The 100 Metre Line
Time 2021-10-27 16:08:55Web Name: The 100 Metre Line
WebSite: http://the100metreline.blogspot.com
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keywords: description: The 100 Metre LineA blog alerting all citizens living in coastal areas of the need to move our civilization above the highest level the ocean will rise to once all the ice sheets are gone, in the hope that we will take precautionary action; prepare for the worst while wishing for the best.
Our 80 metre Sea Level Rise MapsAfrica, Middle East, Pakistan, India, BangladeshAustraliaCaribean and South AmericaEurope, Great Britain and IrelandJapan, China and South East Asia.New ZealandNorth AmericaScandinavia, Western Russia, Caspian and Black Sea 2019/03/05 Global Mean Sea Level data and CO2 level update.A great source of mean sea level data is now presented at:Sea Levels . Org.This confirms the trends we estimated a decade ago, with what appears to be almost an exponential trend from 1900 through today.
I see too that the Global monthly mean CO2 levels are now at 408.16 ppm compared with 405.49 ppm this time last year.
Nothing to be complacent about here.
N6COMMENTS 2016/07/14 Great sea-level rise maps re New ZealandNew Zealand Sea Level Rise
A series of maps depicting New Zealand in various sea-level rise scenarios
ByJonathan Musther
A wonderful resource Jonathan has put together.
Review, and ponder!3COMMENTS 2015/04/14 '...the future course is being prepared for a 70 meter rise in sea level.'Read the last line first...
Andy Lacis responds to SteveKoonin
'...Physicists should not be confused by these random-looking quasi-chaotic fluctuations about the local climate equilibrium point, and should instead focus more on the changing energy balance equilibrium point of the climate system.They should also pay attention to the geological record that points to an atmospheric CO2 level of 450 ppm as being incompatible with polar ice caps, a level that is expected to be reached by the end of this century. While it may take a thousand years for the polar ice to melt, the future course is being prepared for a 70 meter rise in sea level.'3COMMENTS 2014/08/01 Time to break out the gum boots?This just in from Arctic News
...2.5m Sea Level Rise by 2040???
'A polynomial trendline applied to the data points at a sea level rise of more than 2.5 m (8.2 ft) by the year 2040...'
The analysis considers whether the trend in increase in sea levels should be considered as linear (same amount next year as last year) or polynomial (more next year than last year, and more again the year after). The conclusion appears to be that the rate of rise will continue to increase, leading to the conclusion that SLR will get to 2.5 meters by 2040, and of course it will continue to behave exponentially until a balance is achieved between the amount of grounded ice left to melt and the rising global air and sea temperatures, when the rate of rise will fall back to zero when the last ice block is melted in a world that is somewhere between two and five (God help us!) degrees warmer than today.
Hansen a while back (2011) discussed doubling times of the observed sea level rise and showed how (like compound interest) this would predict a rise of 5 metres by 2100.
This new work suggests that with 'business as usual warming (including the accelerated warming the polar areas are experiencing - they always get more than their fair share of the additional heat - the sky is the limit for global temperatures, and with those temperatures comes faster melt, as well as all the other interesting side effects of a more energetic climate.
As evidence of those unfortunate effects we have an airliner at cruising altitude taken out and destroyed, by the weather. A sad pointer to times to come. And another.
(As part of preparations, and recognising the weather we are getting already, I'm working on plans for a storm-proof greenhouse, as we just lost a lot of seedlings due to storm and we don't want that to happen again.)
Keep up the great work!
N 2COMMENTS 2014/07/08 Recent research. The outlook is not improving.To set the scene:-
401.30ppm
Atmospheric CO2for June2014CO2 Now
And now, the news...
1.Antarctic glaciers melting twice as fast as previously estimated: scientistsEnglish.news.cn 2014-07-08 09:03:09
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2014-07/08/c_133467402.htm
'..sub-surface ocean temperatures down to 700 meters are rapidly changing around Antarctica because of shifting wind patterns, thought to be partly due to global warming.
"It certainly was for me a very frightening result," Spence said.'"It's not unlike an avalanche of snow, where you don't quite know when it's going to happen but when it happens, it can happen quickly," Spence said.The Australian Antarctic Division's Tas van Ommen said the effects of a rapidly transforming Antarctica are now likely to be felt this century.--2.The runaway glaciers in West Antarcticahttp://climatestate.com/2014/07/05/the-runaway-glaciers-in-west-antarctica/NASA/JPLpress release, May 12, 2014:A new study by researchers at NASA and the University of California, Irvine, finds a rapidly melting section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appears to be in an irreversible state of decline, with nothing to stop the glaciers in this area from melting into the sea.The collapse of this sector of West Antarctica appears to be unstoppable, he said. The fact that the retreat is happening simultaneously over a large sector suggests it was triggered by a common cause, such as an increase in the amount of ocean heat beneath the floating sections of the glaciers. At this point, the end of this sector appears to be inevitable.--3.Global warming and the vulnerability of Greenland's ice sheethttp://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-vulnerability-greenland-ice-sheet.html...The level our oceans will rise to in the next decades and centuries depends strongly on how fast theGreenlandice sheetwill melt.Aside from the importance of deep troughs to ice motion, the extension inland means thatglaciers will have to retreat further than anticipated inland in order to reach a position above sea level. Some of them will stay in contact with the ocean for centuries, when we thought that in a couple of decades they would stabilize. said Mathieu Morlighem.Theice sheetis therefore more vulnerable than predicted, and existingprojections of sea level rise contribution from Greenland are too conservative and need to be revised.As the authors state in the paper, Our findings imply that the outletglaciers of Greenland, and theice sheetas a whole, are probably more vulnerable to ocean thermal forcing and peripheral thinning than inferred previously from existing numerical ice-sheet models.--4.Mercury Rising: 2014 Sees Warmest May Ever Recorded Following on From 2nd Warmest AprilPosted on 1 July 2014 by Rob Paintinghttp://www.skepticalscience.com/Mercury-Rising-2014-Sees-Warmest-May-Ever-Recorded.html...with April 2014 being the 2nd warmest in 135 years of measurement (tied with 1998), and May 2014 the warmest ever in 135 years.2014 is currently on track to be one of the warmest years ever recorded, perhaps even the warmest.--/--
1 COMMENTS 2014/05/29 Yup. It's happened before: One metre every 20 years... As I was saying...Rising Sea levels from melting ice.15/05/2014http://www.climateoutcome.kiwi.nz/blog/rising-sea-levels-from-melting-ice
'When the planet moved from the last ice age to the present warm period around fourteen thousand years ago there was a sudden increase in sea levels which amounted to twenty metres over four hundred years or, five metres a century or,one metre every twenty years.'
And today...
'...six glaciers around Pine Island [Antarctica] ...the grounding line ... has been retreating towards the land at up to thirty five kilometres (twenty two miles) a year.'
What price coastal properties now then?
1 COMMENTS Older PostsHomeSubscribe to:Posts (Atom)WelcomeThere are many possible representations of the impact of climate change on humanity, but perhaps the most difficult to grapple with yet the easiest to show is that of sea level rise.
Have a look at the maps herein, and say: "This is how high the sea is going to get; how will that affect you and your grandchildren?"
We have the wonderful opportunity to pull together to save our planet from dangerous climate change by reducing CO2 levels, while at the same time we can be preparing prudently for what ever future nature may hand us.
Kind regards, Nigel and grandsons.
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Subscribe To The 100 Metre LinePosts Atom PostsAll Comments Atom All CommentsVisitorsFollowersYear vs Sea Level Chart
Estimated Date vs Sea Level Chart
(See data in Date and Sea Level section below)
Blog Archive 2019(1) March(1)Global Mean Sea Level data and CO2 level update. 2016(1) July(1) 2015(1) April(1) 2014(4) August(1) July(1) May(1) February(1) 2013(2) November(1) February(1) 2012(2) November(1) March(1) 2011(13) October(1) August(1) May(2) March(1) February(1) January(7) 2010(11) November(2) June(1) May(2) April(5) March(1) 2009(15) December(1) September(3) August(2) July(5) June(3) May(1)Links to Watch20th Century Sea Level RiseA sea level ruse map tool - up to 60 metres rise.Best Estimate of Current Trend in Sea Level RiseCO2 Now!CO2 levels at Mauna Loa. A great indicator of how well we are doing (or not!).Club Orlov blogCryosphere - The current state of ice in the worldDr. James E HansenHot-Topic - a New Zealand scientific viewINTERNATIONAL DAY OF CLIMATE ACTIONNASA - A watchful eye on the AntarcticNew Zealand Sea-level rise maps (2016)OSS Foundation on Sea Level RiseReal Climate by Real ClimatologistsSustainable Energy ForumTransition Towns, New ZealandUseful data sources for climate informationHow to get your post published.The purpose of this blog is to present information on the issue of sea level rise and The 100 Metre Line concept. We want to to share action stories on how The 100 Metre Line idea is being deployed around the world.The 100 Metre Line is a unifying concept for deployment around the world to support ongoing action and information distribution.
If you have a story to tell about your 100 Metre Line actions in your neighbourhood let us know and we will publish it here to inform and inspire others.
This blog is not intended to be a forum for discussing the pros and cons of the climate change issue.
The blog is moderated. Be patient. Be nice. Thanks. N.What to do.Measure up from the high tide level to strategic locations that will be inundated by rising sea levels. Use Google Earth for height if thats more convenient.Using that level difference read off the Date from the Date and Sea Level table.Get a nice white banner. I suggest about a standard sheet size of 2.4m wide by 1.2m high, (8' x 4' for our imperial friends).Paint a 100mm wide (4") black strip across it.Above the line in big black letters write: HIGH TIDEUnder the line in big black letters write: 2100 AD (or what ever the year is from the table for that rise.)
Keep to that format so the sign becomes universally recognisable. Keep it simple black on white. Your brother's bed sheet would do!
Get permission from the land or property owner and occupier to erect the sign.Erect the sign.Repeat all the way from the coast up the hill to the 80 metre mark.Mark the level outside iconic buildings and places. If needed simply stand on-street out of the public road and footpath and hold up the sign for passer's by to view.Be safe. Don't damage any property or annoy anybody.
Using Google Earth for elevation:-The Christiansborg square in Copenhagen will be submerged about year 2100 AD.Hamburg - mostly under water 2200 AD.Berlin virtually all gone 2600 AD.Greenpeace International HQ, Amsterdam. 2100 AD.Arc de Triomphe, Paris. 2700 AD.The gates of Buckingham Palace are gone about year 2300 AD.The White House Lawn is under water about year 2200 AD.
The Sydney Opera House is gone about year 2100 AD.Mildura 2600 AD.Parliament House, Wellington New Zealand. 2300 AD.Penrith, Sydney 2600 AD.
Perth International Airport gone 2350 AD.Singapore mostly gone 2300 AD.Tokyo gutted 2500 AD.New York gutted 2150, gone 2500 AD.Central Beijing 2700 AD.Dhaka 2250 AD.Amadabad 2700 AD.Karachi 2700 AD.Baghdad 2600 AD.Cairo 2350 AD.Vatican City 2400 AD.Central Lisborn 2500 AD.Dublin 2500 AD.Montreal 2500 AD.Buenos Aires 2350 AD.
Cape Town 2350 ADThe road on the way to my home is gone by 2100 AD.The State Highway around New Zealand is cut in many places by 2100 AD.
Take the signs down when CO2 gets below 350ppm.
FAQ - What's it all about?
1 The 100 Metre Line is a blog enabling people to consider and present the issues raised by the sea level rise component of climate change.
2 Why The 100 Metre Line? See the section at the bottom of this page.
3 What is the scientific basis for The 100 Metre Line? See the section at the bottom of this page.
4 So? OK. The 100 Metre Line is intended to give you the tools you need to present a major signal about our climate-changed future in a way that can be understood by ordinary people, and by policy-makers and elected representatives.
5 The main things you will find here are:
A. Information about how high the ocean will be by various dates in the future.
B. Suggestions about how you can present this information to the public.
C. An action plan suggesting some ways you can use The 100 Metre Line to support your 350.com activities.
D. A moderated blog where I present postings by people and organisations about how they are using The 100 Metre Line for their 350 activities and for other landmark presentations of the sea level rise and climate change issue.
6 It is difficult to show the effect of climate changes such as temperature rise, increased flooding or desertification at specific locations and times. We can paint word-pictures of such futures, but these descriptions do not resonate in hearts and minds of people to the extent that they may consider a need for action to address the issues so described.
I believe that the most effective, tangible and real indicator of the changes that are approaching is an indication of the date and level the ocean will reach among the communities we live in. The erection of temporary or permanent markers of likely sea levels at specific iconic locations nationally and at strategic sites around the world will provide citizens with a clear indication that change is coming, and will send an unambiguous message to policy makers and elected representatives about the need to attend to these most urgent matters.
If you live below the 100 metre line, then make sure you have a High Tide maker on your front lawn. It may not help your property values, but it will make the neighbours think!!!!
7. Is it 'accurate'? Nope. This is a best-guess at future sea levels. The only hard facts we have are that the sea is rising. It will rise by more than 2 metres and quite conceivably by up to 5 metres by 2100. Sometime later (a thousand years or so) all the ice will be melted and the coasts of the world will start to settle down again. I've just joined the dots of a sine-like curve connecting those points. Prove me wrong!!!
8. Who am I? Nigel Williams. Auckland. New Zealand. An ordinary citizen.
Dates and corresponding Sea LevelsDate Sea Level Rise above historic mean sea level. (metres)Updated to take account of recent predictions of increased warming from 2 to 5 degrees Celsius by 2100. Thus my prudent 2100 prediction is shown as +5 metres sea level rise. (NJW 20090714)
Date (Year AD) SLR (m)
1800 0
1900 0.02
2000 0.2
2025 0.5
2050 1.4
2075 2.9
2100 5.0
2200 15.0
2300 27.0
2400 40.0
2500 52.0
2600 59.5
2700 63.5
2800 66.5
2900 68.5
3000 70.0
3100 71.0
4000 75.0
5000 77.5
7000 80.0
Interpolate levels and dates as required.
There are only three data points extant: About 140mm to 200mm rise last century, now about 5.0 m (previously about 2 m) by 2100, then melt-out over the next couple of thousand years. The curve is a best-fit S curve thru those points, allowing for the long 'tail' as the highest and most remote ice cooks off, and thermal expansion of the oceans reaches equilibrium.
The sharp upturn from today is driven by the 0.2m to 5.0m used for the coming century. It is now expected that we will get 5.2 C warming by 2100 thus in my view it is a sensible precautionary rate to adopt. The resulting melt-rate at 2100 is unlikely to suddenly ease off, hence the curve has a fairly constant slope over the next few hundred years.
See also:
http://the100metreline.blogspot.com/2009/07/five-degrees-and-five-metres-by-2100.html
The Scientific Basis
This is a very brief overview of the state of knowledge relating to climate change and hence to the expected degree of sea level rise.
You must do your own study and arrive at your own conclusions so that you can defend your stance to those who simply do not understand, and to those who would like to learn more. We cannot turn around those who do not want to hear or believe that is for their conscience. We must work with the people in the middle ground and present them with clear and honest information that they in turn can use to make personal and political decisions about the futures of their own families.
The IPCC and many peer-reviewed papers have been and continue to give us clear warnings that we must reduce the forcings on the global climate or we will reach a point where change will become dangerous for all humanity.
The climate changes most evident to scientific observers are increases in greenhouse gases and the consequent increase in the average surface temperature of the globe. A direct effect of these temperature increases is already evidenced in increased rate of melt of snow fields, glaciers and ice sheets around the world. The scientific literature tells us that unless we reduce global temperatures this melting will continue until the ice is gone.
June 2008.
Global Warming Twenty Years Later: Tipping Points Near: James Hansen
http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TwentyYearsLater_20080623.pdf
if emissions follow a business-as-usual scenario, sea level rise of at least two meters is likely this century. Hundreds of millions of people would become refugees. No stable shoreline would be reestablished in any time frame that humanity can conceive.
The disturbing conclusion, documented in a paper2 I have written with several of the worlds leading climate experts, is that the safe level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is no more than 350 ppm (parts per million) and it may be less. Carbon dioxide amount is already 385 ppm and rising about 2 ppm per year. Stunning corollary: the oft-stated goal to keep global warming less than two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) is a recipe for global disaster, not salvation.
And in May 2009:
"The new projections, published this month in the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate, indicate a median probability of surface warming of 5.2 degrees Celsius by 2100, with a 90% probability range of 3.5 to 7.4 degrees. This can be compared to a median projected increase in the 2003 study of just 2.4 degrees. "
http://globalchange.mit.edu/news/news-item.php?id=76
So: In May 2009 MIT scientists running a sophisticated and well-respected climate model tell us that there is a median probability that the Earth will be 5.2 degrees Celsius warmer by 2100.
And: In 2008 Hansen stated that even 2 degrees Celsius of global warming is a recipe for global disaster, and if emissions follow a business-as-usual scenario, sea level rise of at least two meters is likely this century. No stable shoreline would be reestablished in any time frame that humanity can conceive.
Thus: Given our practical inability to return CO2 levels below 350 ppm, and the new predictions of global temperatures by 2100, global sea level rise is both inevitable and unstoppable by mankind.
I dont propose to offer any more scientific information here. Please continue your education.
See the section above giving an estimate of the global sea level rise profile reasonably expected over the period from today until the ice is all gone and coastlines begin to stablise again: Dates and Corresponding Sea Levels.
How high the oceans will rise is a relatively straightforward and uncontroversial matter. The amount of ice in the ocean's snowfields, glaciers and ice sheets is well defined. The answers from various sources may vary a bit but a typical analysis is from Wikipedia:
"If small glaciers and polar ice caps on the margins of Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula melt, the projected rise in sea level will be around 0.5 m. Melting of the Greenland ice sheet would produce 7.2 m of sea-level rise, and melting of the Antarctic ice sheet would produce 61.1 m of sea level rise.[2] The collapse of the grounded interior reservoir of theWest Antarctic Ice Sheet would raise sea level by 5-6 m.[3]"
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level#Glaciers_and_ice_caps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise
So:
0.5
+7.2 = 7.7
+61.1 = 68.8
+say 5.5=74.3
Thermal expansion of the ocean as it warms is likely to contribute up to half a meter to sea level rise over the next hundred years or so, and possibly over one metre as the deep oceans reach equilibrium temperature with the increased global surface temperatures.
The final addition to the eventual level of the ocean at a particular point is the effect of local tides. Around the world tidal ranges can vary from practically zero to over 17 metres. Typical coastal tidal ranges are around two to three metres.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_range
To determine the height of a future high tide at your location, add half the tidal range at each locality to the sea level rise figure.
Thus we can be fairly confident that the likely result of the melting of the available frozen water in the planet in response to warmer surface temperatures will result in the final high tide line settling at a level of between 75 to 80 metres above the mean sea levels of previous centuries.
So if the sea can only rise 75 metres, why refer to The 100 Metre Line?
Existing coastlines present many forms depending on the shape of the land adjacent to the coast. There are mangrove swamps, gently shelving beaches, and there are rough rocky shores and sheer cliff faces dropping into the sea.
Each of these coastal configurations has developed over thousands of years in response to the action of wave on land, and the resulting coastline represents the condition where the erosive power of the ocean has reached equilibrium with the nature of the soils and underlying bedrock the sea can reach.
In reaching this equilibrium the sea has chewed away at the land. Where it has been up against bedrock then the oceans activity results in sculptured cliffs that resist the advance of the ocean. Where the sea meets a gently sloping hill covered in topsoil and loam it will sweep the soil away seeking bedrock. What may start out as a low clay cliff with muddy sea at its base is transformed over time by erosion from sea, rain and wind to a stable bank or bluff perhaps with a beach at its foot.
In this process the sea causes the land to assume its natural sustainable angle of repose back from the reach of the ocean. In the majority of areas the land 80 metres above present sea level is comprised of well-weathered readily-eroded soils based on firmer material some metres below the existing ground level. So the process of the coast assuming some long-term stability at the eventual high tide mark will entail the horizontal erosion of the newly inundated ground back to bedrock at the high tide mark, followed by the collapse of unsound soils above that point and the erosion by land-side mechanisms such as rain fall and stream activity to eventually see the up-slope area reach the same state of long term stability you see along the coast today.
You can observe this process by looking any existing coastal strip where buildings and other developments are established and extrapolating the adjacent land-form out to sea to the point it where would naturally meet the present-day sea level. You can readily notice how far back the stable ground is in terms of both horizontal and vertical distance.
To get an impression of where the new final coast will be you can locate a point on existing ground that is about 80 metres vertically above the present sea level, then either add these observed horizontal and vertical offsets away from the existing coast to locate a likely position of the new stable ground level.
An alternative is to extrapolate the current beach gradient to a point where it lies beneath the 80 m contour, and then re-paint the existing coast form (cliff, rolling hills etc) behind that new high tide mark to see how far back the stable ground will lie.
The exact location of stable ground will vary in each case, however I am suggesting that a vertical offset of about 20 metres above the 80-metre mark (and thus a distance back from the new high tide mark similar to that at the present coast line) will be a useful starting point for considering where to find land that is unlikely to be taken by the ocean as the new coast lines establish.
We have here considered the maximum possible sea level rise from melting ice, thermal expansion and tidal effects, and added a prudent minimum vertical offset to allow for the stabilization of the new coast.
From this I arrive and what I suggest is the lowest prudent platform elevation as the base upon which to establish our future civilization. This elevation is typically at about 100 metres above today's mean sea level, hence: The 100 Metre Line.
(Updated 20190306. NJW)
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