History of Information

Time 2020-11-01 09:03:42

Web Name: History of Information

WebSite: http://www.historyofinformation.com

ID:101303

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Jeremy Norman’sHistoryofInformation.com Exploring the Histories of Information and Media Circa 3800000 BCEA Nearly Complete Skull of Australopithecus Anamensis is Found in the Afar Regional State, EthiopiaCirca 1800000 BCE - 141000 BCEPithecanthropus erectus, the First Known Specimen of Homo erectusCirca 1800000 BCEThe Oldest Hominin Fossils Found Outside of AfricaCirca 400000 BCEThe Oldest Almost Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of a HomininCirca 195000 BCEThe Oldest Fossil Remains of Anatomically Modern HumansCirca 128000 BCEThe First Complete Neanderthal Genome SequenceCirca 100000 BCEScientists Sequence Woolly Mammoth Genome--the First of an Extinct AnimalCirca 60000 BCEComputational Micro-Biomechanical Analysis of Neanderthal's Fossilized Hyoid Bone Suggests that Neanderthals Could SpeakCirca 41000 BCEDiscovery of the Cro-Magnons, the First European Early Modern HumansCirca 40000 BCEThe First Specimen to be Recognized as an Early Human FossilCirca 39000 BCEThe Denisova Hominin, a Third Kind of HumanCirca 36000 BCENeanderthal Genome Reveals Interbreeding with HumansCirca 350 BCEThe First Description of Book Scorpions, by AristotleCirca 850 CECorpus Christi College, MS. 108 is the Earliest Surviving Copy of Aristotle's Biological Works1476 Aristotle's "De animalibus", the First Printed Compilation of Works on Biology1495 - 1498 The Aldine Aristotle, One of the Most Significant Publishing Ventures of the Fifteenth Century1677 Matthew Hale as a Precursor of Malthus1699 Tyson's Study of the Structural Relationships between Man and the Anthropoid Ape1744 - 1745 Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis' Pioneer Theory of Epigenesis and Biparental Heredity1777 Zimmerman Issues the First Textbook on Zoogeography1784 - 1791 Johann Gottfried von Herder, Enlightenment Precursor of Evolution by Natural Selection1793 Christian Konrad Sprengel Issues the Founding Work of Floral Ecology1798 Malthus on Population1801 Lamarck Issues the First Published Statement of Lamarckism1805 Humboldt & Bonpland Describe Geographical-Ecological Plant Associations1809 Lamarck's Most Extensive Exposition of his Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics1818 William Charles Wells Publishes the First Recognizable Statement of the Theory of Natural Selection1819 William Lawrence Describes the Natural History of Man1826 The First Ecological Experiment; Source of Darwin's Principle of Divergence1831 Patrick Matthew, Identified on his Calling Cards as "The Discoverer of Natural Selection"1838 Schleiden & Schwann Found the Cell Theory1842 Steenstrup's Theory of Alternation of Generations or Metagenesis1844 The First Full-Length Exposition in English of an Evolutionary Theory of Biology is Published Anonymously8/20/1858 Darwin & Wallace Issue the First Printed Exposition of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection11/24/1859 Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"1862 Henry Walter Bates Describes "Batesian Mimicry" 1/1863 Charles Lyell Issues "The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man"2/1863 Thomas Huxley Issues "Man's Place in Nature"1864 Felix Hoppe-Seyler Names Hemoglobin1865 John Lubbock's "Pre-Historic Times" is Published1866 Mendel's Discovery of the Mendelian Ratios1869 Alfred R. Wallace's "The Malay Archipelago" Describes the Wallace Line1869 - 1871 Johannes Friedrich Miescher Discovers DNA1871 In "The Descent of Man" Darwin Predicts that Human Origins Will be Found in Africa1872 Darwin Founds Ethology, Studies the Conveyance of Information, and Contributes to Psychology1876 - 12/2012 The First Comprehensive Global Study of Zoogeography, Including the first Global Biodiversity Map1877 Mobius's Pioneering Study of Community Ecology1878 Fritz Müller Describes "Müllerian Mimicry" 1878 - 1882 Walther Flemming Discovers Mitosis11/5/1882 Richard Owen Calls Darwin the "Copernicus of Biology"1883 Wilhelm Roux Suggests that the Nucleus Contains the Material Basis of Heredity1888 Theodor Boveri Provides Decisive Proof of Chromosomal Individuality1889 - 1909 Hugo de Vries Postulates that Inheritance of Specific Traits is Controlled by Particles Called Pangenes1892 August Weisman Describes The Weismann Barrier1894 Discontinuous Variation as a Source of Evolutionary Change1897 Galton's "Law of Ancestral Heredity"1900 de Vries, Correns & Tschermak Independently Rediscover and Confirm Mendel's Laws 1900 - 1902 William Bateson Coins the Term "Genetics"1901 - 1903 Theodore de Vries Expounds the Mutation Theory1902 Theodore Boveri Proves that Different Chromosomes Perform Different Functions in Development1902 - 1908 William Bateson Provides The First Proof of Mendelian Heredity in Humans1903 Phoebus Levene Distinguishes DNA from RNA1903 Walter Sutton Theorizes that Chromosomes Carry the Hereditary Material1903 Wilhelm Johannsen Describes Genetic Variability, Phenotype and Genotype1908 Hardy & Weinberg Independently Discover the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium1909 - 1911 Nils Herman Nilsson-Ehle and Edward Murray East Develop the Theory of Polygenic Inheritance1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan Demonstrates Sex-Linked Inheritance; that Genes are Carried on Chromosomes9/10/1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan Proposes Genetic Recombination1913 Alfred Sturtevant Uses Cross-Over Data to Construct the First Genetic Map1913 Calvin Bridges Discovers Nondisjunction1915 Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller & Bridges Show that Mendelian Laws are Demonstrated by Observable Events Occurring in Cells1918 Ronald A. Fisher Founds Biometrical Genetics1919 Thomas Hunt Morgan First Uses the Word "Gene"1924 J.B.S. Haldane Issues the "Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection" in Ten Parts1927 Hermann J. Muller Proves that X-Rays Can Induce Mutations1928 Frederick Griffith Demonstrates that Bacteria Can Transfer Genetic Information Through an Unidentified Transforming Factor1930 R. A. Fisher Publishes "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"1931 Archibald Garrod Issues "The Inborn Factors in Disease"1931 Sewall Wright's Quantitative Theory of the Effects of Natural Selection on Populations1933 Niels Bohr Asks if Living Processes Could be Described in Terms of Pure Physics and Chemistry1935 Timofeeff-Ressovsky Publishes One of the Key Conceptual Papers in the Early History of Molecular Biology1938 Warren Weaver Coins the Term "Molecular Biology"11/1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum Publish the "One Gene- One Enzyme" Hypothesis3/1943 - 1944 Erwin Schrödinger Publishes "What is Life?" 1944 Avery, McLeod & McCarty Demonstrate that DNA is Responsible for Bacterial Transformation1946 Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum Discover that Bacteria Share Genetic Information Through Bacterial Conjugation7/1946 William Astbury Speculates that Amino Acids are Determined by Nucleic Acids1948 - 1952 Sven Furberg First Proposes a Helical Structure for DNA1949 Barr & Bertram Discover the Sex Chromatin: Beginning of Cytogenetics11/1949 Linus Pauling & Colleagues Begin the Molecular Approach to Disease1950 Erwin Chargaff Issues "Chargaff's Rules"2/28/1951 Linus Pauling Reports the First Discovery of a Helical Structure for a Protein1952 Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase Conduct the "Waring Blender Experiment"5/2/1952 - 5/6/1952 Rosalind Franklin's Photo #51 of Crystalline DNA1953 - 1954 George Gamow Conceives the Idea of a Genetic Code4/25/1953 Discovery of The Double Helix5/30/1953 Watson & Crick Propose of a Method of the Replication of DNA9/1957 Crick's General Principles for Protein Synthesis1958 - 1960 John Kendrew Reports the First Solution of the Three-Dimensional Molecular Structure of a Protein1958 Meselson & Stahl Present the First Proof of the Semiconservative Replication of DNA1961 Brenner, Jacob & Meselson Demonstrate the Existence of Messenger RNA1961 Crick & Brenner Propose The Genetic Code 1961 Jacob & Monod Explain the Basic Process of Regulating Gene Expression in Bacteria1967 Robert MacArthur & E.O. Wilson Issue "The Theory of "Island" Biogeography"1968 Max Perutz Solves the Molecular Structure of Hemoglobin at High Resolution1973 Cohen & Boyer Demonstrate the First Practical Method for Cloning a Gene2/1975 The Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Takes Place4/7/1976 Robert A. Swanson & Herbert Boyer Found Genentech 1977 Frederick Sanger & Colleagues Develop the Sanger Method of Rapid DNA Sequencing12/2/1980 The First of the Three Cohen-Boyer Recombinant DNA Cloning Patents is Granted 1982 Frederick Sanger & Colleagues Conduct the First Whole Genome Shotgun Sequence11/15/1984 Russell, Bowman & Freiburger Conduct the First Study of Ancient DNA (aDNA)12/1984 - 4/1987 Origins of the Human Genome Project1986 Leroy Hood & Lloyd Smith Develop the First Semi-Automatic DNA Sequencer1991 Craig Venter and Colleagues Develop Expressed Sequence Tags5/1998 Craig Venter Founds Celera Genomics6/26/2000 Celera Genomics Announces the First Complete Assembly of the Human Genome2/15/2001 - 2/16/2001 Publication of the Human Genome Sequence10/5/2005 The Genetic Code of Avian Flu Virus H5N1 is Deciphered5/31/2007 Watson's Genome is Sequenced9/6/2012 NHGRI Announces that the Human Genome is Packed with At Least 4,000,000 Gene Switches

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An interactive, illustrated timeline of historic moments in humankind's quest for information. With annotations by Jeremy Norman.

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