatives. Sometimes co-operatives are simply included in a list of desirable or necessary reforms with little elaboration or explanation. More often they are deemed to merit a paragraph or two extolling some of the virtues of co-operative organisation. The more perceptive thinkers point to various difficulties associated with co-operative working. But few green writers attempt more than a superficial examination of the... The principal intrinsic benefit relates to the social and environmental basis of the niche. But what can small-scale community action contribute to sustainable development A review of grassroots action for sustainability by Church and Elster 2002 identified a range of direct environmental benefits such as reduced car-use, increased recycling, and planting trees. When assessing impacts, they note 'small local projects may seem almost irrelevant at city-scale or above, but if wider policies lead... Tamsen Butler was living the busy life of a mother of two, a college student, and a freelance writer when her 15-month-old son could no longer breathe properly. She carried him into the ambulance, clutching my son in one arm while I used my other arm to balance my laptop bag. After a couple of nights in a Nebraska hospital tending to her son and staying up late trying to meet writing deadlines, she had an epiphany My son was in the hospital and I was a fool. Rather than working while her son... The fight against pollution cannot be successful if the patterns of production and consumption continue to be of a scale, a complexity, and a degree of violence which, as is becoming more and more apparent, do not fit into the laws of the universe, to which man is just as much subject as the rest of creation.1 Schumacher was working on his ideas at a time when the dominant ideology was 'the bigger the better'. Large institutions, multinational corporations, industrial mergers, unlimited... A general problem with the strategy of lifestyle change is that it is ultimately divorced from where it wants to go, in that it is not obvious how the individualism on which it is based will convert into the com-munitarianism that is central to most descriptions of the sustainable society. It would appear more sensible to subscribe to forms of political action that are already communitarian, and that are therefore both a practice and an anticipation of the advertised goal. In this sense the... Mind-body practices traffics with the assumed interactions among the brain, body, and behavior, and the ways in which emotional, mental, social, spiritual, and behavioral factors may (can ) affect health. As the NCCAM makes evident, It regards as fundamental an approach that respects and enhances each person's capacity for self-knowledge and self-care, and emphasizes techniques grounded in this approach. With this underpinning, its practices believed to affect health include relaxation,... Let us return to a very basic view of what society is. Clearly it has something to do with ensuring collective and individual welfare. The economy is a system for providing the services (see Chapters 4 and 7) which deliver that welfare. This begs the question of what welfare is. If we spurn the conventional economic assumption that consumption provides a proxy for welfare, then we have to face the difficult question of what exactly we do mean when we speak of it. There are a number of possible... The overall concept that is gaining acceptance among researchers is subjective well being, that is, a person's own opinion of his or her well-being. Diener and Seligman note that well-being includes three things pleasure, engagement, and meaning.8 A pleasant life is characterized by positive emotions and disposition. Engagement involves absorption in what one is doing sometimes described as flow. Boredom is the opposite of engagement. Meaning is belonging to and serving something larger than... Map of Northern Alaska Showing Locations and Relative Sizes of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), in U.S. Geological Survey 2002 Petroleum Resource Assessment of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA), U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 2002 source Figure 1. Map of Northern Alaska Showing Locations and Relative Sizes of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) and the Arctic National... Various organisations compile and report data on oil and gas reserves, using national and company sources. The most widely quoted primary sources of global proven oil reserves 1P data are the Oil and Gas Journal O amp GJ and the World Oil Journal. OPEC compiles data for its member countries, and publishes this together with data for other countries drawn from BP. IHS compiles data for 2P reserves only. Other organisations, including BP, publish their own global estimates based mainly on data... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 17:55:04 |Green Politics2 comments The groundbreaking success of the Green breakthrough in Germany has resulted in the German Green party Die Gr nen later Bundnis'90 Die Gr nen, following German unification becoming the focal point for a large proportion of the analytical research into Green parties. The party experienced an initial period of development and success, followed by a period of internal debates and conflict caused by, and reflected in, a series of disappointing electoral performances. It is not surprising,... Results of rock abundance modeling Berner and Canfield, 1989 and isotope mass balance modeling Berner, 2001 for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time are compared in figure 6.5. The isotope modeling, designated here as RROD, is based on the carbon isotopic data of Veizer et al. 1999 with a minor positive excursion during the Silurian ignored see figure 3.3 , the sulfur isotopic data of Strauss 1999 , and rapid recycling RR and O2-dependent OD C and S isotope fractionation Berner, 2001 .... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 13:41:04 |Low Energy Strategies5 comments Passive cooling systems, like passive space heating systems, have many attractive features, not least simplicity, cost and reliability. They also have serious limitations. Windcatchers, solar chimneys and the stack effect on their own can never ensure that stale warm air is always extracted from every nook and cranny of every building and that cool fresh air always replaces it at a rate which significantly improves occupant comfort. Larger buildings with complex floor plans that depend entirely... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 13:38:33 | Environmental Issues13 comments Government participation in pollution abatement is not a new phenomenon, but, in recent years, particularly following the Clean Air legislation of the 1960s and 1970s, the role of government has intensified, and pollution problems have become increasingly a focus for political intervention. Thus, when acid rain emerged as a major environmental problem, it was inevitable that any solution would involve considerable governmental and political activity. Given the magnitude of the problem it also... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 13:28:45 |Power Generation65 comments A tidal power plant is perhaps the most capital-intensive type of power station yet envisaged. It involves building a low-head hydropower scheme in the tidal reaches of an estuary, an environment where construction is, at best, difficult. Construction schedules are long so lengthy up-front loans are required, with a considerable gap between granting of the loan and income from the plant. There is so little experience with this type of project that no useful conclusions can be drawn from... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 13:18:32 |Environmental Journalism1 comment 'A wild panther Panthera pardus was trapped from a private residence in Panaji's high class Miramar ward in April 2006' Miramar-Panaji Panjim, is on the banks of Mandovi estuary. It is a densely populated area. How did the panther reach there Where did it come from Is the island of Tiswadi losing its residual green cover . The capital city of India's smallest state, Goa, Panjim or Panaji, the 51st richest town in India by bank deposits, has been animatedly discussing this issue. It is indeed a... Following devolution, the Principality of Wales was granted greater autonomy resulting in the need for an assembly building for which the Richard Rogers Partnership was appointed architects with environmental engineer BDSP. It is a classic example of architect and engineer working in concert from the earliest stage of the project. The design brief was for a building which reflected the democratic nature of government whilst also being a landmark example of low energy design. It also has to last... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 11:41:42 |Solar Energy5 comments To understand the photovoltaic effect, some basic theory about semiconductors and their use as photovoltaic energy conversion devices needs to be given as well as information on p-n junctions. These are explained in the following sections. As is well known, atoms consists of the nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus. According to quantum mechanics, electrons of an isolated atom can have only specific discrete or quantized energy levels. In elements that have electrons in multiple... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 08:28:31 |Weather and Climate3 comments Winter temperatures in northwest Europe are some 11 C or more above the latitudinal average see Figure 3.18 , a fact usually attributed to the presence of the North Atlantic current. There is, however, a complex interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. The current, which originates from the Gulf Stream off Florida strengthened by the Antilles current, is primarily a wind-driven current initiated by the prevailing south-westerlies. It flows at a velocity of 16 to 32 km per day and thus,... A fine illustration of the effects of storm surge on sea flooding is provided by the example of Vanua Levu island in Fiji during Tropical Cyclone Gavin in early March 1997 Terry and Raj 1999 . TC Gavin, lasting from 3 to 11 March, was the first cyclone to strike the Fiji Islands in the 1997 hot season Fig. 5.23 , and was the severest storm to affect the nation since the early Fig. 5.23. Satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Gavin, 8 a.m. local time on 7 March 1997. Note the well-developed... Mon, 21 Dec 2020 02:14:36 |Paleoclimatology1 comment FIGURE 9.21 Fluctuations of arboreal pollen (AP) sum at the Funza site, Sabana de Bogot , Colombia, over the past 1.5 Ma.The former lake of Bogota desiccated at -27 ka B.P., terminating this sequence.The development of a pronounced - 100 ka climatic cycle within the last I Ma is clearly seen (Hooghiemstra and Ran, 1994). the same time interval) the forest zone was limited to elevations of less than 2000 m, below the intermontane basin. When viewed over very long periods of time (Fig. 9.21)... Alley An expert on Arctic ice melt. Ken or Kenneth Caldeira An expert on the carbonization increasing acidification of the oceans and many other newsworthy subjects. Ruth Curry Oceanographer an expert on ocean thermohaline circulation. Kerry A. Emanuel An expert on hurricanes and global warming. Paul Epstein An outspoken expert on human health and warming. Jim or James E. Hansen Director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, and a long-time veteran of the... Sun, 20 Dec 2020 22:48:49 |Tropical Rainforest1 comment As usually defined, the Massenerhebung or mountain mass elevation effect means the occurrence of physiognomically and sometimes floristically similar vegetation types at higher altitudes on large mountain masses than on small isolated peaks, especially those in or near the sea. Although the effect was first reported in the European Alps Schroeter, 1908 and in North America where it is known as the Merriam effect Martin, 1963 , it is best known in the tropics. Perhaps its clearest expression is... Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johansen, Bruce E. Bruce Elliott , 1950-Global warming 101 Bruce E. Johansen. p. cm. Science 101, ISSN 1931-3950 Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-313-34690-3 alk. paper 1. Global warming. 2. Greenhouse gases. I. Title. QC981.8.G56J639 2008 363.738'74 dc22 2008000052 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright 2008 by Bruce E. Johansen All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be... Solar electrochemical, solar thermal,1,2 and solar thermal electrochemical hybrid3 hydrogen generation are introduced in this Section. Water electrolysis and electrolysis using solar concentrator technology were discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. The thermal and the hybrid processes will be discussed in depth in subsequent Sections of this chapter. At high temperatures gt 2000 C , water chemically disproportionates to hydrogen and oxygen. Hence, in principle, by using solar energy to directly heat... Sun, 20 Dec 2020 11:39:34 |Geology2 comments To read about desert landscapes formed by weathering and erosion, go to the National Geographic Expedition on page 898. Figure 7.7 The climate of New York City caused the obelisk on the left to weather rapidly. The obelisk on the right has been preserved by Egypt's dry, warm climate. bl Mark Skalny Visuals Unlimited, bc Charles amp Josette Lenars CORBIS Figure 7.8 When the same object is broken into two or more pieces, the surface area increases. The large cube has a volume of 1000 cm3. When it... Sun, 20 Dec 2020 11:39:16 |Natural Climate2 comments The impressive occurrence of large fossil trunks and stumps megafossils of pine trees preserved in peat bogs in north-west Europe Figure 2.1a and b naturally attracted attention from naturalists as early as the late 18th century e.g. Tait, 1794 , and raised problems for many scientists who assumed that the environment did not change greatly. For example, in Scotland, Maxwell 1915 suggested that one of the greatest enigmas of natural science is presented in the remains of pine forest buried... Sun, 20 Dec 2020 11:31:01 |Hydroclimate Projects2 comments The major forcing for the climate system is energy received from the Sun. The Earth intercepts a fraction of the radiant energy emitted by the Sun. A surface perpendicular to the solar ray at the upper edge of the Earth's atmosphere and at the mean Earth-Sun distance receives 1367Wm 2 or the solar constant Sc , but its true value is uncertain by 4Wm 2 Hoyt and Schatten, 1997 . The solar radiation spread evenly over the spherical surface of the entire globe equates to 342 W m 2. This... In seeking to overcome the problems associated with hydrogen storage and distribution, numerous approaches have set out to use liquids rich in hydrogen such as gasoline or methanol as a source of hydrogen via on-board reformers. In contrast to pure hydrogen-based systems, they are compact containing on a volume basis more hydrogen than even liquid hydrogen and easy to store and handle without pressurization. The possibility of generating hydrogen with more than 80 efficiency by the on-board... Sun, 20 Dec 2020 00:42:23 |Solar Energy17 comments Energy delivery temperatures can be increased by decreasing the area from which the heat losses occur. Temperatures far above those attainable by flat-plate collectors can be reached if a large amount of solar radiation is concentrated on a relatively small collection area. This is done by interposing an optical device between the source of radiation and the energy-absorbing surface. Concentrating collectors exhibit certain advantages over the conventional flat-plate type Kalogirou et al.,... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 23:14:48 |Geology 7 comments How does change relate to surface area Surface area is a measure of the interface between an object and its environment. An object having more surface area can be affected more rapidly by its surroundings. Types of Weathering Make this Foldable to explain the types of weathering and what affects the rate of weathering. 1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 2. Fill two 250-mL beakers with water at room temperature. 3. Drop a sugar cube in one beaker and 5 mL of granulated sugar in the other... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 22:26:33 |The Carbon Cycle2 comments The paleosol method Cerling, 1991 rests on the assumption that the carbon in pedogenic carbonate is precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with dissolved inorganic carbon in soil waters and with soil CO2. The isotopic composition of soil CO2 is the result of mixing respired CO2, with the 813C value of soil organic matter, and atmospheric CO2. The relative proportions of respired CO2 and atmospheric CO2 determine the 813C of the soil gas and, if exchange equilibrium is attained, also of soil... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 21:18:46 |Atmospheric Chemistry3 comments In the CO oxidation cycle, hydrogen peroxide, H202, is a reservoir molecule for HOt In the CH4 oxidation cycle, methyl hydroperoxide, CH3OOH, is also a HO reservoir Nitrous acid, HONO, which is formed by a heterogeneous reaction involving NO and H20 Calvert et al. 1994 , is a reservoir for both HO, and NO,. HONO dissociates by photolysis to regenerate OH atid NO Formed overnight, HONO photo dissociates upon sunrise to inject a pulse of OH into the early-morning atmosphere. The class of... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 20:26:54 |Atmospheric Science2 comments Most of the exchanges between reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle considered in the previous section involve phase changes and transports of a single chemical species, H2O. In contrast, the cycling of carbon involves chemical transformations. The carbon cycle is of interest from the point of view of climate because it regulates the concentrations of two of the atmosphere's two most important greenhouse gases carbon dioxide CO2 and methane CH4 . The important carbon reservoirs in the Earth system... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 16:15:44 |Geology7 comments Earth scientists use mapping technologies to investigate and describe the world. 2.1 Latitude and Longitude I iiBRii Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. fT fldia Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. H Biaa New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps. Maps predate written history. The earliest known map was created as a cave painting in ancient Turkey. China spans five international time zones however, the entire country... Polymethylmethacrylate production currently amounts to more than 2.8 million tons per year on a worldwide scale, and the average yearly demand has been steadily increasing in recent years by more than 0.2 million tons. In contrast to the majority of bulk chemicals, for which the number of competitive processes is limited to one or two technologies, in the case of methylmethacrylate MMA , the monomer for polymethylmethacrylate production, there are several different technologies that are... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 14:07:42 |Air Pollution16 comments Not only do oceans affect climate, but regions with a maritime or partial maritime climate are influenced by the temperature of the nearby ocean. For example, cool, foggy San Francisco weather is affected by The concept of latent heat answers important questions about climate. For example, why is March cooler than September in the Northern Hemisphere, even though at any given location the two months have the same day length and the same solar radiation March is cooler because much of the Sun's... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 13:05:40 |Air Pollution20 comments The Coriolis effect modifies global air circulation so that there are six atmospheric circulation cells, three in each hemisphere. At the equator, air behaves as described in the section on atmospheric circulation above. Warm air rises, creating a low pressure cell, and then moves toward the poles at the top of the troposphere. As the air advects poleward, it is deflected by the Coriolis effect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. By about 30 N or... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 13:00:31 |Climate Change2 comments BedZED is not just another low energy housing scheme, it is a prescription for a social revolution a prototype of how we should live in the twenty-first century if we are to enjoy a sustainable future Figure 18.7 . The design was led by Bill Dunster Architects who are one of the UK's top evangelists for ecologically sustainable architecture with the services and energy strategy developed by Arup Associates. The Innovative Peabody Trust commissioned this development as an ultra-low energy mixed... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 11:49:16 |Solar Hydrogen Generation10 comments Personally, I think that 400 years hence the power question in England may be solved somewhat as follows. The country will be covered with rows of metallic windmills working electric motors, which in their turn supply current at a very high voltage to great electric mains. At suitable distances there will be great power stations where during windy weather the surplus power will be used for the electrolytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen In times of calm, the gases will be... Sat, 19 Dec 2020 09:40:48 |Green Chemistry2 comments Chemical reactions from the excited state are not the only and not necessarily the most important way in which a reaction can be initiated by light absorption. A completely different approach involves the generation of some activated, but ground state, intermediate through the photochemical step, thus leading to a photoinitiated reaction, even if some of the chemical steps are actually thermal reactions. The first group, perhaps scientifically trivial, but quite useful in the laboratory and... Today, methanol is almost exclusively produced from syn-gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and CO2 over a heterogeneous catalyst according to the following equations The two reactions in Eqs. 1 and 2 are exothermic, with heats of reaction equal to -21.7 kcal mol-1 and -9.8 kcal mol-1, respectively. They both result in a decrease of volume as the reaction proceeds. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the conversion to methanol is therefore favored by increasing pressure and... Photovoltaic systems are practical for beach, remote cabins, or vacation homes that don't have access to the electricity grid. These systems can be set up to meet power needs for less money. The fact that solar energy is highly reliable and needs little maintenance makes it a great choice for hard-to-reach locations with ample sunlight. Polar research stations are a good example. Remote mountain or desert homes in sunny locations can get reliable electricity from solar generation for lighting,... Youth homelessness hit the headlines in 1989. Over the next few years it was a popular subject in the broadsheet and tabloid press. Images of young people sleeping rough on the streets of London were common, particularly in the Sunday press. Youth homelessness featured in women's magazines and the subject matter lent itself to a number of television drama documentaries. This chapter traces the media career of youth homelessness the way it entered the headlines and, later, how the reporting... To bring it down to the basic concept, we must build up areas liberated from the industrial system. That means, liberated from nuclear weapons and from supermarkets. What we are talking about is a new social formation and a new civilisation.1 Rudolf Bahro was a communist dissident, an early member of the German Greens and a leading proponent of spiritual green political thought and action. Bahro originally became well known as the author of The Alternative in Eastern Europe, which he wrote... Advances in neuroimaging have allowed us to visualize the brain at various stages of aging. Clearly identifying structural changes that are typical of normal versus abnormal aging remains difficult. As we review in the following section, there is consistent evidence that the human brain physically declines with age, although the regions and characteristics of this decline vary somewhat by study methodology and sample. Several studies have shown an inverse relationship between age and brain... In the area of federal air pollution regulations, no appointment has been more important to the Bush administration than that of Jeffrey R. Holm-stead, EPA's assistant administrator for Air and Radiation. Holmstead, who left the post in August 2005, was a consummate insider. Throughout his career, he worked on behalf of corporate clients to scale back and minimize the effects of environmental regulation on business. He served as an associate White House counsel in the administration of George... Ambient surrounding or unconfined air usually but not always referring to outdoor Noise pollution is the intrusion of unwanted, uncontrollable, and unpredictable sounds, not necessarily loud, into the lives of individuals of reasonable sensitivities. Using the reasonable person standard removes the notion that the judgment of sounds as unwanted is subjective. Unwanted sounds or noises can be traced back to Old Testament stories of very loud music and barking dogs as well as to ancient Rome... Antibacterial drugs, originally derived from spore-forming microbes and commercially available since the 1940s, were one of the most consequential innovations of the twentieth century. They have been a major cause of extended life expectancy and saved millions of lives that would have been lost to previously untreatable diseases. Less dramatically, they have shortened the course of common infections, lessened patient discomfort, and speeded up recovery. But their spreading use led inevitably to... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 19:07:16 |Weather and Climate23 comments When an air parcel moves to an environment of lower pressure without heat exchange with surrounding air its volume increases. Volume increase involves work and the consumption of energy this reduces the heat available per unit volume and hence the temperature. Such a temperature change, involving no subtraction or addition of heat, is termed adiabatic. Vertical displacements of air are the major cause of adiabatic temperature changes. Near the earth's surface, most temperature changes are... It is now clear that the chloroplasts in plant cells were originally derived from prokaryotes (Margulis, 1971 Margulis and Dolen, 2002), therefore questions about the early history of photosynthesis on Earth are really questions about the origin of photosynthesis in bacteria. There has been a general assumption by many workers that anoxygenic photosynthesis predates oxygenic photosynthesis (Fenchel and Finley, 1995), conclusions which have been supported by more recent molecular analysis (Xiong... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 16:37:28 |Environmental Regulations127 comments Climate models, cited in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Third Assessment Report, projected that global temperatures could rise by as much as 10.4 F 5.8 C by the end of the twenty-first century. To find out what would happen if the world warmed by that much, journalist Mark Lynas read thousands of scientific papers dealing with how climate change affected life on Earth in the past. The result of his work was a book entitled Six Degrees. An increase of one degree would bring about... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 15:54:24 |Solar Energy5 comments The solar incidence angle, 9, is the angle between the sun's rays and the normal on a surface. For a horizontal plane, the incidence angle, 9, and the zenith angle, are the same. The angles shown in Figure 2.9 are related to the basic angles, shown in Figure 2.5, with the following general expression for the angle of incidence Kreith and Kreider, 1978 Duffie and Beckman, 1991 cos 9 sin L sin 6 cos 3 - cos L sin 6 sin 3 cos Zs cos L cos 6 cos h cos 3 sin L cos 6 cos h sin 3 cos Zs cos 6 sin h... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 15:06:54 |Weather and Climate1 comment The character of frontal weather depends upon the vertical motion in the airmasses. If the air in the warm sector is rising relative to the frontal zone the fronts are usually very active and are termed ana-fronts, whereas sinking of the warm air relative to the cold airmasses gives rise to less intense kata-fronts Figure 9.11 . Figure 9.9 Stages in the life cycle of a marine extratropical depression showing I Incipient frontal depression II Frontal fracture III Bent-back warm front and frontal... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 14:17:44 |Environmental Issues42 comments Terrestrial ecosystems take much longer to show the effects of acid rain than aquatic ecosystems. As a result, the nature and magnitude of the impact of acid precipitation on the terrestrial environment has been recognized only recently. As early as 1965, however, air pollution was known to be killing oak and pine trees on Leo Tolstoy's historic estate at Yosnaya Polyana Goldman 1971 . There is growing evidence that those areas in which the waterbodies have already succumbed to acidification... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 13:52:27 |Weather and Climate8 comments The characteristic west coast climate of the subtropics is the Mediterranean type with hot, dry summers and mild, relatively wet winters. It is interposed between the temperate maritime type and the arid subtropical desert climate. The boundary between the temperate maritime climate of western Europe and that of the Mediterranean can be delimited on the basis of the seasonality of rainfall. However, another diagnostic feature is the relatively sharp increase in solar radiation across a zone... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 12:28:28 |Geology4 comments INKAtoms combine through electric forces, forming molecules and compounds. Real-World Reading Link Is there a rusty mailbox or bicycle on your street Nearly everywhere you look, you can see iron objects that have become rusty. Rust forms when iron is exposed to water and oxygen in the air. Can you identify the materials in Figure 3.7 The greenish gas in the flask is the element chlorine, which is poisonous. The solid, silvery metal is the element sodium, which is highly reactive. These two... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 09:24:58 |Tropical Rainforest2 comments At the beginning of the Tertiary, megathermal rainforests were thus established in three parallel latitudinal zones Figure 1.4 . In the northern hemisphere, Northern Megathermal termed Boreotropical in Morley, 2000a mesic and monsoonal forests extended from North America and Europe, to East Asia, Southern Megathermal forests were present in mid-latitude South America, Australasia and southern Africa, and equatorial forests of the Palmae province were well-developed in northern South America,... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 08:39:00 |Marine Ecology4 comments The majority of diatoms are unicellular, uninucleate plants with a size range of about 15 m to 400 m in maximum dimension, although some smaller and a few considerably larger forms exist. The largest known diatom is a tropical species, Ethmodiscus rex, up to 2 mm in diameter. The diatom cell, known as a frustule, has a cell wall of unusual composition and structure. It is impregnated with siliceous material giving a glassy quality and consists of two parts, the valves. At its simplest, for... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 06:26:02 |Environmental Issues14 comments More than half of the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is absorbed by the oceans, where it is stored and redistributed, before being released back into the atmosphere. Ocean and atmosphere are quite intimately linked. The prevailing winds in the atmospheric circulation, for example, drive water across the ocean surface at speeds of less than 5 km per hour, in the form of broad, relatively shallow drifts. In some cases, they carry warm water polewards, in others, they carry cooler... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 03:31:01 |Meteorology3 comments The earth is a fairly good conductor of electricity. So is the upper part of the atmosphere known as the ionosphere. The air between these two conducting regions, in the troposphere where most weather occurs and in the stratosphere, is a poor conductor of electric current. When a poor conductor is sandwiched in between two layers having better conductivity, the result is a capacitor. A capacitor has the ability to store an electrostatic charge. This produces a potential difference voltage... 8 years represented by 1 cm thickness 50 000 grains deposited on a cm2 surface each year 25 years represented by 1 cm thickness 800 grains deposited on a cm2 surface each year FIGURE 9.8 Examples of pollen influx pollen flux density calculations from measurements of pollen concentration and the rate of accumulation of the sediment matrix Davis, 1963 . 1993b R. S. Webb et al., 1993 . Consequently, pollen flux density studies have taken a back seat to pollen percentages in most modern... Fri, 18 Dec 2020 00:14:09 |Global Warming1 comment These can be used not only to lessen the impact of strong hot or cold wind but also, if shrubs and trees are used, the air will pick up moisture from the leaves and so increase its humidity, so cooling the air. 2 Dust. Use air that has passed over natural planted groundcover to reduce dust levels. Ensure that land on the windward side of the site or settlement is planted or maintained so that the earth's crust is not broken because, if it is, this produces erod-ible dust... Thu, 17 Dec 2020 23:35:42 |Low Energy Strategies1 comment In many ways hydropower is the ideal alternative energy source. Its delivery is much more reliable, consistent and predictable than wind or solar energy. Modern turbines can extract up to 90 of the kinetic and potential energy in the water that passes through them -although an overall efficiency of 70 is more typical for small installations. More power is usually available during the wet winter months than in the summer, a supply profile that more closely matches normal demand. Unlike some... The following are the major pollutants associated with motor vehicles Ozone O3 . The primary ingredient in urban smog, ozone is created when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides NOx both of which are chemicals released by automobile fuel combustion react with sunlight. Though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at the ground level ozone can irritate the respiratory system, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. Particulate matter PM . These particles of soot, metals, and pollen give... Thu, 17 Dec 2020 15:20:42 |Weather and Climate9 comments The weather conditions observed at cold fronts are equally variable, depending upon the stability of the warm sector air and the vertical motion relative to the frontal zone. The classical cold front model is of the ana-type, and the cloud is usually cumulonimbus. Figure 9.15 illustrates the warm conveyor belt associated with such a frontal zone and the line convection. Over the British Isles, air in the warm sector is rarely unstable, so that nimbostratus occurs more frequently at the cold... Thu, 17 Dec 2020 13:47:24 |Tropical Rainforest1 comment A more spatially representative picture of changes in the distribution and composition of rainforest can be constructed for the later part of the Pleistocene from a greater number of sites that, in addition to those from ODP Sites 1144 and 820, provide continuous or near-continuous palynological records through at least the last glacial cycle Figure 4.1 . The record from core SHI-9014 in the Banda Sea van der Kaars et al., 2000 provides the most substantial evidence of vegetation change in the... There are many factors that ultimately determine the success of plants both in nature and in the garden, from soil quality and rainfall patterns to temperatures and the amount of sunshine the garden receives. In nature, differences in all of these variables have helped determine the location and diversity of native vegetation and the ecosystems they support. They have also been factors in determining where nonnative plants may thrive. In the garden, it is possible to manage many of these... In early 1997, as El Ni o conditions developed across the Pacific region, five tropical cyclones named Freda, Gavin, Hina, Ian and June, traversed Fiji waters within a period of just 4 months. These storms were the first set Fig. 9.7. Partial duration series for peakflows in the Rewa and Tontouta rivers in Fiji and New Caledonia based on mean daily discharge data , generated mainly by tropical cyclones. From Kostaschuk et al. 2001, 2006 . Fig. 9.7. Partial duration series for peakflows in the... This approach first proposed by Solar Systems in Australia employs a dish concentrator that reflects sunlight onto a focal point see Fig. 6 . At the focal point is a spectral splitter heat mirror that reflects infrared solar radiation and transmits the visible sunlight to high-efficiency solar cells behind the spectral splitter. Figure 7 schematically shows the transmission across the solar spectrum wavelengths. The reflected infrared radiation is gathered by a fiber-optics light pipe and...

TAGS:Brian Williams 

<<< Thank you for your visit >>>

Hot Websites