Eilat Gordin Levitan

Time 2020-09-27 11:03:24

Web Name: Eilat Gordin Levitan

WebSite: http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com

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Rachel Gordin Our beloved mother Rachel Gordin (daughter of Meir Gurevich and Bella nee Shulman) passed away at her home in Rehovot at around 5PM April 8 2020 as Israelis were getting ready to celebrate zoom Passovers. She was almost 91 years old. ~ Eilat Gordin Levitan My daughterTalia made- a beautiful memorial video for my mother. She sings and my son Alonplays the piano: Jewish Political Movements in the Early 20th Century TheGeneralJewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Litah, Poyln un Rusland), generally calledThe Bund(Yiddish:???? , cognate toGerman:Bund, meaningfederationorunion) or theJewish Labour Bund, was asecularJewishsocialistparty in theRussian Empire, active between 1897 and 1920. In 1917 the Polish part of the Bund, which dated to thetimeswhen Poland was a Russian territory, seceded from the Russian Bund and created a new Polish General Labor Bund which continued to operate in Poland in the years between the two world wars. The Russian Bund was dissolved in 1920 and incorporated into the Communist Party. Other remnants of the Bund endured in various countries. A member of the Bund was called aBundist. Founding[edit] The General Jewish Labour Bund in Russia and Poland was founded inVilniuson October 7, 1897.[1]The name was inspired by theGeneral German Workers' Association.[2]The Bund sought to unite all Jewish workers in theRussian Empireinto a unitedsocialistparty, and also to ally itself with the wider Russiansocial democraticmovement to achieve ademocraticandsocialistRussia. TheRussian Empirethen includedLithuania,Latvia,Belarus,Ukraineand most of present-dayPoland, areas where the majority of the world's Jews then lived. They hoped to see the Jews achieve a legal minority status in Russia. Of all Jewish political parties of the time, the Bund was the most progressive regardinggender equality, with women making up more than one-third of all members.[3] In 1901, the word 'Lithuania' was added to the name of the party.[2][4] During the period of 1903 1904, the Bund was harshly affected byCzariststate repression. Between June 1903 and July 1904, 4,467 Bundists were arrested and jailed.[5] As part of the Russian Social Democracy Members of the Bund with the bodies of their comrades, murdered during theOdessa pogromin 1905 Given the Bund's secular and socialist perspective, it opposed what it viewed as the reactionary nature of traditional Jewish life in Russia. Created before theRussian Social Democratic Labor Party(RSDLP), the Bund was a founding collectivememberat the RSDLP'sfirst congressinMinskin March 1898. For the next 5 years, the Bund was recognized as the sole representative of the Jewish workers in the RSDLP, although many Russian socialists of Jewish descent, especially outside of thePale of Settlement, joined the RSDLP directly. At the RSDLP'ssecond congressinBrusselsandLondonin August 1903, the Bund's autonomous position within the RSDLP was rejected under pressure by theBolsheviksand the Bund's representatives left the Congress, the first of many splits in the Russian social democratic movement in the years to come.[6]The five representatives of the Bund at this Congress wereVladimir Kossowsky,Arkadi Kremer,Mikhail Liber,Vladimir MedemandNoah Portnoy.[7] The Bund formally rejoined the RSDLP when all of its faction reunited at theFourth (Unification) CongressinStockholmin April 1906, with thesupportof theMensheviks,[6]but the RSDLP remained fractured along ideological and ethnic lines. The Bund generally sided with the party'sMenshevikfaction led byJulius Martovand against theBolshevikfaction led byVladimir Leninduring the factional struggles in the run-up to theRussian Revolution of 1917.[6] 5th Congress[edit] The fifth congress of the Bund met inZ richin June 1903. 30 delegates took part in the proceedings, representing the major city branches of the party and the Foreign Committee. Two issues dominated the debates; the upcoming congress of the RSDLP and the national question. During the debates there was a division between the older guard of the Foreign Committee (Kossovsky, Kremer andJohn (Yosef) Milland the younger generation represented by Medem, Liber andRaphael Abramovitch. The younger group wanted tostressthe Jewish national character of the party. In the end no compromise could be reached, and no resolution was adopted on the national question.[8] 1905 Revolution and its aftermath In the Polish areas of the empire, the Bund was a leading force in the1905 revolution. During the following years, the Bund went into a period of decay. The party tried to concentrate on labour activism around 1909 1910 and led strikes in ten cities. The strikes resulted in a deepened backlash for the party, and as of 1910 there were legal Bundist trade unions in only four cities,Bia?ystok,Vilnius,Rigaand? d?. Total membership in Bundist unions was around 1,500. At the time of the eight party conference only nine local branches were represented (Riga, Vilnius,Bia?ystok, ? d?,Bobruisk,Pinsk,Warsaw,GrodnoandDvinsk) with a combined membership of 609 (out of whom 404 were active).[9] After the RSDLP finally split in 1912, the Bund became a federated part of theRussian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik)(by this time the Mensheviks had accepted the idea of a federated party organization).[10] Parliamentary representation[edit] At the1906 First Duma elections, the Bund made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (Trudoviks), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (apparently non-Bundist) candidates supported by the Bund: Dr.Shmaryahu Levinfor theVilniusprovince andLeon Bramsonfor theKaunasprovince. In total, there were twelve Jewish deputies in the Duma, falling to three in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907 1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912, none of them being affiliated to the Bund.[11] Political outlook[edit] The Bund eventually came to strongly opposeZionism,[12]arguing that emigration toPalestinewas a form ofescapism. The Bund did not advocate separatism. Instead, it focused onculture, rather than a state or a place, as the glue ofJewish nationalism. In this they borrowed extensively from theAustro-Marxistschool, further alienating the Bolsheviks and Lenin. The Bund also promoted the use ofYiddishas a Jewish national language and to some extent opposed the Zionist project of revivingHebrew.[13][14] The Bund won converts mainly among Jewish artisans and workers, but also among the growing Jewishintelligentsia. It led a trade union movement of its own. It joined with thePoalei Zion(Labour Zionists) and other groups to form self-defense organisations to protect Jewish communities againstpogromsand government troops. During theRussian Revolution of 1905the Bund headed the revolutionary movement in the Jewish towns, particularly inBelarusandUkraine. Activities abroad[ Less than a year after the founding of the party, its Foreign Committee was set up inGeneva. Also within the same timespan, Bundist groups began to constitute themselves internationally. However, the Bund did not construct any world party (as didPoalei Zion). On the contrary, the Bund argued that it was a party for action inside the Russian empire. The Bundist groups abroad were not included into the party structures. In 1902, a United Organization of Workers' Associations and Support Groups to the Bund Abroad was founded. The groups affiliated to the United Organization played an important role in raising funds for the party.[15] Between 1901 1903, the Foreign Committee was based inLondon.[15] The United Organization, the Foreign Committee as well as the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad were all dissolved at the time of theRussian revolution of 1917.[15] Separation of the Polish Bund When Poland fell under German occupation in 1914, contact between the Bundists in Poland and the party centre inSt. Petersburgbecame difficult. In November 1914 the Bund Central Committee appointed a separate Committee of Bund Organizations in Poland to run the party in Poland.[16]Theoretically the Bundists in Poland and Russia were members of the same party, but in practice the Polish Bundists operated as a party of their own.[17]In December 1917 the split was formalized, as the Polish Bundists held a clandestine meeting inLublinand reconstituted themselves asa separate political party.[18] 1917 A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The Bund was the only Jewish party that worked within thesoviets.[19]Like other socialist parties in Russia, the Bund welcomed theFebruary Revolutionof 1917, but it did not support theOctober Revolutionin which the Bolsheviks seized power. Like Mensheviks and other non-Bolshevik parties, the Bund called for the convening of theRussian Constituent Assemblylong demanded by all Social Democratic factions.[20]The Bund's key leader inPetrogradduring these months wasMikhail Liber, who was to be roundly denounced by Lenin. With theRussian Civil Warand the increase in anti-Semitic pogroms by nationalists andWhites, the Bund was obliged to recognise theSovietgovernment and its militants fought in theRed Armyin large numbers. At the time of the 1917 upheavals, Mikhail Liber was elected president of the Bund.[21]In May 1917, a new Central Committee of the Bund was formed, consisting of Goldman, Erlich, Medem and Jeremiah Weinsthein. One Central Committee member, Medem, was in Poland at the time and couldn't travel to Saint Petersburg to meet with the rest of the Committee.[22] Four Bund bureaus were represented as such among the 60 delegates to the May 1918MenshevikParty conference: Moscow (Abramovich), Northern (Erlich), Western (Goldshtein, Melamed) and Occupied Lands (Aizenshtadt).[23] The political changes at the time of the Russian revolution resulted in splits in the Bund. In Ukraine, Bund branches in cities likeBobruisk,[clarification needed]Ekaterinoburg[clarification needed]andOdessahad formed 'leftwing Bund groups' in late 1918. In February 1919 these groups (representing the majority in the Bund in Ukraine) adopted the nameCommunist Bund(Kombund), re-constituting themselves as an independent party.Moisei Rafes, who had been a leading figure of the Bund in Ukraine, became the leader of the UkrainianKombund.[24][25][26]The Communist Bund supported theSovietside in theRussian Civil War.[27][28]Other members of the Bund (representing the minority in the Bund in Ukraine) at the end of 1918 formed the Social Democratic Bund (Bund SD). Leaders of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Bund - Sore Fox, A. Litvak,David Petrovsky(Lipets) openly opposed the communist ideology and policy of confiscation of property, usurpation of political power, arrests and persecution of political opponents.[29] The Bund also had elected officials at the local level. During the 1917October RevolutionandRussian Civil War, the mayor of the predominantly Jewish Ukrainian town ofBerdychiv(53,728 inhabitants, 80% of whom were Jewish at the 1897 census) was a Bundist,David Petrovsky(Lipets).[30] Final split at the Gomel conference[edit] The remainder Bund in Russia held a conference (the Twelfth Conference of the Bund) on April 12 19, 1920 inGomel, where the party was split into two separate parties, the majorityCommunist Bund(Kombund) and the minoritySocial Democratic Bund.[31][32] The fourteen point of the resolution On the Present Situation and the Tasks of Our Party stated that Summing up the experience of the last year, the Twelfth Conference of the Bund finds: 1 that the Bund, in principle, had adopted the communist platform since the Eleventh Conference, 2 that the Programme of the Communist Party, which is also the programme of the Soviet government, corresponds with the fundamental platform of the Bund, 3 that a united socialist front with principled opponents of Soviet power, who draw a line between the proletariat and its government, is impossible, 4 that the moment has come when the Bund can relinquish its official oppositional stand and take upon itself responsibility for the Soviet government s policy.[33] The resolution on organisational questions stated that The logical consequence of the political stand adopted by the Bund is the latter s entry into the R.C.P on the same basis as the Bund s membership of the R.S.D.L.P.. The conference authorised the C.C. of the Bund to see to it, as an essential condition, that the Bund preserve within the R.C.P. the status of an autonomous organisation of the Jewish proletariat.[33] Legacy[edit] In 1921, the Communist Bund dissolved itself and its members sought admission to the Communist Party.[33]As of 1923, the last Bundist groups had ceased to function in Soviet Russia.[32]Many former Bundists, likeMikhail LiberandDavid Petrovsky, perished during Stalin's purges in the 1930s. The Polish Bundists continued their activities until 1948. During the latter half of the 20th century the Bundist legacy was represented through theInternational Jewish Labor Bund, a federation of local Bundist groups around the world. Former Bundists who became high level officials in the USSR[edit] ? Israel Moiseevich Leplevsky(1894 1938), Bundist in 1904 1907, Minister ( People's Commissar ) of Internal Affairs of theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic(1937 1938) ? Moisei Leibovits Ruhymovych (1889 1939), Bundist in 1904 1913, Minister ( People's Commissar ) formilitaryaffairs of theDonetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic(1917 1918) and Minister ( People's Commissar ) for Defense Industry of the USSR (1936 1937) ? David Petrovsky(1886-1937), Bundist in 1902 1919, a Chief of the General Directorate of military educational institutions (GUVUZ)[34]of theRed Army(1920-1924), a member of the Presidium of theExecutive Committee of the Communist International(1924-1929), a member of the Presidium to theSupreme Soviet of the National Economy(1929-1932), a Chief of the Department of higher and secondary technical educational institutions (GLAVVTUZ) in the Ministry (People's Commissariat) ofSovietHeavy Industry(1932-1937). The Bundists in North America[edit] See also:International Jewish Labor Bund Among the exiled Bundists who went on with Socialist politics in America wasBaruch Charney Vladeck(1886 1938), elected to theNew YorkBoard of Aldermen as aSocialistin 1917, defeated in 1921 but re-elected in 1937 to the newly formedNew York City Councilrunning on theAmerican Labor Partyticket. He was also the manager ofThe Jewish Daily Forwardfrom 1918 till his death.[35] Moishe Lewis(1888 1950) was a Bundist leader in his Polish (nowBelarusian) hometownSvisloszbefore he emigrated toCanadain 1922.[36]He was the father ofDavid Lewis(1909 1981), a leader of theNew Democratic Partyin Canada. The American Labour leaderDavid Dubinsky(1892 1982), though never formally a member of the party, had joined the bakers' union, which was controlled by the Bund, and was elected assistant secretary within the union by 1906. He made his way to the United States in 1911. He later became a member of theSocialist Party of America, helped found theAmerican Labor Partyin 1936 and was from 1932 till 1966 the leader of theInternational Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.[37] Between 1913 and 1917, working under the name Max Goldfarb,David Petrovsky(1886 1937) was a member of the Central Committee of theJewish Socialist Federationof America, a member of theSocialist Party of America, and the editor ofThe Forward. Footnotes[edit] 1 ^Hirsz Abramowicz; Eva Zeitlin Dobkin; Dina Abramowicz; Jeffrey Shandler; David E. Fishman (1999).Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life Before World War II. Wayne State University Press. p.14.ISBN978-0-8143-2784-5. 2 ^Jump up to:abMinczeles, Henri.Histoire g n rale du Bund: un mouvement r volutionnaire juif. Paris: Editions Austral, 1995. p. 61 3 ^Shepherd, Naomi (1994).A price below rubies: Jewish women as rebels and radicals. Harvard University Press. p.139.ISBN978-0-674-70411-4. 4 ^Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2004).Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality. University of Wisconsin Press. p.123. 5 ^Minczeles, Henri.Histoire g n rale du Bund: un mouvement r volutionnaire juif. Paris: Editions Austral, 1995. p. 119 6 ^Jump up to:abcAngel Smith; Stefan Berger (1999).Nationalism, Labour and Ethnicity: 1870 1939. Manchester University Press. p.150.ISBN978-0-7190-5052-7. 7 ^Vital, David (2001).A people apart: a political history of the Jews in Europe, 1789 1939. Oxford University Press. p.944.ISBN978-0-19-924681-6. Retrieved2009-11-05. 8 ^Minczeles, Henri.Histoire g n rale du Bund: un mouvement r volutionnaire juif. Paris: Editions Austral, 1995. p. 130 9 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press, 1967. pp. 33 34 10 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. p. 35 11 ^Levin, Dov (2000).The Litvaks: a short history of the Jews in Lithuania. Berghahn Books. p.283.ISBN978-1-57181-264-3. Retrieved2009-11-07. 12 ^Walter Laqueur (2003).The History of Zionism. TaurisParke Paperbacks. p.273.ISBN978-1-86064-932-5. 13 ^David E. Fishman (2005).The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture. University of Pittsburgh Press. p.49.ISBN978-0-8229-4272-6. 14 ^Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon (2003).The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. Schreiber Pub. p.56.ISBN978-1-887563-77-2. 15 Jacobs, Jack Lester.Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Bund at 100. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. pp. 46 51 16 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. p. 37 17 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. pp. 52 53, 61 18 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. pp. 69 70 19 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. p. 56 20 ^Robert Paul Browder; Alexander F Kerensky (1961).The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents. Stanford University Press. p.428.ISBN978-0-8047-0023-8. 21 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. p. 59 22 ^Johnpoll, Bernard K.The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917 1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. p. 61 23 ^Brovkin, Vladimir. N. (1991).The Mensheviks after October: socialist opposition and the rise of the Bolshevik dictatorship. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp.201 204.ISBN978-0-8014-9976-0. Retrieved2009-11-10. 24 ^Nora Levin (1991-01-01).Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival. NYU Press. p.61.ISBN978-0-8147-5051-3. 25 ^Abraham Malamat; Haim H Ben-Sasson (1976).A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p.966.ISBN978-0-674-39731-6. 26 ^Benjamin Pinkus (1990-01-26).The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority. Cambridge University Press. p.128.ISBN978-0-521-38926-6. 27 ^Elizabeth A. Wood (2005).Performing Justice: Agitation Trials In Early Soviet Russia. Cornell University Press. p.261.ISBN978-0-8014-4257-5. 28 ^Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (March 2007).Geschichte des j dischen Volkes: Von den Anf ngen bis zur Gegenwart. C.H.Beck. p.1186.ISBN978-3-406-55918-1. 29 ^Joshua Meyers, A Portrait of Transition: From the Bund to Bolshevism in the Russian Revolution, Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, Society n.s. 24, no. 2 (Winter 2019): 107 134. Copyright 2019 The Trustees of Indiana University. doi: 10.2979/jewisocistud.24.2.09 30 ^Ettinger, Shmuel; Shmuel Spector (2008). Berdichev .Encyclopaedia Judaica. Retrieved6 December2009. 31 ^Michael Brenner; Derek J. Penslar (1998).In Search of Jewish Community: Jewish Identities in Germany and Austria, 1918 1933. Indiana University Press. p.127.ISBN978-0-253-21224-5. 32 ^Jump up to:abFruma Mohrer; Marek Web, eds. (1998).Guide to the Yivo Archives. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research/M.E. Sharpe. p.43.ISBN978-0-7656-0130-8. 33 ^Jump up to:abcexplanatory note toLenin, Vladimir I. (April 19 May 6, 1920). To Members of the Politbureau of the C.C., R.C.P.(B.) .Marxists Internet Archive. Lenin Internet Archive (2003). Retrieved2009-11-10., from documents archived at theCentral PartyArchives, Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the C.C., C.P.S.TJ. 34 ^The General Directorate of military educational institutions: Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation - Encyclopediahttp://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/dictionary/details_rvsn.htm?id=5376@morfDictionary 35 ^Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003).The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe. University of Pittsburgh Press. p.184.ISBN978-0-8229-4188-0. Retrieved2009-12-04. 36 ^Fuerstenberg, Adam. The Marvellous Trajectory of David Lewis' Life and Career . Toronto: Beth Tzedec Congregation. Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2011. Retrieved25 November2009. 37 ^Robert D. Parmet (2005-07-30).The Master Of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky And The American Labor Movement. NYU Press. p.7.ISBN978-0-8147-6711-5. 38 Further reading[edit] Jack Jacobs (ed.),Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Bund at 100.New York: New York University Press, 2001. Alfred Katz, Bund: The Jewish Socialist Labor Party, The Polish Review,vol. 10, no. 3 (Summer 1965), pp.67 74. Molly Crabapple, My Great-Grandfather the Bundist, New York Review of Books, 6 Oct. 2018.[1] 39 The pictures are found here; http://yivo1000towns.cjh.org/search_results.asp?city_town= country_id=0 KW_001=bund KW_002= KW_003= KW_101= KW_102= KW_103= start_year= end_year= photographer= SearchType=Compound Action=Search #B-001 1905 Siedlce Wounded Jews. This photo of young revolutionaries the commander of a Tsarist regiment claimed he had attacked (inside a synagogue after a May Day demonstration by the Bund [Jewish Socialist Labor Party]) was sent to Minister Stolypin with a protest. ('Jewish Daily Forward') #B-002 890's Siauliai Formal portrait of a Jewish Socialist Bund group: (l-r) David Moffs ( now in Pretoria, South Africa ), Morris Vinocur (Weiner, now in Chicago ), Orke Kessler, Bernard Feldman (now Forward representative in Springfield, Ma.) ('Forward' spread, 1937). #B-003 1905 Vileyka Polish and Russian Social Democrats and members of the Jewish Socialist Bund pose with banners and wreaths during an outdoordemonstrationto honor the victims of the October 1905 pogrom. #B-004 1930's Cracow Portrait of Dr. Leon Feiner, Dr. Salo Fiszgrund, Dr. Henryk Schreiber, Bursztyn, Herman Berger, Kuther, Wolfgang, Moyshe Pelcman-Glazer, Kupfer, and other activists of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-005 1905 Grodno Studio portrait of young men and woman, members of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund. (Part of a photo essay in the 'Jewish Daily Forward', 1929: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past. ) #B-006 1920's Gabin Studio portrait of (right to left) Henokh Goldschmidt, his wife Rokhl Preyzinger Goldschmidt and their friend Shloyme Adler. Goldscmidt, from a Hasidic background, became active in revolutionary movements. He was a leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-007 1909 Gabin Four young leather workers outdoors: (r to l) an apprentice, Yekel Tiber, Henokh Goldschmidt (who had just left the yeshiva) and a young worker from Kutno. Goldschmidt, from a Hasidic background, later became a leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-008 ca. 1920s Gdynia Outdoor portrait of members of Tsukunft (Jewish Socialist Bund youth group): (4th from left) Sergej Nutkiewicz. #B-009 1938 Grabow Outdoor portrait of members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-010 Kalisch Studio portrait of Yudi Perle, a Tsarist agent-provocateur, member of the local committee of the Jewish Socialist Bund during 1903-1905. #B-011 1933 Kazimierz Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing in uniform, at their first summer camp. #B-012 1933 Kazimierz Young people working outdoors by a tent, at the first summer camp of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund). #B-013 1936 Kazimierz Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing by a horse-drawn wagon of hay at a summer camp. #B-014 1936 Kazimierz Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing in a clearing in the woods while attending summer camp. #B-015 1936 Kazimierz Hygiene Day at a summer camp run by Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund): men and women wearing white paper hats in the woods. #B-016 1936-37 Kazimierz Line-up : young men and women stand at attention at a summer camp run by Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund). #B-017 1936 Kazimierz At the castle of Kazimierz the Great: members of a Tsukunft (youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) summer camp on a hike. #B-018 1936 Kazimierz On a hike to the castle of Kazimierz the Great: members of a Tsukunft (youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) summer camp posing in front of the bastille. #B-019 1905 Pinsk Formal portrait in the snow of the Bund FightingOrganization. ('Jewish Daily Forward' caption in Yiddish:) ...When Jewish youth armed themselves to defend themselves against the bands perpetrating pogroms... #B-020 1906 Radziwillow Studio portrait of the Jewish Socialist Bund organization of the city. #B-021 1905 Rovno Bundists of 20 years ago. Interesting Russian-Jewish types of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund... Second from right [standing] is D. Shier, our 'Forward' representative in Minneapolis. ( Jewish Daily Forward Yiddish caption.) #B-022 pub. Nov. 21, 1926 Warsaw photo by: Kacyzne, Alter A cooperative workshop of the [Jewish Socialist Labor] Bund ('Jewish Daily Forward' caption). #B-023 ca. 1905 Chudnov Vignetted portraits of three young men, members of the [JewishSocialist] Bund's self-defense organization killed April 23-26, 1905 in Chudnov (printed in Russian and Yiddish). (Left to right) P. Gorvits, Y. Brodski, and A. Fleysher. (A postcard.) #B-024 Minsk Formal outdoor family portrait: (Yiddish caption) Dr. Dovid Medem, G. [Gina]Medem's father, and his children: the child in the blouse [lower r] is the little Vladimir Medem [later a Bund leader]. Three men wear uniforms; woman in puffed sleeves stands (r). #B-025 1905 Minsk Portrait of members of the Jewish Socialist Bund wounded in the October pogrom: young men and women, some bandaged or wearing slings. #B-026 Minsk Portrait of Zhenia Horowitz, a prominent member of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-027 ca. 1905 Odessa After a pogrom: the corpses of murdered victims, members of the Jewish Socialist Bund, draped in banners. (Included in a photo spread: Odessa: The Murdered Members Of The Self-Defense, in the Petrograd Yiddish newspaper Der Fraynd [The Friend].) #B-028 ca. 1900 Odessa photo by: Mulman, K. Vignetted studio portrait of Yankl, a young man wearing an embroidered Russian blouse, standing, with arms crossed: (written on back in Yiddish) Yankl, one of the founders of the Bund together with me, B. Litman, Toronto, Canada. #B-029 Odessa Studio portrait of Greynim, a young man (with arms crossed, in a striped Russian blouse): (written on back in Yiddish) Greynim, one of the first ten members of the Bund, together with me, B. Litman, Toronto. #B-030 Dec. 8-17, 1917 St. Petersburg Portrait of participants (men and women) to the 8th conference of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund. Bund leaders sit in the front row: (r-l from the 3rd person) M. Litvak, M. Rafes, Liber, Rakhmiel Vaynshteyn, Raphael Abramovitch, Henryk Erlich (of Warsaw). #B-031 1904 Yakutsk Outdoor portrait of the group of political exiles who barricaded themselves in Romanov's house (Yiddish caption): men (some in fur hats) and women near wooden buildings. (A photograph published by the Jewish Socialist Bund.) #B-032 1904 Yakutsk Outdoor portrait of Yuri Matlakhov, a Social Democrat killed on March 4: a young man in winter clothes in the snow. (A photograph published by the Jewish Socialist Bund.) #B-033 1904 Yakutsk Montage of (numbered) photographs and illustrations relating to the Yakutsk Protest Group (published by the Jewish Socialist Bund): (no.37) the Romanov house where protesters were barricaded; (no. 18) The dog -- the letter-carrier (Yiddish captions). #B-034 pub. 1905 Zhitomir Studio portrait of Leybe Vaynshteyn, a member of the Jewish Socialist Bund, killed on April 24, 1905 during a pogrom as he took part in its self-defense activities. (A postcard published by the Bund.) #B-035 Before 1905 Warsaw Vignetted studio portraits of (left) E. Cohen and (right) twenty-two-year-old Shloyme Margolin, both killed during a demonstration in April 1905. (From a photo spread on a postcard printed by the Jewish Socialist Bund.) #B-036 ca. 1906 Kaunas Studio portrait of young men, members of a Jewish Socialist Bund self-defense group: (accompanying Yiddish letter by N. Levine) Beynush Korber [now known as Benny Garber] is sitting in the bottom row, with thelittlewhiskers. #B-037 Oct. 15, 1923 Telsiai Group portrait of members of the Jewish Socialist Bund: young men and women. ( Standing, third from right, with a pince-nez) Sheve Raivits, a teacher at the Jewish 'folkshul' (elementary school). #B-038 ca. 1923 Telsiai Studio portrait of Jewish Socialist Bund members: (standing, center) Nisn Pups, a well-known Bundist leader in Vilna and in Lithuania... Came to a violent end in the 'Red Garden of Eden' [the Soviet Union]... (1st and 2nd from l) Raivits and Yafe. #B-039 Telsiai Portrait of Nisn Pups, a leader of the Bund in Vilna and Lithuania who later met a violent death in the Soviet Union. #B-040 Turn of the century Vilkaviskis The boy'ssecondary school: (on back in Yiddish) This is the building where the soldiers used to muster, and also where big meetings of the brushmakers would take place, as well as discussions between the Jewish Socialist Bund and Poalei Zion members. #B-041 ca. 1930 Riga Participants in a Jewish Socialist Bund demonstration pose on a street. (Yiddish signs, l to r) Adults -- Work, Children -- Bread!... Against Militarization! For the SocialistOrder! Working Youth. All in the ranks of the Bund! #B-042 1904 Pinsk Studio portrait of Jewish Socialist Bund members, two of whom (Joe Kaplan and Charlie Siegel) later emigrated to the USA. #B-044 January 27-28, 1934 Latvia At a Jewish Socialist Bund conference: a man (standing, r) addresses participants. (Yiddish banners) Work and bread for every worker and Latvian S.D. [Social Democrats] against the bourgeoisie! (Portraits, 2nd and 3rd from r) Vladimir Medem and Karl Marx. #B-045 1937 Iwanicz Zdroj Abraham Penzik (right) and his daughter Irena (left). With them are a Jewish industrialist and two members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-046 1930 Miedzyrzec Studio portrait of the city council: (l to r) Shloyme Kamien (a Folkist); Bentsien Sheynmel (a Folkist); the mayor of Korbak (a non-Jew); Berl Vernitsky (B. Warren), a member of the Jewish Socialist Bund; and Gursky (a non-Jew), a deputy of the Sejm. #B-047 1933 Pinsk Outdoor portrait of young members of the Jewish Socialist Bund's Morgnshtern sports club: (seated, left to right, in dark suits) Bund board members L. Kaplan, Y. Urbaytl and Sh. Mandlboym; (seated between them) instructor T.L. Fraynd. #B-048 1936 Miedzeszyn photo by: Vishniac, Roman Portrait of a young boy - an actor from the Jewish Socialist Bund's Mir kumen on (We Are Coming), a film about the Medem Sanatorium. #B-049 ca. 1900 Chudnov Portrait of members of the fire brigade (est. 1891), with pump and water-wagons: (4th from r, marked with arrow) Khayem Taffel. (Written in Yiddish) Among them are participants in the [Jewish Socialist] Bund's self-defense group killed [in 1905]. #B-050 1905 Odessa Group portrait of a Bund self-defense group at the cemetery with the banner-draped corpses of three of their leaders, Visotski, Sheltipsi and Yekhiel. #B-051 ca. 1935 Miedzeszyn A line of children on a hillside at the Jewish Socialist Bund 's Medem Sanatorium. (Yiddish headline) On the tenthanniversaryof the Medem Sanatorium. #B-052 ca. 1900 Miedzyrzec photo by: Rafael Studio portrait of `Avrom der blinder' (Avrom the Blind), a Jewish Socialist Bund organizer of workers in the brush manufacturing industry. #B-053 1920s-30s Vilna photo by: Grossman, Moryc The house in which the Jewish Socialist Bund was founded in 1897. #B-054 Before World War I Pinsk Studio portrait of young members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-056 1936 Lodz Speakers address crowds at the funeral of Yisroel Lichtenstein, leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-057 1936 Lodz Crowdswatchthe funeral procession of Yisroel Lichtenstein, leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-058 1936 Lodz Notables at the funeral of Yisroel Lichtenstein, leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-059 1914 Lodz Studio portrait of Khaim Zylbermintz, a member of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-060 1908 Lodz Studio portrait of fouryoung people, members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-061 Before World War I Lodz Studio portrait of Hersh Leyb Brenman, an activist in the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-062 1930's Lodz Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) standing in a courtyard at Przejarz No.9. #B-063 1930s Lubartow Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) in uniform at a ceremony around a flagpole. #B-064 1931 Lublin Portrait of the Kalmen Kamashnmakher Chapter of the Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund), in uniform and holding copies of the Tsukunft publication, Youth-Waker. #B-066 1925-39 Miedzeszyn Shmulik Minawsky, from Przytyk and another child, at an outdoor meal at the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium. #B-067 1936 Minsk Mazowiecki In a reading room at the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium: two boys, one of whom reads the Yiddish newspaper, Folkstsaytung. #B-068 1925-39 Miedzeszyn Three girls at an outdoor meal at the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium. #B-069 ca. 1936 Miedzeszyn Two boys at the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium: (Yiddish caption) They don't want to go home. #B-070 1936 Miedzeszyn Scenes from Mir Kumen On, Alexander Ford's 1936 film about the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium: children eating. (Yiddish captions, clockwise from top) He thinks it's forbidden to eat seconds, How tasty it is, Bon Appetit! #B-071 ca. 1935 Miedzeszyn Two children at a dovecote at the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium. #B-072 1936 Miedzeszyn Scene from Mir Kumen On (We Are On The Way), Alexander Ford's 1936 film about the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium: a girl reads the newsof the day at breakfast. (Yiddish caption) They give you a lot of food there, five times a day... #B-073 1925-39 Miedzeszyn Nuns pose for an outdoor portrait on a visit to the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium. #B-074 1938 Miedzeszyn While on a trip to the Jewish Socialist Bund's Medem Sanatorium: Jewish youth from Otwock pose for agroupportrait in front of a picket fence. #B-075 1930's Miedzyrzec (Left to right) Rokhl Elncwajg, Feyge Goldfarb, Toyvye Czarny, and Moyshe Erdfarb, members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund), in a small boat. #B-076 1930s Miedzyrzec Studio portrait of young activists of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund): Feyge Goldfarb, Toyvye Czarny, Rokhl Elncwajg, Moyshe Erdfarb, and others. The banners read (in Yiddish): Knowledge Is Power! Unity Is Power! #B-077 1920s-30s Mlawa Studio portrait of Yisroel Alter, brother of Victor Alter, a leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-078 1934 Mloczyn Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) and Morgenshtern from Mlawa, posing during an outing. #B-079 1935 Novoyelnya Men and women posing in uniform at the Y. Chmurner camp duirng the regional conference of the youth movement of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-080 1935 Novoyelnya Members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, pose at the Y. Chmurner camp during a regional conference. #B-081 1920s-30s Nowy Dwor Khayem Rudawski, leader of the local Jewish Socialist Bund, speaking to a crowd at a May Day demonstration in the marketplace. The banner (right of center) reads in Polish and Yiddish, Down With Militarism. #B-082 1936 Pinsk At an exhibition at the Jewish Trade School for Girls: a montage of photographs (Karl Marx at center) and publications in Yiddish, Russian and Polish from the first seven years of the Jewish Labor Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (founded in 1897). #B-083 1906 Pinsk Bund activists: (sitting r-l) Moyshe Adler, shoemaker; Shloyme Zeleznikow, leader of a self-defense group; Yankev Gurin, one of the first political prisoners from Pinsk; Zelig, died fighting Petlyura's forces; (standing) Shimen and Moyshe Furman. #B-084 1905 Pinsk Portrait of members of the local Jewish Socialist Bund party committee. #B-085 Before 1937 Pinsk photo by: Katz Studio portrait of the Mikhalevich circle of the Yugnt Bund Tsukunft (Bundist youth group), among them A. J. Szlakman (3rd from left, 2nd row) and Blind Motl Fishko (seated, 2nd from right). (Two girls hold a portrait of the group's namesake.) #B-086 1931 Piotrkow On a trip: members of the Tsukunft and Morgnshtern, two youth groups of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-087 1920s-30s Plockphoto by: Nowoczesna Local leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund gathered for a studio portrait on the occasion of member G. Spector's departure for Switzerland. #B-088 1937 Pruszkow Portrait of young and old members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Yiddish banner) Long Live The International Proletariat. #B-089 1930 Pruzhany Outdoor portrait of members of the Jewish Socialist Bund, posing with a portrait of Vladimir Medem (right). #B-090 February 27, 1939 Peremyshl A board meeting of the I. L. Peretz library dedicated to the 24th anniversary of I. L. Peretz's death, held in the local Jewish Socialist Bund office. The banner (hung on the left wall) reads Freedom--Equality--Brotherhood. #B-091 February 2, 1939 Peremyshl Group portrait of the board of the I.L. Peretz Library in the Jewish Socialist Bund office during a celebration of the 29th anniversary of the library's founding. #B-092 1906 Radziwillow Studio portrait of members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-093 ca. 1904 Siedlce Studio portrait of intellectuals and cultural activists: (seated, r-l) Rozenzumen of the Bund; writer and editor Yoshue (Joshua) Goldberg; playwright Yoyel (Joel) Mastbaum; feuilletonist and dramaturg Yankev (Jacob) Tenenboim; (standing, r-l) culture activist Moyshe Mandelman; Peysekh Sapozshnik of the Bund; Avrom Ziklugens; Meyer Slushni, a revolutionary. #B-094 1903 Stressin Studio portrait of members of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund. ('Jewish Daily Forward' caption in English:) An interestinggroupof revolutionaries... #B-095 1902 Lyady Studio portrait of members of the local organization of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund, young men dressed in the style of Russian proletarians. (Part of a photo essay in the JewishDailyForward, 1927: Bundist Men And Women Of The Past. ) #B-096 1905 Riga Studio portrait: The General Executive Board of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund in Riga... ('Jewish Daily Forward' caption, 1928.) #B-097 1906 Kishinev Studio portrait: The executive committee of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund in Kishinev... Standing far right is M. L. Polin, now of Baltimore. The woman in the picture is Khayke Polin, his sister. (From Forward' photo essay on revolutionaries, 1932.) #B-098 1904 Berdichev Studio portrait: seven young men and a woman (standing center), members of the the [Jewish Socialist] Bund. (Part of a 'Jewish Daily Forward' photo spread, 1934: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past. ) #B-099 1905 Vitebsk Studio portrait: 'Yoshke the tinsmith' and 'Moshke the curly head' -- as these twoyoung peoplewere known in the [Jewish Socialist] Bundist circles... Between them stand the sisters Khane and Mishke, also active in tbe Bund... ('Forward', 1934.) #B-100 1928 Siemiatycze Portrait of theCommitteeof Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund: (seated, l-r) Yankl Szmarik (Treasurer); Anshl Czechanowicz (Chairman); Shaye Trotz (Chairman); and M. Zolts, S. Sonenfeld, Zalmen Kominiar, Ides Goldberg and others. #B-101 Skidel Members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, pose at an outdoor meeting. #B-102 1917 Skierniewice Outdoor portrait of men and women members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-103 May 1, 1931 Staszow photo by: Rotenberg, A. May Day: members of the Jewish Socialist Bund posing for an outdoorgroupportrait. The flag reads in Yiddish: Long Live The Bund. #B-104 June 2-3, 1930 Stolin At the convention: members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) from Pinsk posing for an outdoor group portrait. #B-105 1930 Sucha Children from the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund on a trip to the mountains. #B-106 1927 Svisloch Studio portrait of 2 children of Leyzer and Soreke Fuks. (Leyzer was a worker in a leather factory, and amemberof the Jewish Socialist Bund. Soreke, a community activist, was known as Soreke dem bords (Soreke, Beard's) in reference to her father.) #B-107 After World War I Svisloch Studio portrait of Neshke Sulies, one of the first women workers tojointhe Jewish Socialist Bund. She was also active in the 'khevre line' (society to give overnight lodging). #B-108 1908 Svisloch Vignetted studio portrait of Moyshe Kanengiser, a member of the Jewish Socialist Bund. He worked in a leather factory until 1908 and then moved to Warsaw where he trained as a dental laboratory technician. #B-109 1908 Svisloch Studio portrait of Alter Lewinczyk and an unidentified Russian teacher. (Both were members of the Jewish Socialist Bund.) #B-110 1919 Szydlowiec Studio portrait of Weinreich, a leading activist in the local Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-111 1928 Tarnow Outdoor portrait of members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, posing with a portrait of an unidentified political figure). #B-112 May 1, 1930 Tarnow On May Day: members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, assembled outdoors under a balcony, holding a banner and framed portraits of political figures (including Vladimir Medem and Karl Marx). #B-113 1929 Tarnow Group portrait of members of the 'Bundishe boyuvke' (the tough squad of the Jewish Socialist Bund) who acted as marshals in the May Daydemonstration. (Young men in front hold a framed portrait of an unidentified political figure.) #B-114 1927 Tarnow Outdoor portrait of children and staff of a summer camp for working-class children sponsored by the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-115 January 18, 1933 Tomaszew Studio portrait of Jakubowicz, a member of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-116 Late 1930s Warsaw Avrumele Szenker's grave, just visited. The tombstone reads in Yiddish: ...the son of Arn and Freyde, shot to death at the age of 5 by fascist murderers attacking a Bundist May Day demonstration in 1937. (Erected by the City Committee of the Bund.) #B-117 1936 Warsaw Young men with banners at a joint May Day demonstration organized by the Jewish Socialist Bund and Poalei-Zion Left (a Labor Zionist party). #B-118 May 1, 1937 Warsaw Men stand at attention with banners during a speech by Y. Goldberg at a May Day demonstration organized by the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-119 1936 Warsaw photo by: Bornstein Men and women with banners at a joint May Day demonstration organized by the Jewish Socialist Bund and Poalei-Zion Left (a Labor Zionist party). #B-120 Warsaw Studio portrait of Henryk Erlich (1882-1941), a leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund, a city councilman, and member of the board of the Warsaw Kehilla (Jewish community council). #B-121 Warsaw Vignetted studio portrait of Jewish Socialist Bund leader Victor Alter as a high school student. #B-122 Warsaw Studio portrait of Dr. Ludwik Honigwill (1887-1977), lawyer, defender of political cases, vice chairman of the Socialist Lawyers Association in Poland, and a leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-123 pub. 1925 Warsaw A May Day parade of the Jewish Socialist Bund headed by Henryk Erlich and Wiktor Alter. #B-124 Warsaw Ars Postcard portrait of Yanek, Yoysef Yankelevitsh (1887-1920), an activist in the Jewish Socialist Bund and the printers' union. #B-125 Warsaw photo by: Mapjanfuks Studio prtrait of members of the Jewish Socialist Bund: (right to left) Noyekh (Yekutiel) Portnoy, Felicja Abarbanel, Irenka Goldberg-Kshevitska, and Yerakhmiel Vaynshteyn. #B-126 December 14, 1937 Warsaw Group portrait of delegates from Galicia to the 40thAnniversaryConvention of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-127 December, 1937 Warsaw Portrait of the delegation from Czestochowa at the 40th Anniversary Convention of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-128 1937 Warsaw Warsaw newspaper distributors pose at a banquet at the 40th Anniversary Convention of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-129 1930s Warsaw A Jewish Socialist Bund delegation from Amszczonow at the funeral of Josef Leszczynski (Chmurner), a Bundist leader: men and women with wreaths posing in front of the Pol printing shop, which advertises the printing of posters and leaflets. #B-130 1930s Warsaw photo by: Bornstein Procession at the funeral of Josef Leszczynski (Chmurner), a leader of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-131 1931 Warsaw Delegates from Pruzana pose with a banner at theNationwideConvention of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-132 1931 Warsaw Delegates from Wegrow, Grodno, and other cities march with banners in a parade at the Nationwide Convention of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-133 1931 Warsaw Girls in an outdoor athletic performance at the Nationwide Convention of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-134 1936 Warsaw Young men and women pose at banquet of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-135 1937 Warsaw A group of members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, pose at the Warsaw Zoo. #B-136 July-August, 1927 Warsaw Studio portrait of Leib Berman (seated, center), a well-known member of the Jewish Socialist Bund, with other carpentry instructors in Jewish trade schools, in Warsaw for qualifying courses. #B-137 pub. 1925 Warsaw Participants of the 2nd Yiddish School Convention at the City Hall: Y. Lev, Y. Rozen, S. Rozenberg, Arn Shenitski, Arn Wahl, Arthur Shmuel Zygelboim. (Yiddish note) The Left Poalei Zion took up the whole left side; the right side was taken by the Bund. #B-138 Vilna photo by: Grossman, Moryc The house in which the Jewish Socialist Bund was founded in 1897. #B-139 1923-1924 Vilna photo by: Brudner, B. Studio portrait of the Vilna Committee of the Jewish Socialist Bund: (1st row, r-l) Israel Okun, M. Litwak, Anna Rosental, J. Zoleznikow; (2nd row) L. Wajnsztajn, Rebecca Epsztajn, chairman Grisha Abelowicz, Aronowicz. #B-140 1919 Vilnius The body of Arn Wajter (Ajzik Mayer Dejweniszki), active member of the Jewish Socialist Bund and once imprisoned in Siberia. Wajter was shot by a Polish soldier during the 1919 pogroms. #B-141 ca. 1935 Vilnius photo by: Grossman, Moryc The tombstone of Arn Wajter (Ajzik Mayer Dejweniszki), a Jewish Socialist Bund activist who was killed by a Polish soldier during the pogroms of 1919. (His tombstone is a statue of the Polish eagle.) #B-142 1935 Vilna Abraham Morewski speaking at the tomb of Arn Wajter (Ajzik Mayer Dejweniszki), a Jewish Socialist Bund activist who was killed by a Polish soldier during the 1919 pogroms. (His tombstone is a statue of the Polish eagle.) #B-143 1934 Vilna photo by: Szer Group portrait of members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) assembled for a banquet with Wirgily Kahan and Zeleznikov (seated near front in center). #B-144 1933 Vilna TheYIVOexhibit on Jewish social movements: the section on the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-145 1933 Vilna The YIVO exhibit on Jewish social movements: the section on the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-146 Before WWI Vilna Studio portrait of actor Chaim Schneur ( Hamerow) (standing, right), later a member of the Vilna Troupe, with a group of friends, members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-147 1922 Wloclawek Studio portrait of an unidentified group of children and adults, perhaps associated with the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-148 1920's Wloclawek photo by: Shtan Studio portrait of members of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-149 1933 Wloclawek photo by: Bernardi Montage of portraits of members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-150 August 15, 1927 Brok photo by: Neyman, Y. Formal group portrait in the woods: unidentified members of Tsukunft (Jewish Socialist Bund youth movement). #B-151 1930s Zamosc phopto by: Ginsburg, M. Members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, posing with the black-shrouded portrait of adeadcomradeand a banner reading, Long live the `Yugnt Bund Zukunft'. #B-152 1931 Zaromb Groupportrait of members of Yugnt, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-153 1930s Zdunska Wola A funeral procession for an unidentifiedmemberof the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-0154 July 28, 1928 Zdunska Wola Group portrait of participants in the 4th Outing of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-155 Zelechow Outdoor portrait of members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-156 After 1923 Poland A memorial for Bundist leader Vladimir Medem, with the banner of the Jewish Socialist Bund and a picture of Medem. #B-157 1927 Poland Heavily retouched portrait of G. Sibert, journalist, member of the Jewish Socialist Bund, and chairman of the emigration office of the national council of the clothing workers' union. #B-158 1931 Vienna The Bund delegation to the Socialist International: (sitting l-r) Y. Likhtenshteyn, H. Erlich, A. Rosental, Noyekh, A. Zelmanovitsh, Kh. Peskin; (2nd row) G. Zibert, V. Alter, Kh. Pizhits (?), E. Sherer; (3rd row) Sh. Hertz, E. Novogrodski, M. Ozhekh. #B-159 1920s-30s Poland On an outing: members of Tsukunft and Morgnshtern (youth movements of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing together on a walk. #B-160 On an outing: members of Tsukunft and Morgnshtern (youth organizations of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing together on a walk. #B-161 ca. 1935 Carpathia Members of Tsukunft (the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund) sitting together along the side of a wooden building, at a summer camp in the mountains, at the time of the famous flood. #B-162 ca. 1935 Carpathia The household committee cuttingvegetablesin a clearing in the woods at a summer camp in the mountains for members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-163 ca. 1935 Carpathia Teenagers posing in front of a fence, at a summer camp in the mountains for members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-164 ca. 1935 Carpathia Teenagers resting on a hillside, while on an outing at a summer camp for members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-165 ca. 1935 Carpathia At our field kitchens in the woods, at a summer camp in the mountains for members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-166 ca. 1935 Carpathia Rows of campers doing calisthenics on the gymnastics field at a summer camp in the mountains for members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-167 c. 1935 Carpathia Campers posing together by their tents at a summer camp in the mountains for members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund. #B-168 May 22-23, 1931 Poland Members of Tsukunft, the youth movement of the Jewish Socialist Bund, in uniform, posing together on the grass at a summer camp with the movement's red flag. #B-169 ca. 1930s Poland Pola Kirszencwajg, Khayke Belchatowska, Miriam Szyfman and two other young women, some or all of whom were associated with the Jewish Socialist Bund, posing together in a rye field. #B-170 1934 Poland On a sailing trip from Warsaw to Gdynia: members of Morgnshtern (the sports organization of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing on the ship's mast. #B-171 1934 Poland On a sailing trip from Warsaw to Gdynia: members of Morgnshtern (the sports organization of the Jewish Socialist Bund) posing for a group portrait with the crew on the boat at the pier. #B-172 1930 Miedzeszyn A group of children playing a ring toss game indoors, at the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-173 1930 Miedzeszyn Youngsters grouped around their teacher Yoysef Katz, outdoors at the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. In the group are Sholem Rosenberg (seated, right) and Yosl (Joseph) Mlotek (left, with glasses). (From an album.) #B-174 1930 Michalin Children on a swing on the grounds of the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-175 1930 Michalin A group of boys playing croquet, on the grounds of the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-176 1930 Michalin Two girls playing a toss game together, on the grounds of the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-177 1930 Miedzeszyn Children playing in aplaygroundat the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-178 1930 Michalin A group of children playing a bowling game on the grounds of the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-179 1930 Miedzeszyn Children digging in a sand pit with shovels and wheelbarrows, on the grounds of the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-180 1930 Miedzeszyn Children grouped around their teacher Manye Yerukhamzon, serving tea, outdoors at the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-181 1930 Michalin Teacher Guta Segalowicz-Kac with a child at the Medem Sanatorium, run by the Jewish Socialist Bund. (From an album.) #B-182 1922 Poland For the 25th anniversary of the Bund. 1897-1922. Founders and leaders of the Bund : cover of an album of portraits of Jewish Socialist Bund activists. #B-183 Arkadi Kremer, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-184 Isaiah (Vitaly)Eisenstadt, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-185 Noah Portnoy, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-186 A. Litvak (Khaim Helfand), one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922.) #B-187 Mark Liber, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-188 Yosef Izbitski, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-189 Vladimir Kosovsky (Nakhum Levinson), one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-190 Bronislaw Groser, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-191 Vladimir Medem, one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-192 P. Arman (Dr. Pavel Rozental), one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922). #B-193 Sore Fuks, one of the leaders and founders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922.) #B-194 Raphael Abramovitch, one of the leaders and founders of the Jewish Socialist Bund (whose portraits were included by the Vilna Committee of the Bund in an album honoring the party's 25th anniversary in 1922.) #B-195 12/28/90-1/8/90 Warsaw A display on the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund at thesecondexhibition of CYSHO (Central Yiddish School Association). (From an album published by CYSHO.) #B-196 1929 Michalin View of the entrance to the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund, with an inset of Vladimir Medem. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-197 1930 Miedzeszyn The clinic at the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-198 1930 Miedzeszyn Children sunning and resting on chaises at the rest pavilion of the new building at the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard in a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-199 1929 Miedzeszyn The old building at the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-200 1930 Michalin At a meal in thedining roomof the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-201 1930 Michalin Children around the librarian's table in the library of the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-202 1929 Miedzeszyn A vote at a meeting of the children's council of the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [CentralYiddish School Organization].) #B-203 1930 Miedzeszyn In the washroom at the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund: three boys and a girl, by the sinks and at a cubby. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-204 1930 Michalin Out in the open : agroupof young boys and girls, dressed for sun-bathing, posing on the grass with teacher Sheyne Pat and another teacher at the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Part of a CYSHO postcard series.) #B-205 1930 Miedzeszyn At work in the garden of the Medem Sanatorium of the Jewish Socialist Bund. (Issued as a postcard as part of a series for the 2nd national exhibition of CYSHO [Central Yiddish School Organization].) #B-206 1920's Kiev photo by: Pashker, M. Z. Students (five women and a man) at their jobs in a shoe-making workshop named after [Jewish Socialist Bund leader] Lekert (in Yiddish). #B-207 1920's Kiev Pashker, M. Z. Students pose making harnesses in a workshop at the school named after [Jewish Socialist Bund leader] H. Lekert (in Yiddish). #B-208 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: A Jewish Adolescent Girl, Seated Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 452 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: A Jewish Adolescent Girl, Seated Drawing made in the Drancy camp, Jan. 9, 1943 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and ... #B-209 A microfilm reel smuggled by the Jewish underground out of Warsaw to London on 24 May 1944 Catalog No.: 1175 Type of Item: Artifact Databank: Artifacts Section Description: 1. A microfilm reel smuggled by the Jewish underground out of Warszawa (Warsaw) to London on 24 May 1944 2. A cardboard cylinder box used to carry the microfilm reel. On 24 May 1944, Jewish National Committee (ZKN - Zydowski Komitet Narodowy) activists andBundmen in Warsaw, working ... #B-210 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Boy, Holding a Dish of Food Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1238 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Boy, Holding a Dish of Food Painting made in the Drancy camp. Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva ... #B-211 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman, Seated, Holding a Book Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1223 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman, Seated, Holding a Book Painting made in the Drancy camp, Nov. 30, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there ... #B-212 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Man Wearing a Beret Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1222 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Man Wearing a Beret Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 9, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva ... #B-213 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Boy with a Doll, in Bed Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1218 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Boy with a Doll, in Bed Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 31, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in ... #B-214 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Jew, Seated, with a Yellow Badge Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1219 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Jew, Seated, with a Yellow Badge Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years 1908 ... #B-215 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Portrait of Young Woman with a Headscarf Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1221 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Portrait of Young Woman with a Headscarf Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years 1908 ... #B-216 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew Wearing a Skullcap Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1227 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew Wearing a Skullcap Painting made in the Drancy camp, Jan. 10, 1943 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in ... #B-217 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman Seated Beside a Table Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1226 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman Seated Beside a Table Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 17, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and ... #B-218 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Teenaged Girl, Standing Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1225 Databank: ArtCollection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Teenaged Girl, Standing Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years 1908 - 1909. In 1910 ... #B-219 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Man in an Overcoat, Standing Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1224 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Man in an Overcoat, Standing Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 17, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there ... #B-220 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman behind a Table with a Box of Books Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1220 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman behind a Table with a Box of Books Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 30, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied ... #B-221 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Man Wearing a Beret Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1231 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Man Wearing a Beret Painting made in the Drancy camp, Nov. 20, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva ... #B-222 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew with a Yellow Badge Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1229 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew with a Yellow Badge Painting made in the Drancy camp, Feb. 1, 1943 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in ... #B-223 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew with a Yellow Badge Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1228 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew with a Yellow Badge Painting made in the Drancy camp, Nov. 30, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and ... #B-224 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman with a Green Ribbon in her Hair Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1233 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman with a Green Ribbon in herHairAizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years ... #B-225 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Jew Wearing a Yellow Badge, Seated with a Book on his Knees Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1235 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Jew Wearing a Yellow Badge, Seated with a Book on his Knees Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) ... #B-226 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Portrait of a Seated Man, his Head Resting on his Hand Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1230 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Portrait of a Seated Man, his Head Resting on his Hand Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during ... #B-227 Aizik - Adolphe Feder, Self - Portrait with Yellow Badge. Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1271 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Self - Portrait with Yellow Badge. Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years 1908 - 1909. ... #B-228 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Boy Wearing a Yellow Badge, Holding a Metal Can Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1236 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Boy Wearing a Yellow Badge, Holding a Metal Can Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 26, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied ... #B-229 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman at a Table Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1237 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Young Woman at a Table Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years 1908 - 1909. In 1910 ... #B-230 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Internee Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1239 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Internee Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied art there and in Geneva (Geneve) during the years 1908 - 1909. In 1910 he went ... #B-231 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew Wearing a Yellow Badge, with a Book on his Knees Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1232 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Seated Jew Wearing a Yellow Badge, with a Book on his Knees Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 16, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. ... #B-232 Wladka (Miedzyrzecki - Meed, formerly Feygl Peltel): Forged Aryan ID card Catalog No.: 473 Databank: Collections Section Type of Item: Archive - file Wladka (Miedzyrzecki - Meed, formerly Feygl Peltel): her forged Aryan ID card, issued to Stanislawa Wenchleska. Also in the file: transcript of Bar Mitzvah speech by Shlomo Meed, Wladka's son; 15 Feb. 1964; eight pages, typewritten original, in Yiddish Note: Wladka, a native of Warsaw, was a member ... #B-233 Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Boy with a Yellow Badge, Seated at a Laid Table Type of Item: Artwork Catalog No.: 1234 Databank: Art Collection Aizik - Adolphe Feder: Boy with a Yellow Badge, Seated at a Laid Table Painting made in the Drancy camp, Dec. 24, 1942 Aizik - Adolphe Feder was born on July 16, 1887, to a Jewish mercantile family in Odessa. In 1905, he joined theBund. Persecuted for his activities, he fled to Berlin. He studied ... #B-234 Hirsch Wasser, photographed upon the discovery of part of the hidden Oneg Shabbat archive in Warsaw on Sept. 18, 1942. Catalog No.: 497 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Hirsch Wasser, photographed upon the discovery of part of the buried Oneg Shabbat archives in Warsaw on September 18, 1942. Standing next to him is Rachel Auerbach. Note: Hirsch Wasser, born in 1912 in Suwalki, Poland, was a member of the Po'alei Zion - Left party and secretary of the clandestine ... #B-235 Nine members of the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 962 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Nine members of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. In the photo: Oskar Hendler (standing, right), Chaim Frimer (seated, right), Masza Bagner - Fischer (seated, second from the right), Pnina Grinshpan - Frimer (seated, third from the right), Irena Gelblum ... #B-236 Three members of the Jewish underground in Warsaw in 1963. Catalog No.: 974 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Three members of the Jewish underground in Warsaw (Warszawa) in 1963. In the photo: Marek Edelman, Feygl Peltel - Miedzyrzecka (now Wladka Meed, on the right) and Chana Fryszdorf - Krisztal. The three were members of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization. #B-237 The ruins of the bunker at the end of Mila Street, at the corner of Smocza Street in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 975 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The ruins of the bunker at the end of Mila Street, at the corner of Smocza Street in Warsaw (Warszawa). This was the location of the Jewish Fighting Organization squad under the command of Wolf Rozowski of theBund. #B-238 The ruins of the bunker at the end of Mila Street, at the corner of Smocza Street in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 976 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The ruins of the bunker at the end of Mila Street, at the corner of Smocza Street in Warsaw (Warszawa). This was the location of the Jewish Fighting Organization squad under the command of Wolf Rozowski of theBund. #B-239 A group of veterans of the Jewish Fighting Organization who joined up with the partisans. Catalog No.: 982 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive A group ofveteransof the Jewish Fighting Organization who joined up with the partisans. Photographed in Nowy Dwor in 1944. In the photo: Jakov Bilek (on the right), Gabriel Fryszdorf (second from the right), Chana Fryszdorf (third from the right), Yurek Kiriat Sefer (fourth from the right), Yakov ... #B-240 Maurycy Orzech, a member of theBundCentral Committee and the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1015 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Maurycy Orzech, a member of theBundCentral Committee and the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: When war broke out , he escaped to Latvia and from there tried to reach Sweden by a sea route, but the ship was stopped by the Germans and he was returned to Poland. Orzech participated ... #B-241 Maurycy Orzech, a member of theBundCentral Committee and the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1016 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Maurycy Orzech, a member of theBundCentral Committee and the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. For details about him, see Photo No. 1015. #B-242 Zygmunt Igla, native of Poland, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1020 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Zygmunt Igla, native of Poland, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: During the ghetto uprising in April 1943, Igla fought under the command of Wolf Rozowski. Igla was among those who escaped from the ghetto via the sewers to join with the partisans ... #B-243 Jakov Bilek ( Janek ), member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1051 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Jakov Bilek ( Janek ), member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Photographed in 1944. Note: Bilek participated in the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943, fighting in the Brushmakers' Area and afterwards in the Central Ghetto. With the suppression of the uprising, ... #B-244 Marek Edelman, among the leaders of theBundand a commander in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Catalog No.: 1059 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Marek Edelman, among the leaders of theBundand a commander in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto uprising. Notes: 1) Edelman was born in Warsaw in 1926. As a teenager, he joined Tsukunft, theBund's youth movement, and became a member in the party's central institutions. In November 1942 he joined the ... #B-245 Marek Edelman, among the leaders of theBundand a commander in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Catalog No.: 1060 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Marek Edelman, among the leaders of theBundand a commander in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto uprising. Photographed in his home in Lodz in 1981. For details about him, see Photo No. 1059. Note:Information abouthim can be found on The Partisans Site Web site of the Ghetto Fighters' House ( www.partisans.org.il ... #B-246 Jurek Blones, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1069 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Jurek Blones, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Blones was born in Warsaw in 1924. He was 15 years old at the outbreak of WWII, but despite his youth, he undertook underground missions of smuggling weapons into the ghetto. During the Warsaw ghetto ... #B-247 Avraham Blum, Abrasza , member of theBundCentral Committee and the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1070 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Avraham Blum, Abrasza , member of theBundCentral Committee and the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Blum was born in Vilnius (Vilna). In 1929 he moved to Warsaw, and from movement activities he soon became part of the party leadership. He was active in the Warsaw ... #B-248 Certificate for his activities fighting Nazis awarded posthumously to Avraham Blum (Abrasha), member of theBundcentral committee and the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1071 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Certificate for his activities fighting Nazis awarded posthumously to Avraham Blum (Abrasha), member of theBundcentral committee and the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. This is for the Gruenwald Cross, Third Class. Blum also was awarded the Virtuti Militari, Fifth Class, ... #B-249 Jakub Glattsztajn, a musician, voice teacher and conductor of theBund's Tsukunft youth movement's children's choir during the German occupation. Catalog No.: 1103 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Jakub Glattsztajn, a musician, voice teacher and conductor of theBund's Tsukunft youth movement's children's choir during the German occupation. He took part in cultural activities in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto and organized choral groups of refugee children. He composed the melody to Itzhak Katznelson's ... #B-250 Leib - Levi Gruzalc, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1107 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Leib - Levi Gruzalc, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Gruzalc was born in Warsaw. From an early age, he belonged to theBund's Tsukunft youth movement. During the German occupation, he was active in finding safe houses for orphans and ... #B-251 A portrait of Leib - Levi Gruzalc, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1108 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive A portrait of Leib - Levi Gruzalc, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. For details about him, see Photo No. 1107. #B-252 Isra'el Grilek, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1110 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Isra'el Grilek, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Grilek was born in Warsaw in 1910. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943, he and his family were in the supply bunker at 30 Franciszkanska Street. After the bunker was destroyed, ... #B-253 Tova Dawidowic, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1116 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Tova Dawidowic, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Tova Dawidowic was born in Warsaw on May 21, 1924. In February 1943, she took part with nine fighters of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in a raid to expropriate money from the Judenrat bank ... #B-254 David Hochberg, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1119 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive David Hochberg, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: David Hochberg was born in 1925. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943, he commanded one of the combat squads of theBund. On April 27, 1943, he and his fighters were in the big ... #B-255 Jakow - Ya'akov Wiernik, a participant in the uprising in the Treblinka extermination camp. Catalog No.: 1146 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Jakow - Ya ' akov Wiernik, a participant in the uprising in the Treblinka extermination camp. Photographed in August 1943. Biographic notes: Jakow - Jankiel Wiernik was born in 1887 in the Brisk district, now Brest, Belarus. In 1904 he was among the defenders in the Jewish LaborBundmovement. ... #B-256 Shmuel - Artur Zygelbojm, a leader of theBundin Poland. Catalog No.: 1149 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Shmuel - Mordechai Artur Zygelbojm, a leader of theBundin Poland. Note: Zygelbojm was born in 1893. In March 1942, he went from Warsaw (Warszawa) to London and joined the second Polish National Council of the Polish government - in - exile there. On May 12, 1943, he committed suicide at the gate ... #B-257 Adam - Adek Jankelewic, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1167 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Adam - Adek Jankelewic, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Jankelewic was born in Warsaw. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising of April 1943, he fought in aBundcombat squad. Onsuppressionof the uprising, he and his comrades escaped the ... #B-258 Shimon Malinowski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1194 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Shimon Malinowski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Malinowski was born in Lodz in 1910. He was deported to the Trawniki camp, where he commanded an underground cell and organized a workshop for repairing weapons. He perished in ... #B-259 Wladka and Benjamin Miedzyrzecki - Meed, members of theBundand the Jewish underground in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 1201 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Wladka and Benjamin Miedzyrzecki - Meed, members of theBundand the Jewish underground in Warsaw (Warszawa). Photographed in Lodz in January 1945. For details about Wladka Meed (Feygl Peltel), see Photo No. 1265. Note: Wladka and Benjamin Meed survived the Holocaust, and livetodayin the United ... #B-260 Sonia Nowogrodski - Czemelynski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1210 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Sonia Nowogrodski - Czemelynski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: During the Great Aktion (mass deportations) in the Warsaw ghetto, on August 13, 1942 she was sent to the Majdanek extermination camp, where she perished. #B-261 Chancza Papier and Chana Frysdorf, members of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1227 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Chancza Papier and Chana Frysdorf, members of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Photographed in 1941. Notes: Chana Frysdorf fought in the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943. On the suppression of the uprising, she and her husband Gabriel went ... #B-262 Renia Pizszic, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1245 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Renia Pizszic, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Renia Pizszic was born in Warsaw in October 1901. She fell in the Warsaw ghetto uprising on May 10, 1943, in the air - raid shelter of the hospital where she worked, at 6 Gesia Stre ... #B-263 Avraham Feiner, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1247 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Avraham Feiner, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Avraham Feiner was born in Warsaw in 1915. Before the war he served on the Warsaw committee of theBund's youth movement, Tsukunft. At the outbreak of WWII he fought in the Polish army, ... #B-264 Dr. Leon Feiner, a key activist of theBundand a leader in the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1248 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Dr. Leon Feiner, a key activist of theBundand a leader in the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Leon Feiner (known in the underground by the names Mikolaj and Barzowski ) was born in Krakow in 1886. He was chairman of theBund's Central Committee. He ... #B-265 Salo - Henryk Fiszgrund, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1252 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Salo - Henryk Fiszgrund, member of theBundand the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Fiszgrund was born in the city of Selo. He was a member of the underground's Coordination Committee in Warsaw. Among his various activities, he was the head of a secret cell for rescuing ... #B-266 Wladka Miedzyrzecki - Meed (Feygl Peltel), member of theBundand a courier for the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1265 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Wladka Miedzyrzecki - Meed (Feygl Peltel), member of theBundand acourierfor the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Wladka Meed was born in Warsaw; her name was originally Feygl Peltel. Her Aryan appearance and fluent knowledge of Polish allowed her to ... #B-267 The false Aryan identity document of Feygl Peltel (Wladka Miedzryzecki - Meed), member of theBundand a courier for the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1266 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The false Aryan identity document of Feygl Peltel (Wladka Miedzryzecki - Meed), member of theBundand a courier for the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. The document was issued on Nov. 27, 1943. See details about her in Photo No. 1265. #B-268 The parents of Feygl Peltel (Wladka Miedzyrzecki - Meed), member of theBundand a courier for the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1268 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The parents of Feygl Peltel (Wladka Miedzyrzecki - Meed), member of theBundand a courier for the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. For details about her see Photo No. 1265. #B-269 Zalman - Zygmunt Friedrich, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1277 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Zalman - Zygmunt Friedrich, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Photographed on July 1, 1937. Note: Friedrich was born in Warsaw in 1911. With the outbreak of WWII he was drafted into the Polish army, fought the Germans and fell prisoner. ... #B-270 Michael Kleppfisch, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1283 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Michael Kleppfisch, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Michael Kleppfisch was born in Warsaw. An airplane mechanic by profession and with technical skills, he worked on producing weapons in an underground workshop. He also dealt with ... #B-271 Menachem Kirschenbaum, a leader of the General Zionists, public activist and member of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1299 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Menachem Kirschenbaum, a leader of the General Zionists, community activist and member of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Kirschenbaum was born in Lublin. He was one of the founders of Tekumah (Hebrew: Revival; the organization for promoting the Hebrew language) together ... #B-272 Wolf - Welwel Rozowski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1313 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Wolf - Welwel Rozowski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Wolf Rozowski was born in 1916, evidently in Stolbtsy. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising of April 1943 he commanded a combat squad that fought in the Toebbens - Schultz area. ... #B-273 Wolf - Welwel Rozowski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1314 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Wolf - Welwel Rozowski, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. See details about him in Photo No. 1313. #B-274 Adina Schweiger - Baldi, code name Inka, member of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1324 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Adina Schweiger - Baldi, code name Inka, member of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Photographed in 1934 on receiving her high school diploma. Note: Inka Schweiger was born in Warsaw in 1917. She worked as a physician in the ghetto hospital, and was a courier for theBund... #B-275 Adina Schweiger - Baldi, member of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1325 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Adina Schweiger - Baldi, member of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Photographed with her daughter, born at the end of the war. For details about Adina Inka Schweiger, see Photo No. 1324. #B-276 Leah Szifman, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1326 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Leah Szifman, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Leah Szifman was born in Warsaw in 1922. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943, she fought in the combat squad commanded by Leib Gruzalc. On April 24, 1943, the air - raid ... #B-277 Miriam Szifman, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1327 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Miriam Szifman, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Miriam Szifman was born in Warsaw in 1916. She belonged to Tsukunft, theBund's youth movement, and after the outbreak of WWII served as head of the party's Warsaw branch. She would ... #B-278 Avraham - Shmuel Berek Schneidemil,Bundactivist and member of the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1336 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Avraham - Shmuel Berek Schneidemil,Bundactivist and member of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Berek Schneidemil was born in Lodz in 1903. At an early age he moved to Warsaw and joined Tsukunft, theBund's youth movement. With the outbreak of WWII ... #B-279 The building at No. 24 Miodowa Street on the Aryan side of Warsaw. Catalog No.: 1351 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The building at No.24 Miodowa Street on the Aryan side of Warsaw (Warszawa).Bundactivist Bracha - Bronka Feinmesser of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) rented an apartment here to serve as a hideout for fighters who escaped from the ghetto. See: Rotem, Simcha (Kazik), Memoirs of a Warsaw ... #B-280 The building at No. 2 Barokowa Street on the Aryan side of Warsaw. Catalog No.: 1357 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The building at No. 2 Barokowa Street on the Aryan side of Warsaw (Warszawa). In this building was an apartment which served as a hiding place for Jews, rented by , a courier - liaison for the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw ghetto. The fighters Zalman Friedrich and Simcha Rathajzer ... #B-281 The building at No. 41 or No. 43 Promyka Street on the Aryan side of Warsaw, whose cellar was a hideout for ZOB fighters after the Polish uprising of 1944. Catalog No.: 1358 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive The building at No. 41 or No. 43 Promyka Street on the Aryan side of Warsaw (Warszawa), whose cellar was a hideout for Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) fighters after the Polish uprising of 1944. Note: Some members of the Jewish Fighting Organization who had survived after the suppression of the ... #B-282 A view of Chlodna Street in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 1360 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive A view of Chlodna Street in Warsaw (Warszawa). Note: During the war, theBundist and Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) member David Klin had a clandestine apartment at No. 17 Chlodna Street. After underground activities spread out in the ghetto, Klin moved to the Aryan side of the city, where ... #B-283 Leib Karsh, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw ghetto. Catalog No.: 1853 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Photo Archive Leib Karsh, member of theBundand the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) in the Warsaw (Warszawa) ghetto. Note: Karsh was born in Goworowo. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising he was in the shelter at 30 Franciszkanska Street. He fell at the hospital at 6 Gesia Street. #BT-001 1905 Vilna Studio portrait: A group of young [Jewish Socialist] Bundists from Lodz... standing 2nd from right is Yankev Dovid Berg... now president of the Sholem Aleichem Institute in N. Y. Seated, 2nd from left is his brother Avrom ('Forward' spread, 1937). #BT-002 1905 Liepaja Outdoor portrait of a group of young Jewish Socialist Bundists, some holding copies of the 'Folkstsaytung' (People'sNews). (From a 'Jewish Daily Forward' spread, 1937: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past. ) #BT-003 1906 Siberia Group portrait in front of a log building: [Unidentified] Jewish revolutionaries of the past. A rare picture of a group of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... Some of them were quite prominent in the movement at that time. ('Jewish Daily Forward', 1937.) #BT-004 1906 Kanetap Studio portrait of young men and women: A group of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... Sitting 2nd from right is H. Jacobson, now in Philadelphia. (Yiddish caption. From a photo essay in the Forward, 1929: Revolutionary Workers Of The Past. ) #BT-005 1905 Berdichev Studio portrait: A group of Bundists from Brisk, Bialystok, Dvinsk, and other cities... (The youth in thecenteris Avreml Bialystoker.) (Caption from a photo essay in the Jewish Daily Forward, 1929: Revolutionary Workers Of The Past. ) #BT-006 1903 Pinsk Ilivicki W. Studio portrait of H. Silverman (standing, right), M. Weitzman and three other young Jewish Socialist Bundists. #BT-007 1905 Eastern Europe Studio portrait in Cossack-style fur hats: A group of Social-Democrats and [Jewish Socialist] Bundists who were exiled to Siberia... Some are from Bialystok, some from Pinsk, and one is from Sieradz... ('Forward' photo essay on revolutionaries, 1931). #BT-008 1905 Rovno Bundists of 20 years ago. Interesting Russian-Jewish types of the [Jewish Socialist] Bund... Second from right [standing] is D. Shier, our 'Forward' representative in Minneapolis. ( Jewish Daily Forward Yiddish caption.) #BT-009 1904 Vilna Studio portrait of Vilna [Jewish Socialist] Bundists. These Vilna tailors were active in the revolutionary movement... ('Jewish Daily Forward' caption in English.) #BT-010 pub. Sept. 19, 1926 Russia Some of the heroic men and women who risked their lives fighting Tsarism. [Jewish Socialist] Bundists of yesteryear... They are now in America and are members of the Socialist 'Farband' [Union]. (2nd row, left is member Asher). ( Forward. ) #BT-011 1904 Vitebsk Studio portrait of a group of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists, young men and women. (Part of a photo essay in the 'Jewish Daily Forward', 1927: Bundist Men And Women Of The Past. ) #BT-012 1904 Ostrow Studio portrait of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists. #BT-013 1903 Mogilev A group of (Jewish Socialist) Bundists, five young men posing for a studio portrait, each with a hand on another's shoulder. (Part of a photo essay in the 'Jewish Daily Forward', 1928: Jewish Revolutionary Groups Of The Past. ) #BT-014 1904 Daugavpils Six young men: United by one ideal . Studio portrait of a group of (Jewish Socialist) Bundists. (Part of a photo essay in the 'Jewish Daily Forward', 1928: Revolutionaries Of The Past. ) #BT-015 1905 Lublin Studio portrait of six well-dressed men, a group of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists . (Part of a 'Jewish Daily Forward' photo essay, 1932: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past... Submitted By Our Readers. ) #BT-016 1906 Mogilev Studio portrait: United by one ideal. A group of active [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... Submitted by Yerakhmiel Gurevits, one of the group, now living in Wooster, Massachusetts. ('Forward' photo essay, 1933: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past... ) #BT-017 1904 Pinsk Studio portrait: Pinsk [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... 2 of them now in Chicago and members of the Pinsker Branch 252 Workmen's Circle. They are Joe Kaplan (front row, 2nd from right) and Charlie Siegel (left). (From a 'Forward' photo essay, 1933.) #BT-018 1904 Liozno Studio portrait: 'Alter the shoemaker', 'Avreml the shoemaker', H. Landishman, and M. Slevin -- [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... Slevin (the first from right) is now located in New York. (From a 'Forward' spread, 1933: Jewish Revolutionaries... ) #BT-019 1906 Gorkiy Studio portrait of active [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... (Part of a 'Jewish Daily Forward' photo spread, 1933: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past. ) #BT-020 1913 Bialystok Labor Zionists, Jewish Socialist Bundists, Polish Socialist Party members. (Front, r-l): Tsalkov, Halpern, Polonski, Rafalovski, Shpiner; (back) Dovidovitsh, Pitkovski, Pripshteyn, Kushner, Melovitski, Bapkes. ('Forward': Jewish Revolutionaries... ) #BT-021 1910 Vilna Studio portrait: A group of men and woman Bundists... Also in the group are several members of the PPS [Polish Socialist Party]. (From a 'Jewish Daily Forward' spread, 1934: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past -- Submitted By Our Readers. ) #BT-022 1904 Vitebsk Studio portrait of a group of young men, (hands on each other's shoulders): ...Vitebsker [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... This picture was sent in by Mrs. M. Rotrik, of the Bronx. (From a Forward' spread, 1934: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past. ) #BT-023 pub. Sept. 23, 1934 Druskininkay A group of prominent [Jewish Socialist] Bundists at a get-together in... ahealthresort... In the back row are Henryk Erlich (right) and Vladimir Kossovsky [Kosovsky] (left). In the middle row is Arkadi Kremer (2nd from right). ( Forward Yiddish caption.) #BT-024 1920 Stopnica Formal portrait on a field: A group of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists, young men and women, on a picnic... Many of them are now live in America. (From a Forward' photo spread, 1935: Jewish Revolutionaries Of The Past -- Submitted By Our Readers. ) #BT-025 pub. April 26, 1936 Vilna On 'Zavalne' Street: Arrested for participating in the strike. ...2 [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... being led to the police station. ('Forward' spread: Jewish Streets Of Vilna During The Recent Protest Strike Against Persecutions Of Jews In Poland. ) #BT-027 1905 Siauliai Studio portrait of a group of men and women [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... The girl standing center is now Mrs. Minnie Rogowsky, of Brooklyn. In the old country she called herself Mikhlye -- Mikhlye Kesl. ('Forward' spread on revolutionaries, 1936.) #BT-028 Early 1900's Kaunas Studio portrait: Young men and women [Jewish Socialist] Bundists... The woman on the left, center row [under X] then went by the name of Esther Kaplan (her maiden name), now Mrs. Lipoy of the Bronx. ('Forward' spread on revolutionaries, 1936.) #BT-029 1904 Bobruisk Portrait of Bundists: (seated, l to r) Beni Lazinski, Nakhke Yokheved, Brokhe Ginzburg, Noyekh Kazanovitsh, Tsirl Yabrov, Artshe Harelikh; (standing) Nekhome-Sore Kazanovitsh, Avrom Kurzhniki, Yazhe Ginzburg, Elye Grayfer, Hirsh Yokheved, Ida Harelikh. #BT-030 1920 Telsiai Outdoor group portrait of men and women (some of them [Jewish Socialist] Bundists), and (l) achild: (center, with pnce-nez) teacher Sheve Raivits; (to her left) teacher Rivke Yafe. A group of intellectuals... (written in Yiddish). Studio portrait of a group of [Jewish Socialist] Bundists, young women, all wearing the same style dress, some holding literature. (Part of a photo essay in the 'Jewish Daily Forward', 1927: Bundist Men And Women Of The Past. ) HeHalutzorHechalutz(lit.The Pioneer) was a Jewish youth movement that trained young people for agricultural settlement in theLand of Israel. It became an umbrella organization of the pioneeringZionist youth movements. History HeHalutz was founded by Eliezer Joffe in America in 1905, and about the same time inRussia.[1] DuringWorld War I, HeHalutz branches opened across Europe (including Russia), America and Canada. Leaders of the organization includedYitzhak Ben-Zvi(later the secondpresidentof theState of Israel), andDavid Ben-Gurion(later the first Prime Minister of Israel) in America, andJoseph Trumpeldorin Russia. Ben-Gurion was living inJerusalemat the start of the FirstWorld War, where he and Ben Zvi recruited forty Jews into a Jewish militia to assist theOttomanarmy. Despite this, he was deported to Egypt in March 1915. From there he made his way to the United States, where he remained for three years. On his arrival, he and Ben Zvi went on atourof 35 cities in an attempt to raise a Hechalutz pioneer army of 10,000 men to fight on Turkey's side.[2]After theBalfour Declarationof November 1917, the situation changed dramatically and Ben-Gurion, with the interest of Zionism in mind, switched sides and joined the newly formedJewish Legionof theBritish Army, leaving to fight the Turks in Palestine. At its peak, between 1930 and 1935, HeHalutz operated in 25 countries throughout Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern South America. In 1932-1934,Golda Meir, later the prime minister of Israel, was the secretary of the women's chapter of HeHalutz in the United States.[3] In 1932, the organization established headquarters in New York and twenty branches in cities and towns throughout the United States and Canada. Farms were then established to train members for agricultural work in Palestine. Such farms operated in Creamridge, New Jersey, Heightstown, New Jersey, Poughkeepsie, New York, Smithville, Ontario., and Colton, California.[4] In 1933, after Jews were expelled from the workforce in Nazi Germany, HeHalutz farms became the primary framework for vocational training and preparation for emigration.[5] By the eve ofSecond World Warin 1939, HeHalutz numbered 100,000 members worldwide, with approximately 60,000 having already emigrated (aliyah) toMandate Palestine, and with 16,000 members in training centers (hakhsharot) for the pioneering life in theLand of Israel.[6]During the war and German occupation, Jews in some ghettos in Europe established Hechalutz units, as in Lithuania's iauliai Ghetto.[7]By the 1950's HeHalutz ... was absorbed byHashomer Hatzair, which had always maintained a large degree of autonomy. Nominally, however, the He-?alutz Organization of America still exists.... [8] References 1 ^Ritov, Israel; Slutsky, Yehuda (2007). He-?alutz . In Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik.Encyclopaedia Judaica.8(2 ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp.756 761. 2 ^Teveth, Shabtai (1985)Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs. From Peace to War.Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-503562-3. pp. 25, 26. 3 ^Golda Meir 4 ^Jewish Virtual Library: HeHalutz 5 ^Before Catastrophe: The Distinctive Path of German Zionism, Hagit Lavsky 6 ^Resistance in the Smaller Ghettos of Eastern EuropeUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7 ^ The Shavli Ghetto . Association of Lithuanian Jews in Israel. Retrieved27 April2012. 8 ^Jewish Virtual Library: HeHalutz #H-001 1932 Ciechanow Members of Hehalutz Hatzair (Young Pioneer), a Zionist youth group, pose in a garden. #H-002 1933 Ciechanow Studio portrait of members of Hehalutz Hatzair (Young Pioneer), a Zionist youth group. #H-003 Czestochowa Portrait of members of the Hehalutz Hamizrachi farm, an agricultural training farm for a religious Zionist organization. #H-004 1920 Grayevo Members of Hehalutz (Pioneer), a pioneering Zionist youth movement, pose at work planting trees. #H-005 1920 Grayevo Members of Hehalutz (Pioneer), a pioneering Zionist youth movement, pose for a portrait inorderof size. #H-006 1920 Grodno Members of the Hehalutz agricultural group (Hebrew name on banner) at a meal by a field. A portrait of Theodor Herzl rests on a hoe leaning on a gate made of two wooden Stars of David. The sign above reads in Polish and Yiddish No Thoroughfare. #H-007 1920 Grodno Members of the Hehalutz agricultural group (Hebrew name on banner) posing in a field. #H-008 1920 Grodno Members of the Hehalutz agricultural group (Hebrew name on banner) posing at work in a field. #H-009 1920s-30s Lvov On the Jewicz farm in the Sygniowka suburb, used as a training farm by the Hehalutz (Pioneer) Zionist youth movement: young man working a horse-drawn plow. #H-010 1920s-30s Lvov At the Jewicz farm in the Sygniowka suburb, used as a training farm by the Hehalutz (Pioneer) Zionist youth movement: two men with horses at work in a field. #H-011 Lvov Aviewof the Jewicz farm in the Sygniowka suburb, used as a training farm by the Hehalutz (Pioneer) Zionist youth movement. (Left) a building entitled House of Friendship. #H-012 Lvov At the Jewicz farm in the Sygniowka suburb, used as a training farm by the Hehalutz (Pioneer) Zionist youth movement: young people carrying window sashes by the greenhouses. #H-013 Lvov Interior of the greenhouse at the Jewicz farm in the Sygniowka suburb, used as a training farm by the Hehalutz (Pioneer) Zionist youth movement. #H-014 1919 Mlawa Studio portrait of members of Hehalutz Hatzair, a Zionist youth group, with a portrait of Vladimir (Ze'ev)Jabotinsky. #H-015 1919 and 1925 Mlawa Members of the Zionist Hehalutz Hatzair. #H-016 August 15, 1925 Mlawa Studio portrait of members of the Zionist Hehalutz Hatzair (Young Pioneer) work group. #H-017 After 1848 Stanislawow Postcard: Dr. Isaac Erter (1791-1851), a satiric writer of the Jewish Enlightenment and editor of 'HeHalutz' (The Pioneer). Theharp, the feather pen, inkwell and theweightytomes were symbols conventionally used on postcards featuring writers. #H-018 1923 Daugavpils Groupportrait of members of the Zeirei Zion and Hehalutz Zionist youth organizations: young men and women (some wearing ribbons) with a Hebrew-Yiddish poster in front of a portrait of Herzl. (2nd row, seated, 2nd from left) Moshe Amir-Bliakh. #H-019 The concluding ceremony of a joint seminar of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir and Freiheit youth movements, held in The concluding ceremony of a joint seminar of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir and Freiheit youth movements, held in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 37 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The concluding session of a joint seminar of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir and Freiheit youth movements, held in Warsaw (Warszawa). Photographed in January 1931. #H-020 The concluding session of a joint seminar of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir and Freiheit youth movements, held in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 49 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The concluding session of a joint seminar of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir and Freiheit youth movements, held in Warsaw (Warszawa). Photographed in 1931. #H-021 A summer camp of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Zelenaya (Zielona). Catalog No.: 153 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A summer camp of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Zelenaya (Zielona). Among the participants: the emissary from Palestine, Pinchas Rashish. Photographed on July 30, 1933. #H-022 A training program for older members of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement, held in Horodlec. Catalog No.: 157 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The senior members at a camp session of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement, held in Horodlec [spelling of place name unconfirmed]. Photographed on June 11, 1936. #H-023 A summer camp of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in the Bialystok region. Catalog No.: 158 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A summer camp of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in the Bialystok region. Photographed between the two world wars. #H-024 Activists of the He - Chaluts organization central and the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Warsaw. Catalog No.: 306 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Activists of the He - Chaluts organization central and the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Warsaw (Warszawa). In the photo: Fania Bergstein (bottom row, second from the left) and Pinchas Lander - Elad (top row, second from the left). Photographed in 1927 or 1928. #H-025 Activists of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Lutsk in 1936. Catalog No.: 327 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Activists of the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Lutsk in 1936. In the photo: Berger (on the right), Sheinda'leh (surname unknown, center), and Zalman (surname unknown, left). #H-026 Yakov Naumark, representative of the Freiheit youth movement on the He - Chaluts movement's Central Committee in Lvov, with three youth counselors from the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement branch in Mielec. Catalog No.: 344 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Yakov Naumark, representative of the Freiheit youth movement on the He - Chaluts movement's Central Committee in Lvov, with three youth counselors from the He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement branch in Mielec. Photographed in 1933. #H-027 The combined committee of the He - Chaluts organization and He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Pruzhany. Catalog No.: 399 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The combined committee of the He - Chaluts organization and He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Pruzhany. #H-028 Members of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts and the youth movement He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir in Krasnystaw Catalog No.: 451 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts and the youth movement He - Chaluts ha - Tsa'ir in Krasnystaw. Photographed in 1932 or 1933. #H-029 Members of the He - Chaluts association of youth movements and the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Vileyka, prior to the emigration to Palestine of members of the Ha - Sansanim group. Catalog No.: 706 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the He - Chaluts association of youth movements and the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement in Vileyka, prior to the emigration to Palestine of members of the Ha - Sansanim group. Photographed in 1933. #H-030 A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 718 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense andmilitaryskills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts organization central's department ... #H-031 A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 719 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts organization central's department ... #H-032 A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 720 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts organization central's department ... #H-033 A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 721 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts organization central's department ... #H-034 Movement members and counselors in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 722 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Movement members and counselors in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts ... #H-035 Movement members participating in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 723 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Movement members participating in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts ... #H-036 Movement members participating in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 724 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Movement members participating in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir youth movement and the He - Chaluts ... #H-037 Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 725 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. In the photo: Shabtai (full name unknown) and Menashe Amali. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ... #H-038 Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 726 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. In the photo: Shabtai (full name unknown) and Menashe Amali. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer .. #H-039 Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 727 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense andmilitaryskills, held in Mikulichin. In the photo: Shabtai (fullname unknown) and Menashe Amali. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ... #H-040 Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. Catalog No.: 728 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a national - level Ha - Shomer ha - Tsa'ir course in defense and military skills, held in Mikulichin. In the photo: Shabtai (full name unknown) and Menashe Amali. Photographed in September 1938. Note: This course was jointly organized by the national leadership of the Ha - Shomer ... #H-041 Members of the Freiheit youth movement at a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Jozefow. Catalog No.: 850 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the Freiheit youth movement at a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Jozefow. In the photo: Zivia Lubetkin (standing sixth from the left). Photographed in 1935. #H-042 A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Catalog No.: 938 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Photographed on November 1, 1931. #H-043 A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Catalog No.: 939 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Photographed in 1930. #H-044 A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Catalog No.: 940 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Photographed in 1928. #H-045 A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Catalog No.: 941 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Photographed in 1929. #H-046 A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Catalog No.: 942 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A group of members of the He - Chaluts organization and the Freiheit youth movement in Baranowice. Photographed in 1930. #H-047 A combined meeting of the steering committees of the Freiheit youth movement and the He - Chaluts organization in Czyzow. Catalog No.: 1093 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A combined meeting of the steering committees of the Freiheit youth movement and the He - Chaluts organization in Czyzow. Photographed on February 3, 1934. #H-048 A combined meeting of the steering committees of the Freiheit and Po'alei Zion movements and the He - Chaluts organization in Czyzow. Catalog No.: 1094 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A combined meeting of the steering committees of the Freiheit and Po'alei Zion movements and the He - Chaluts organization in Czyzow. A map of Palestine is displayed on the table and on the wall behind the participants, portraits of Karl Marx and Dov - Ber Borochov. Photographed on September 8, 19 ... #H-049 A meeting of members of the He - Chaluts and Freiheit youth movements in Krakow. Catalog No.: 1449 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A meeting of members of the He - Chaluts and Freiheit youth movements in Krakow. Present at this meeting, which took place in 1933, was the emissary from Palestine Meir Grabowski. #H-050 A seminar of the He - Chaluts organization for members in the Volhynia district. Catalog No.: 1499 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A seminar of the He - Chaluts organization for members in the Volhynia district. The seminar was held in Nowostaw. Photographed on September 1, 1934. #H-051 A seminar of the He - Chaluts organization for members in the Bialystok district. Catalog No.: 1500 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A seminar of the He - Chaluts organization for members in the Bialystok district. The seminar was held in Ignatki. Photographed on April 4, 1935. #H-052 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Jozefow in November 1934. Catalog No.: 1501 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Jozefow in November 1934. #H-053 Participants in the third seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in the Polesye district. Catalog No.: 1502 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in the third seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in the Polesye district. The seminar was held in Baranowice. Photographed on February 1, 1936. Note: The photograph comes from the estate of Chaim Lolek Hadari, a Zionist emis #H-054 Three participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Jozefow. Catalog No.: 1503 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Three participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Jozefow. Photographed on November 25, 1934. #H-055 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Jozefow in 1935. Catalog No.: 1504 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Jozefow in 1935. #H-056 Participants in a world seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Wola, near Warsaw, in 1938. Catalog No.: 1505 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a world seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Wola, near Warsaw (Warszawa), in 1938. Rachel Katnelson - Shazar was among the visitors to the seminar. In the photo: Yitzhak Tabenkin (third row from the top, third from the left). #H-057 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Poland, held near Lodz. Catalog No.: 1506 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Poland, held near Lodz. The location was a building called Villa Roma(Rome). Photographed on January 26, 1936. #H-058 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Poland, held in January 1936. Catalog No.: 1507 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Poland, held in January 1936. Note: The seminar was evidently held in Jodlowa. #H-059 Participants in an underground seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Vilnius (Vilna). Catalog No.: 1508 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in an underground seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Vilnius (Vilna). The seminar was held during the Soviet occupation, in 1940. #H-060 Members of a pioneering training commune of the He - Chaluts organization in Jedrzejow. Catalog No.: 1509 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of a pioneering training commune (kibbutz hachshara) of the He - Chaluts organization in Jedrzejow. In the photo: Zivia Lubetkin (standing third from the right). Photographed in 1935. Note: The hachshara in Jedrzejow belonged to the Borochov bloc. #H-061 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Poland, held in 1930. Catalog No.: 1510 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in Poland, held in 1930. The placard in the rear center of the photo has portraits of Joseph - Hayyim Brenner and Joseph Trumpeldor. #H-062 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Grochow in 1933. Catalog No.: 1511 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization held in Grochow in 1933. #H-063 A group of participants in a seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw in 1930. Catalog No.: 1512 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A group of participants in a seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw (Warszawa) in 1930. #H-064 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in the Volhynia district. Catalog No.: 1513 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in the Volhynia district. In the photo: Zvi Mersik (bottom row, seated third from the left). The seminar was held on November 13, 1936. #H-065 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in December 1938. Catalog No.: 1514 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts organization in December 1938. It took place at the Shachariya kibbutz (commune) in Vileyka. The seminar leader was Josef Braslawski. In the photo: Shulamit Amitay, Sara Sokoler, Chana Zilbercwajg, Mordechai Tenenbaum - Tamaroff, Sarah Furman, Shimon ... #H-066 The concluding festivities of a world seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts. Catalog No.: 1515 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants at the concluding festivities of a world seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts. The seminar took place in Warsaw (Warszawa). The celebration was held on January 5, 1931. #H-067 Participants in a regional seminar of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. Catalog No.: 1516 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a regional seminar of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. The seminar was held in Nowostaw. Zivia Lubetkin was among the participants. Photographed on August 23, 1934. #H-068 Moshe Braslawski, a Zionist emissary from Kibbutz Beit Alfa in Mandate Palestine, at a world seminar of He - Chaluts in Warsaw Catalog No.: 1517 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Moshe Braslawski, an emissary from Kibbutz Beit Alfa in Mandate Palestine, at a world seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw (Warszawa). Photographed in September 1930. #H-069 Participants in the third national seminar of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. Catalog No.: 1518 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in the third national seminar of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. The seminar was held in Grochow in May - June 1933. In the photo: a poster on the wall (in Yiddish) reads: Long Live Liberty. #H-070 The third national seminar for members of youth movements operating in the framework of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. Catalog No.: 1519 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The third national seminar for members of youth movements operating in the framework of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. The seminar took place in Jozefow. In the photo: Shlomo Tzam, Nachum Bielski, Zippora Schuster, Avraham Gewelber, Yoske Cohen, Zalman Avigdori, Shmuel Bruder, Zivia Lubetkin, ... #H-071 A national seminar for members of the He - Chaluts movement, held in Jozefow. Catalog No.: 1520 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A national seminar for members of the He - Chaluts movement, held in Jozefow. In the photo: David and Chana Barash, who emigrated to Palestine before the seminar. Photographed on January 18, 1935. #H-072 Members of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts who organized its seminar that was held in Warsaw in 1938. Catalog No.: 1521 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts who organized its seminar that was held in Warsaw (Warszawa) in 1938. In the photo: Shmuel - Mulka Baranchuk (on the right), Avraham Tarshish (center) and Yehoshua Wenger (on the left). #H-073 Members of the He - Chaluts movement at a movement seminar held in Poland in 1928. Catalog No.: 1522 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the He - Chaluts movement at a movement seminar held in Poland in 1928. The seminar took place at the Kajanka pioneering training center (hachshara). Seminar leaders included Zionist emissaries from Mandate Palestine: Nachum Ben Ari, Ch #H-074 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland in 1936. Catalog No.: 1523 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland in 1936. #H-075 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts movement. Catalog No.: 1524 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts movement. The seminar was held near Lodz, in a place called Arlamowek. Photographed on April 1, 1936. #H-076 Five participants in a seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw in 1938. Catalog No.: 1525 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Five participants in a seminar of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw (Warszawa) in 1938. In the photo: Mordechai Tenenbaum - Tamaroff (on the right). #H-077 A summer camp of the He - Chaluts movement held in Orlow. Catalog No.: 1526 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A summer camp of the He - Chaluts movement held in Orlow. The camp took place between May 29 and June 7, 1936. #H-078 Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts movement held in Pinsk. Catalog No.: 1527 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a seminar of the He - Chaluts movement held in Pinsk. This seminar was held between February 1 and March 1, 1935. #H-079 A meeting of members of the He - Chaluts movement from the movement divisions in Myszkow and Zarki. Catalog No.: 1528 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A meeting of members of the He - Chaluts movement from the movement divisions in Myszkow and Zarki. Photographed on October 5, 1935. #H-080 A convention of members of the He - Chaluts movement from the Lutsk region. Catalog No.: 1529 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A convention of members of the He - Chaluts movement from the Lutsk region. The convention was held on September 9 - 10, 1934. #H-081 A regional convention of divisions of the He - Chaluts movement from Pinsk, Gorodishche, Janow and Falenica. Catalog No.: 1530 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A regional convention of divisions of the He - Chaluts movement from Pinsk, Gorodishche, Janow and Falenica. The convention took place between September 22 and 25, 1933. Identified: Cila Gelman. #H-082 A convention of pioneering training communes of the He - Chaluts movement in the Brest (Brest Litowsk, Brist) region. Catalog No.: 1531 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A convention of pioneering training communes (kibbutzei hachshara) of the He - Chaluts movement in the Brest (Brest Litowsk, Brist) region. Photographed on October 20, 1935. Note: The photograph comes from the estate of Chaim Lolek Hadari, a #H-083 Participants in the regional conference of the Ha - Oved movement's local chapters in the framework of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. Catalog No.: 1532 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in the regional conference of the Ha - Oved movement's local chapters in the framework of the He - Chaluts movement in Poland. Note: The Ha - Oved [Hebrew: the worker] movement's members were graduates of the He - Chaluts movement, largely craftsmen and skilled workers who had settled ... #H-084 A regional conference of local chapters of the He - Chaluts movement from the Polesye, Grodno and Bialystok districts. Catalog No.: 1533 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A regional conference of local chapters of the He - Chaluts movement from the Polesye, Grodno and Bialystok districts. This conference was held in Brest (Brest Litowsk; Brisk) in 1924. #H-085 A convention of members of the He - Chaluts movement in Lomza. Catalog No.: 1534 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A convention of members of the He - Chaluts movement in Lomza. The convention was held in 1930 or 1931. #H-086 A regional convention of the He - Chaluts movement held in Pinsk. Catalog No.: 1535 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A regional convention of the He - Chaluts movement held in Pinsk. In the photo: Herschel Pinski and Yitzhak Tabenkin. Photographed in 1930. #H-087 Members of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts, attending its convention held in Warsaw in 1935 Catalog No.: 1536 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts, attending its convention held in Warsaw (Warszawa) in 1935. #H-088 A meeting of members of the He - Chaluts movement. Catalog No.: 1537 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A meeting of members of the He - Chaluts movement. This meeting took place in Korelichi, neaer the elementary school, on July 7, 1929. #H-089 Members of the He - Chaluts movement at a convention held in Zielun. Catalog No.: 1538 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the He - Chaluts movement at a convention held in Zielun. The convention took place on Tisha B'Av, August 3, 1930. #H-090 A regional convention for members of the He - Chaluts movement. Catalog No.: 1539 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A regional convention for members of the He - Chaluts movement. The convention was held in Dubrovitsa on April 21 - 22, 1935. #H-091 A convention for members pioneering training communes of the He - Chaluts movement in the Klesov (Klosova) area. Catalog No.: 1541 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A convention for members pioneering training communes (kibbutzei hachshara) of the He - Chaluts movement in the Klesov (Klosova) area. Participants in the convention came from the cities of Dubrovitsa, Sarny and Rokitnoye (Rokitno). The convention #H-092 The second convention on ideology for members of the He - Chaluts movement in the Northern Bloc of Poland. Catalog No.: 1542 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The second convention on ideology for members of the He - Chaluts movement in the Northern Bloc of Poland. Two emissaries from Palestine participated in the convention: Czerna Friedman and one named Zvik. The convention was held in Plock on March 8 - 9, 1935. #H-093 A march of members of the He - Chaluts movement in Krakow on International Youth Day, May 21, 1934. Catalog No.: 1540 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A march of members of the He - Chaluts movement in Krakow on International Youth Day, May 21, 1934. #H-094 Participants in a congress of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw Catalog No.: 1543 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Participants in a congress of the Zionist organization He - Chaluts held in Warsaw (Warszawa). The congress was held on July 27 - 30, 1921. #H-095 Members of the He - Chaluts movement in Baranowice at a festive convention marking a decade of the pioneering training center at Klesov (Klosova). Catalog No.: 1544 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos Members of the He - Chaluts movement in Baranowice at a festive convention marking a decade of the pioneering training center (hachshara) at Klesov (Klosova). The convention was held at the Jewish New Year, on September 10, 1934. #H-096 The speakers' table at the 12th Conference of the He - Chaluts movement in Galicia. Catalog No.: 1545 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos The speakers' table at the 12th Conference of the He - Chaluts movement in Galicia. This conference was held in Lvov on December 24, 1933. #H-097 A convention of members of a pioneering training center of the He - Chaluts movement in Baranowice. Catalog No.: 1546 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A convention of members of a pioneering training center (hachshara) of the He - Chaluts movement in Baranowice. The convention was held during Passover. #H-098 A convention in Bedzin of members of the He - Chaluts movement. Catalog No.: 1547 Type of Item: Photo Databank: Youth Movements Photos A convention in Bedzin of members of the He - Chaluts movement. The convention was held in 1936. JAN. 8, 2014, 3:35 PM Ashkenazic Jews were among the last Europeans to take family names. Some German-speaking Jews took last names as early as the 17thcentury, but the overwhelming majority of Jews lived in Eastern Europe and did not take last names untilcompelled to do so. The process began in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1787 and ended in Czarist Russia in 1844. In attempting to build modern nation-states, the authorities insisted that Jews take last names so that they could be taxed, drafted, and educated (in that order of importance). For centuries, Jewish communal leaders were responsible for collecting taxes from the Jewish population on behalf of the government, and in some cases were responsible for filling draft quotas. Education was traditionally an internal Jewish affair. Until this period, Jewish names generally changed with every generation. For example, if Moses son of Mendel (Moyshe ben Mendel) married Sarah daughter of Rebecca (Sara bat rivka), and they had a boy and named it Samuel (Shmuel), the child would be called Shmuel ben Moyshe. If they had a girl and named her Feygele, she would be called Feygele bas Sora. Jews distrusted the authorities and resisted the new requirement. Although they were forced to take last names, at first they were used only for official purposes. Among themselves, they kept their traditional names. Over time, Jews accepted the new last names, which were essential as Jews sought to advance within the broader society and as theshtetleswere transformed or Jews left them for big cities. The easiest way for Jews to assume an official last name was to adapt the name they already had, making it permanent. This explains the use of patronymics and matronymics. PATRONYMICS(son of ...) In Yiddish or German, son would be denoted by son or sohn or er. In most Slavic languages, like Polish or Russian, it would be wich or witz. For example: The son of Mendel took the last name Mendelsohn; the son of Abraham became Abramson or Avromovitch; the son of Menashe became Manishewitz; the son of Itzhak became Itskowitz; the son of Berl took the name Berliner; the son of Kesl took the name Kessler, etc. MATRONYMICS(daughter of ) Reflecting the prominence of Jewish women in business, some families made last names out of women's first names: Chaiken son of Chaikeh; Edelman husband of Edel; Gittelman husband of Gitl; Glick or Gluck may derive from Glickl, a popular woman's name as in the famous Glickl of Hameln, whose memoirs, written around 1690, are an early example of Yiddish literature. Gold/Goldman/Gulden may derived from Golda; Malkov from Malke; Perlman husband of Perl; Rivken may derive from Rivke; Soronsohn son of Sarah. PLACE NAMES The next most common source of Jewish last names is probably places. Jews used the town or region where they lived, or where their families came from, as their last name. As a result, the Germanic origins of most East European Jews is reflected in their names. For example, Asch is an acronym for the towns ofAisenshtadt orAltshul orAmshterdam. Other place-based Jewish names include: Auerbach/Orbach; Bacharach; Berger (generic for townsman); Berg(man), meaning from a hilly place; Bayer from Bavaria; Bamberger; Berliner, Berlinsky from Berlin; Bloch (foreigner); Brandeis; Breslau; Brodsky; Brody; Danziger; Deutch/Deutscher German; Dorf(man), meaning villager; Eisenberg; Epstein; Florsheim; Frankel from the Franconia region of Germany; Frankfurter; Ginsberg; Gordon from Grodno, Lithuania or from the Russian wordgorodin, for townsman; Greenberg; Halperin from Helbronn, Germany; Hammerstein; Heller from Halle, Germany; Hollander not from Holland, but from a town in Lithuania settled by the Dutch; Horowitz, Hurwich, Gurevitch from Horovice in Bohemia; Koenigsberg; Krakauer from Cracow, Poland; Landau; Lipsky from Leipzig, Germany; Litwak from Lithuania; Minsky from Minsk, Belarus; Mintz from Mainz, Germany; Oppenheimer; Ostreicher from Austria; Pinsky from Pinsk, Belarus; Posner from Posen, Germany; Prager from Prague; Rappoport from Porto, Italy; Rothenberg from the town of the red fortress in Germany; Shapiro from Speyer, Germany; Schlesinger from Silesia, Germany; Steinberg; Unger from Hungary; Vilner from Vilna, Poland/Lithuania; Wallach from Bloch, derived from the Polish word for foreigner; Warshauer/Warshavsky from Warsaw; Wiener from Vienna; Weinberg. OCCUPATIONAL NAMES Craftsmen/Workers Ackerman plowman; Baker/Boker baker; Blecher tinsmith; Fleisher/Fleishman/Katzoff/Metger butcher; Cooperman coppersmith; Drucker printer; Einstein mason; Farber painter/dyer; Feinstein jeweler; Fisher fisherman; Forman driver/teamster; Garber/Gerber tanner; Glazer/Glass/Sklar glazier; Goldstein goldsmith; Graber engraver; Kastner cabinetmaker; Kunstler artist; Kramer storekeeper; Miller miller; Nagler nailmaker; Plotnick carpenter; Sandler/Shuster shoemaker; Schmidt/Kovalsky blacksmith; Shnitzer carver; Silverstein jeweler; Spielman player (musician?); Stein/Steiner/Stone jeweler; Wasserman water carrier. Merchants Garfinkel/Garfunkel diamond dealer; Holzman/Holtz/Waldman timber dealer; Kaufman merchant; Rokeach spice merchant; Salzman salt merchant; Seid/Seidman silk merchant; Tabachnik snuff seller; Tuchman cloth merchant; Wachsman wax dealer; Wechsler/Halphan money changer; Wollman wool merchant; Zucker/Zuckerman sugar merchant. Related to tailoring Kravitz/Portnoy/Schneider/Snyder tailor; Nadelman/Nudelman also tailor, but from needle Sher/Sherman also tailor, but from scissors or shears Presser/Pressman clothing presser; Futterman/Kirshner/Kushner/Peltz furrier; Weber weaver. Medical Aptheker druggist; Feldsher surgeon; Bader/Teller barber. Related to liquor trade Bronfman/Brand/Brandler/Brenner distiller; Braverman/Meltzer brewer; Kabakoff/Krieger/Vigoda tavern keeper; Geffen wine merchant; Wine/Weinglass wine merchant; Weiner wine maker. Religious/Communal Altshul/Althshuler associated with the old synagogue in Prague; Cantor/Kazan/Singer/Spivack cantor or song leader in shul; Feder/Federman/Schreiber scribe; Haver from haver (court official); Klausner rabbi for small congregation; Klopman calls people to morning prayers by knocking on their window shutters; Lehrer/Malamud/Malmud teacher; Rabin rabbi (Rabinowitz son of rabbi); London scholar, from the Hebrewlamden(misunderstood by immigration inspectors); Reznick ritual slaughterer; Richter judge; Sandek godfather; Schechter/Schachter/Shuchter etc. ritual slaughterer from Hebrewschochet; Shofer/Sofer/Schaeffer scribe; Shulman/Skolnick sexton; Spector inspector or supervisor of schools. PERSONAL TRAITS Alter/Alterman old; Dreyfus three legged, perhaps referring to someone who walked with a cane; Erlich honest; Frum devout ; Gottleib God lover, perhaps referring to someone very devout; Geller/Gelber yellow, perhaps referring to someone with blond hair; Gross/Grossman big; Gruber coarse or vulgar; Feifer/Pfeifer whistler; Fried/Friedman happy; Hoch/Hochman/Langer/Langerman tall; Klein/Kleinman small; Koenig king, perhaps someone who was chosen as a Purim King, in reality a poor wretch; Krauss curly, as in curly hair; Kurtz/Kurtzman short; Reich/Reichman rich; Reisser giant; Roth/Rothman red head; Roth/Rothbard red beard; Shein/Schoen/Schoenman pretty, handsome; Schwartz/Shwartzman/Charney black hair or dark complexion; Scharf/Scharfman sharp, i.e intelligent; Stark strong, from the Yiddishshtark; Springer lively person, from the Yiddishspringenfor jump. INSULTING NAMES These were sometimes foisted on Jews who discarded them as soon as possible, but a few may remain: Billig cheap; Gans goose; Indyk goose; Grob rough/crude; Kalb cow. ANIMAL NAMES It is common among all peoples to take last names from the animal kingdom. Baer/Berman/Beerman/Berkowitz/Beronson bear; Adler eagle (may derive from reference to an eagle in Psalm 103:5); Einhorn unicorn; Falk/Sokol/Sokolovksy falcon; Fink finch; Fuchs/Liss fox; Gelfand/Helfand camel (technically means elephant but was used for camel too); Hecht pike; Hirschhorn deer antlers; Karp carp; Loeb lion; Ochs ox; Strauss ostrich (or bouquet of flowers); Wachtel quail. HEBREW NAMES Some Jews either held on to or adopted traditional Jewish names from the Bible and Talmud. The big two are Cohen (Cohn, Kohn, Kahan, Kahn, Kaplan) and Levi (Levy, Levine, Levinsky, Levitan, Levenson, Levitt, Lewin, Lewinsky, Lewinson). Others include: Aaron Aronson, Aronoff; Asher; Benjamin; David Davis, Davies; Ephraim Fishl; Emanuel Mendel; Isaac Isaacs, Isaacson/Eisner; Jacob Jacobs, Jacobson, Jacoby; Judah Idelsohn, Udell,Yudelson; Mayer/Meyer; Menachem Mann, Mendel; Reuben Rubin; Samuel Samuels, Zangwill; Simon Schimmel; Solomon Zalman. HEBREW ACRONYMS Names based on Hebrew acronyms include: Baron bararon(son of Aaron); Beck benekedoshim (descendant of martyrs); Getz gabbaitsedek (righteous synagogue official); Katz kohentsedek (righteous priest); Metz morehtsedek (teacher of righteousness); Sachs, Saks zerakodeshshemo (his name descends from martyrs); Segal seganlevia (second-rank Levite). OTHER HEBREW- and YIDDISH-DERIVED NAMES Liebmeans lion in Yiddish. It is the root of many Ashkenazic last names, including Liebowitz, Lefkowitz, Lebush, and Leon. It is the Yiddish translation of the Hebrew word for lion aryeh. The lion was the symbol of the tribe of Judah. Hirschmeans deer or stag in Yiddish. It is the root of many Ashkenazic last names, including Hirschfeld, Hirschbein/Hershkowitz (son of Hirsch), Hertz/Herzl, Cerf, Hart, and Hartman. It is the Yiddish translation of the Hebrew word for gazelle:tsvi. The gazelle was the symbol of the tribe of Naphtali. Taubmeans dove in Yiddish. It is the root of the Ashkenazic last name Tauber. The symbol of the dove is associated with the prophet Jonah. Wolfis the root of the Ashkenazic last names Wolfson, Wouk, and Volkovich. The wolf was the symbol of the tribe of Benjamin. Eckstein Yiddish for cornerstone, derived from Psalm 118:22. Good(man) Yiddish translation of the Hebrew word for good :tuviah. Margolin Hebrew for pearl. INVENTED FANCY SHMANCY NAMES When Jews in the Austro-Hungarian Empire were required to assume last names, some chose the nicest ones they could think of and may have been charged a registration fee by the authorities. According to the YIVO Encyclopedia, The resulting names often are associated with nature and beauty. It is very plausible that the choices were influenced by the general romantic tendencies of German culture at that time. These names include: Applebaum apple tree; Birnbaum pear tree; Buchsbaum box tree; Kestenbaum chestnut tree; Kirshenbaum cherry tree; Mandelbaum almond tree; Nussbaum nut tree; Tannenbaum fir tree; Teitelbaum palm tree. Other names, chosen or purchased, were combinations with these roots:Blumen (flower), Fein (fine), Gold, Green, Lowen (lion), Rosen (rose), Schoen/Schein (pretty) combined with berg (hill or mountain), thal (valley), bloom (flower), zweig (wreath), blatt (leaf), vald or wald (woods), feld (field). Miscellaneous other names includedDiamond; Glick/Gluck luck; Hoffman hopeful; Fried/Friedman happiness; Lieber/Lieberman lover. Jewish family names from non-Jewish languages included:Sender/Saunders from Alexander; Kagan descended from the Khazars, a Turkic-speaking people from Central Asia; Kelman/Kalman from the Greek name Kalonymous, the Greek translation of the Hebrewshem tov(good name), popular among Jews in medieval France and Italy; Marcus/Marx from Latin, referring to the pagan god Mars. Finally, there were Jewish names changed or shortened by immigration inspectors or by immigrants themselves (or their descendants) to sound more American, which is why Sean Ferguson was a Jew. Let us close with a ditty: And this is good old Boston; The home of the bean and the cod. Where the Lowells speak only to the Cabots; And the Cabots speak Yiddish, by God! A version of this post originally appeared onJewish Currents. Bennett Muraskin is a contributing writer toJewish Currentsmagazine and author ofThe Association of Jewish LibrariesGuide to Yiddish Short StoriesandLet Justice Well Up Like Water: Progressive Jews from Hillel to Helen Suzman, among other books. Read more:http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/01/08/ashkenazi_names_the_etymology_of_the_most_common_jewish_surnames.html#ixzz3GPosbWNB https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFD_o0-1QbQ April 1913; A Zionist movie filmed in Palestina in 1913-- A PR movie for the 11th Zionist Congress of 1913 in Vienna, over 100 years ago! You see the beginnings of the State of Israel. The amount of work and thought that went into every aspect of Jewish life in the Jewish land, then under the rule of the Ottoman empire. The video is over an hour long but as you watch you realize that no aspect of Jewish life in Israel has been overlooked. Art, language, construction, agriculture, education all built upon Jewish values and ideas. When you visit Israel, it s easy to forget that the national language, the sites, the agriculture, the culture and arts and museums and schools where all built and developed from absolutely nothing. The rebirth of the Jewish People in its land is no less than a modern day miracle. To think that this video had disappeared and was only found by accident! It starts in Odesa. 92 people leave Russia for Eretz Israel via Egypt. At .about 4;40 you see Tel Aviv ( neve edek and Gimnasia Herzelia.. At about 6;05 you see a school for Jewish girls in Jaffa. Around 9;00 you see again Gimnesia Herzelia. Around 12;00 you see Petach Tikvah.Hadera starts at about 15;15. At about 18;22 we see Zichron Yaakov. Haifa starts at 21; 30 We see the Technion being built. It open a few months later ( April of 1914). We see Kinneret at 23;10 ( Rachel the poet is seen) Tiberias is seen at 24;20. Migdal is seen at 26;00. Rosh Pina scenes start at 27;50. 29;30 shows the way to Jerusalem..31; 15 brings us to Jerusalem., Haezera schools for Jewish children in 36;00. Betzalel school for arts 38; 20.. Rachel's tomb on 39;50 40;14 Salomon's pools. Hebron at 40;54 shows mostly the Muslim buildings . Elisha springs is in 42;52.Jerico and the Jordan river 43;20 45;30 Rishon LeZion.48;55 Ness Ziona.51;00 Gedera. Ekron- Mazkeret Batia 52;46. Passover in Rehovot in 1913 54;35 Jewish Research Tips, Part 1: History and Immigration go to https://legacytree.com/blog/jewish-research-tips-part-1-history-and-immigration Historical Context A majority of Jewish immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries came primarily from two areas: Germany and a portion of Eastern Europe known as the Pale. The first German Empire was established in 1871. At that time, the kingdom of Prussia and the independent southern German duchies, kingdoms, etc., became united under one government. Jews from these areas immigrated to the United States and other safe havens during the early to mid-1800s as persecution drove them from their homes. There were very few of them left in Germany by the late 1800s. A map of united Germany, 1871. Courtesy of http://rootsweb.ancestry.com. In 1792, Poland was completely wiped off the map due to the ever expanding borders of the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Russian Empire. Just inside the Russian border, in the middle of non-existent Poland, was an area called the Jewish Pale of Settlement. It was established in 1791 under the rule of Catherine the Great, and continued until the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.[2] At that time, Poland was reestablished and much of this land was returned to that country. The Pale was approximately one-fifth of the land in European Russia (west of the Ural Mountains). The present-day countries of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia were included in the Pale s borders.[3] Map of the Jewish Pale of Settlement. Courtesy of http://heathsmith.com. The Pale was supposedly where the Russian Empire magnanimously allowed their Jewish population to make their homes. In actuality it was the area to which the less desirable Jewish population was exiled as a buffer from the other two competing European empires. Jews were not the exclusive residents of this area, but they were not allowed to live outside its borders without special permits, or to live inside most of its cities. Map of regions within the Pale. Courtesy of http://jewishcurrents.org. As an example, you may recall having watched the musical/movie Fiddler on the Roof. Anatevka was a small, relatively self-sufficient Jewish community or shtetl established just outside of a Russian city in the Pale. This was fairly typical of the political situations and boundaries for the Jewish population. This story of the poverty-stricken Tevye and his family was set in the early 1890s during a wave of anti-Jewish pogroms that led to the expulsion of over 20,000 Jews from Russia.[4] Finding the Jewish Hometown The predominant Jewish community in the United States today is from the Ashkenazic Jews of Eastern Europe. Due to their relatively late immigration, it is usually not very difficult to find a record that names their hometown. It is important to keep in mind, though, that when the birth place is found in a record, it may refer to the nearest large city or the region from which they came, just as we tend to do when generalizing our past residences. The maps earlier in this article can help to determine if this was the case since they show the large cities and the regions within the Pale. A brief review of some records that are most likely to include the name of an immigrant hometown are as follows: 1. Military records 1. Service records from both World Wars some are online through major repositories like Fold3, and some are available through the National Archives (NARA). 2. Draft registrations for World War I and World War II. These can be found at most major genealogy websites. 2. Naturalization papers 1. If you find a naturalization online at MyHeritage.com,FamilySearch.org or Ancestry.com, browse a couple of pages forward and backward. You may find more than you thought! 2. Post-1906 naturalizations usually included the name of the immigrant hometown and the date and ship on which they arrived in the United States. 3. Post-1922 naturalizations also included female immigrants who were now required to establish citizenship independent of their husband s. Prior to this date, a woman s citizenship status changed when her husband s did. 3. Passenger lists 1. A lot of passenger lists from the 1890s forward include the name of the hometown or the nearest relative back home and their hometown/residence. 2. Remember that passenger lists aren t always just one page. Browse forward to see if there is a second page with un-indexed information! 4. Social Security Applications (SS-5 forms) 1. It may take several weeks to get one of these records, but they usually give an exact birth date, birth place and the parents names. If your immigrant had a Social Security number, it s worth it to send for this record! Click here for more information on how to obtain it through the Freedom of Information Act. 5. Vital records and Synagogue/Church records 1. Marriage license applications are generally the most informative vital records available, but in some cases birth, marriage and death certificates have been known to include the exact hometown. 2. Synagogue records of naming/circumcision (at 8 days old), marriages and burials are available throughout the United States. Don t be afraid to call or email the local historical society or a possible synagogue location. They are more than happy to help you trace your Jewish ancestry! 3. If the family converted or a local church served both the Christian and the Jewish communities, the hometown may be recorded in a local parish church s records of baptisms, marriages and burials. 6. Peripheral family members and friends 1. If you have a hard time finding a record for your immigrant, remember that they usually didn t come alone. Find another family member who came over and try to locate a record with theirhometown named. 7. JewishGen databases Seehttp://www.jewishgen.org/InfoFiles/. 8. Newspapers and obituaries, family records, town and county histories, cemetery records, etc. You just have to find the right record. The name of the hometown is out there! Stay tuned for Part II of this article next week 1946 JDC List of Jewish Residents of Belarus Who SurvivedWWII Posted onMay 15, 2015byjhrgbelarus In early 1946, after the end of WWII, the International Red Cross Committee was sent to the Soviet Union to estimate the magnitude of destruction and how to help survivors. While touring many places around the Soviet Union, the committee stopped in a few towns and shtetls in Belarus. Among the committee members was the Joint Distribution Committee s representative, who compiled a list of those who had survived the Holocaust and returned to their pre-war homes. The goal was to send parcels of food and clothing to those people and families. The list includes more than 80 heads of Jewish households in Belarus, including names, place of residency and, in some cases, the address. Due to the importance of this information, we are publishing the full list below: 1921 List of Jews from Belarus looking for relatives inAmerica. Posted onJune 30, 2014byjhrgbelarus In October 1921, a JOINT representative from United States came to Belarus with an inspection of Jewish life, because it was a very difficult time when Jewish institutions tried to survive. When he was meeting and talking to people in various towns and shtetls of Belarus, some of them requested to find their relative in America so they can immigrate there too. Upon return to the US, the representative produced a report of his inspection where he indicated the names and addresses of people in Belarus who were trying to find their US relatives. 1922 Minsk Shoemaker course for Jewish boys financed by JOINT We are publishing part of this list, which includes Jewish residents ofMINSK, SLUTZK, PARICHY, RAKOV, MIR, RUBEZHEVICHY, SAMOKHVALOVICHY andPLESCHINITSY. The Village Genius: Astonishing Photos Of Soviet Life Found In An Abandoned House The work of a forgotten photographer uncovered in a village attic in Moldova. January 17, 2020 16:42 GMT By Amos Chapple (Amos Chapple is a New Zealand-born photographer and picture researcher with a particular interest in the former U.S.S.R.) In the spring of 2016, film student Victor Galusca was exploring a sleepy village in his native Moldova when the 23-year-old noticed some photographic negatives in the rubble of an abandoned house.The discarded pictures were the life s work of Zaharia Cusnir, an unknown amateur photographer who died in 1993.The villager had struggled professionally under the communist regime and battled alcoholism, yet he left behind some of the most brilliant portraits of rural life ever captured on film.For the past three years, with the permission of the photographer s daughter, who dismissed her father s work as garbage, Galusca and his photography teacher have been cleaning and scanning the stunning find, which they released on a website in January.Galusca, who is a freelance contributor to RFE/RL s Moldovan Service, agreed to share images here showing his discovery of one of the greatest chroniclers of life behind the Iron Curtain. But thanks to the painstaking digital archiving of nearly 4,000 images put together by Galusca and his teacher, this forgotten photographer from an obscure village in rural Moldova is likely to become known around the world.? With reporting by Eugen Tomiuc After taking photography lessons from one of his nephews, Cusnir began cycling from village to village in his region, shooting technically perfect, scrappily framed portraits. Galusca believes Cusnir was able to afford the film needed for his hobby partly by selling prints that villagers could use in their identification cards a mandatory document in the police state of communist Moldova. Cusnir also kept one eye on the incidental bystanders on the periphery of his photo sets, as is obvious in this and the following photos. Young men with their trousers clipped to keep them out of their bicycle chains strike a complex pose for Cusnir's camera. It s a tradition in Moldovan villages to offer guests a glass of wine or homemade liquor. As Cusnir cycled from house to house he knocked back so much alcohol his children came to dread his photography trips. A woman fixes on the camera with a piercing gaze as kids loiter in the background. A villager, posing apparently after finishing off a bottle of his favorite alcoholic beverage.Cusnir's daughter, who died in the summer of 2019, remembers her father returning on his bicycle roaring drunk from his photo explorations. When Galusca spoke to the photographer s daughter, she was uninterested in the collection and described the photographs as garbage that no one needs. Although there is no indication of violence, his daughter described yelling and impossible behavior, and blamed Cusnir's alcoholism on his hobby. Today the village (pictured) where Cusnir lived among hundreds of neighbors and relatives has only around 40 people remaining. Cusnir s pictures are unique for being at once posed and static, yet bursting with life. Galusca inspects some of the 6x6 centimer negatives he retrieved and his photography teacher carefully cleaned. A milkmaid in front of a table of achievements that tracked milk production on Soviet dairy farms. Villagers with their GAZ-51 truck, a model that was ubiquitous across the Soviet Union. Cusnir (center) was born in 1912 as the youngest of 16 children.After being imprisoned for three years for shooting and injuring a sheep thief with a salt bullet, the trained teacher labored on a collective farm. But at age 43 he discovered his calling when he acquired a Soviet-made Lubitel 2 camera. Villagers in fancy dress during a New Year's carnival.These images were shot by Zaharia Cusnir between the 1950s and '70s in and around Rosietici, a village 122 kilometers north of the Moldovan capital, Chisinau. Most of the nearly 4,000 images were discovered in the attic of the abandoned house (pictured). His subjects react in a way that indicates he offered a magnetic personality behind the camera. But Cusnir's daughter also described her father as a romantic who would often pluck flowers and tuck them into his lapel before charming people into pausing for a portrait.

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