Chinese Herbs Healing

Time 2021-05-27 08:13:07

Web Name: Chinese Herbs Healing

WebSite: http://www.chineseherbshealing.com

ID:179403

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Chinese,Herbs,Healing,

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Because main tree peony’s medicinal part is its root bark, it is also known as Mu Dan Pi in Chinese herbalism. Tree peonies purportedly originate from wild flowers grown in mountains and they were first treated as firewood by the ancestors. Later people began to take it seriously. However, to many moutan enthusiasts’ disappointment, what interested our ancestors is not the beauty but the medicinal value. According to the Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic, it removes abdominal mass, eliminates blood stasis, and maintains the well-being of the body’s five principal internal organs. Terminalia chebula, also known as haritaki fruit and He Zi herb, is a common herb used in Traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Ayurveda medicine. It has had very good reviews from different alternative medicine genres, especially in Tibetan medicine, in which it is called as the King. And related statistical analysis showed that its frequency of utilization in Tibetan medicine is higher than that of Gan Cao (Licorice Root) in TCM. That&rsquo s to say, almost all Tibetan herbal... Do you know what is baby powder made of? Currently about 90% of them are talc baby powder, to tell you the truth. Talc powder, a finely ground powder from highly soft talc mineral, is an important ingredient used in making cosmetics, body powder, and bath powder today. Nevertheless, the most popular use of talcum powder is to make talc baby powder. As a matter of fact, there is talc free baby powder available on the market too, which however only accounts for about 10% of the market share. When it comes to amber, also known as succinum in Latin and Hu Po in Mandarin, everyone seems know it well that this is a beautiful stone with a variety of colors, such as golden, yellow, orange-red, green, blue, and black. What’s more, among them the clear one looks like crystal, the bright one like pearl and the lustrous like agate. As a matter of fact, it is kind of fossilized resin of prehistoric pine trees and has long been the traditional jewelry wore by European aristocracy on behalf of the qualities of noble, classic, and subtle. Sophora subprostrata, also known as Sophora tonkinensis, comes mainly from natural sources rather than cultivation since large-scale farming hasn’t developed yet so far. Its medicinal part is root, which is thus called Sophora Root or Shan Dou Gen as a Chinese herb. But don’t confuse it with Sophora Flavescens Root (Ku Shen) as both of them share this common name. The traditional medicinal uses of this herb are to treat sore throat, swollen gums, lung-heat cough, damp-heat jaundice, nasopharyngeal cancer, and so on. Shared by a few similar Chinese herbal formulas, the name of Shen Ling Bai Zhu San, in other words, has about 14 resembling versions recorded in different ancient Chinese medical literature. As one of the most commonly used herbal formulas regulating all types of Qi-flowing, it is also known as Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Powder in English-speaking world by the main ingredients contained. Many people are under the impression that scorpions are evil and good for nothing since scorpion bite can lead to death. However, this is not true and here are the scorpion facts for you – scorpion venoms from only 25 species can be deadly and the rest usually only makes human being suffer from mild symptoms, such as pain, numbness, swelling, tingling, burning sensation, and so on. Hence, many scorpion lovers even keep scorpions as pets. Hong Teng, or called sargentodoxa cuneata in Latin, is literally translated as red vine in English. It takes its name from the red sap shed after the fresh vine is cut. In TCM another similar herb is the Ji Xue Teng, which gets its name the same way. So, what are the main medicinal uses of this herb? Actually it is commonly used in daily life. As you know, there will be times when you fall accidently and end up with pain or swelling on limbs or other parts of the body. That is where the sargentodoxa vine comes in. And next let’s come to understand this herb more. Radish, as everyone knows, is a kind of edible root vegetable. How about the radish seeds Needless to say, they are used for growing radishes. But aside from that most basic function, radish seed, or Lai Fu Zi in mandarin, is also one of effective Chinese herbs mainly for the treatment of indigestion, constipation, phlegm, etc. Its healing ability is so powerful and instant that ancient herbalists often compare its efficacy to the force that can collapse the walls. Zhang Xi Chun, the famous... Pumice stone is typically used as an abrasive these days thanks to its stronger performance on getting rid of dark, hardened, and ugly dirt or stains on bathtub, toilet bowl, or any other hard surfaces. Most importantly, it causes little damage to the finish when scrubbing and cleaning, which is also the very reason why pumice stones are widely used for feet to remove calluses or exfoliate skin. Puffball mushroom is such a typical Chinese herb that in daily life people often use it to describe those humble but useful things. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, there is a widely circulated idiom – Niu Sou Ma Bo, in which Niu Sou means bovine urine or Che Qian Cao and Mao Bo refers to puffball. Here these two herbs are combined together not because they are a perfect match in medicinal properties but the shared characteristics – cheap but effective if used properly. Growing freely in the hillside, in the damp grass by streams, or beneath the woods, wild pinellia (Ban Xia) begins blossoming in May in the lunar calendar. After blossoming, pinellia tuber is grown old enough and ready to be excavated for medicinal purpose. May in the lunar calendar is just the time of midsummer, which is the very reason why its Chinese name comes from. Patchouli, also known as Pogostemon cablin in scientific name and Guang Huo Xiang in Chinese, has a reputation for being one of the best summertime medicines. One of its most popular modern preparations is the Regular Care Herbal Supplement (Huoxiang Zhengqi Shui), which is so versatile that it is always one of the must-haves in the Chinese family’s medicine cabinet checklist. This is one of the classic herbal formulas frequently used in TCM. Mulberry bark, or called Sang Bai Pi in Pinyin, may be strange to you as a Chinese herb. But as you may know, it is part of mulberry plant and possesses similar healing properties. As one of commonly used herbs, it plays an important role in many famous ancient formulas. In short, it is mainly used for lung-heat cough, asthma or wheezing, swollen eyes or face, difficult urination, high blood pressure, diabetes, and so on. When it comes to lovage root herb, medicinally it doesn’t necessary means Ligusticum sinense (Gao Ben). But more often it refers to Szechuan lovage root (Chuan Xiong) instead. To tell them apart, the former is commonly known as Chinese lovage root due to it is a special species of plant in China. And because its middle part, between root and seedling, looks like straw, sometimes it is also called straw weed. As a matter of fact, its Chinese name of Gao Ben is literally translated to root of rice straw in English. Lotus seed is also known as lotus nut or Lian Zi. According to legend, consuming it could make people become immortal and young. Of course that is just a fairy tale and claim like that is totally groundless. However, it is true that it has a variety of longevity-related medicinal properties, such as tranquilizing mind, nourishing the heart, improving brain health, increasing mentality, and eliminating fatigue. And all the above-mentioned functions were well documented in many ancient medical books. Also known as Herba Lophatheri in Latin, Lophatherum herb means the dried stems and leaves of Lophatherum gracile Brongn., a perennial grass in Poaceae family. Its length is between 25 to 75cm. Stems are cylindrical, with joints, yellowish green surface, and hollow sections. Sheath is cracked. Leaves are lanceolate, 5 to 20cm long, 1 to 3.5cm wide, with light green or yellow-green surface. Liu Wei Di Huang Wan is one of the most famous and frequently used formulas in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is also known as Six Flavor Tea Pills, Liu Wei Di Huang Pian, rehmannia six, YinVive, Liuwei Dihuang Wan, Six Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia, Six Flavor Rehmanni, and so on. It is so popular that nearly all Chinese have heard this name. Traditionally, it is used for vertigo, insomnia, tinnitus, weakness in the knees, poor hearing, poor eyesight, night sweats, heat in the five, weakness and soreness of the loins, and more. A perfect list of Chinese herbs could be extremely helpful for herbalists since they have to study and master such a colossal database. You would know what I really mean if you know the fact that currently there are about 8 thousands kinds them, among 700 types in common use. The real challenge, however, is that there is no such a thing as a perfect Chinese herbs list out there. Although a herbs list in alphabetical order is really straightforward and handy, it is far, far from enough. Wed, 26 May 2021 07:43:13 | Floral Stimulus 4 comments Grafting experiments indicate that the final product of photoperiodic induction is the same in plants of different photoperiodic classes and is interchangeable with a floral stimulus in day-neutral plants. That this stimulus might be common to or at least physiologically equivalent for many plants is indicated from the results of interspecific and intergeneric grafts. As the stimulus is only transported when a successful graft union with a functioning phloem has been established, exchange... Tue, 25 May 2021 13:57:05 | Herbicide Resistance 2 comments Herbicide metabolism has been well documented in the last two decades and much progress has been made in our understanding of the enzyme systems involved and where they act in the plant cell. The four phases commonly observed are as follows Some herbicides have been shown to undergo bioactivation within plant cells, where a pro-herbicide is converted to a phytotoxic agent by the action of plant enzymes. Before this activation they may be less or non-phytotoxic, so the plant can be instrumental... The chromophore of phytochrome A (phyA) has rigorously been proven to be POB. This topic was discussed at length in Chapter 4.1 of the previous edition of this book (Kendrick and Kronenberg, 1994), but will be briefly reviewed here. In the 1950s, the absorption spectrum of phyA was found to be similar to that of phycocyanin, a protein used by cyanobacteria in photosynthesis. This was taken as evidence that the chromophores of these two chromoproteins were related. As it was known that the... Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia The Australian flora is rich in trees and shrubs from the family Myrtaceae. Eucalyptus, is well known for profuse oil glands which contain a diverse range of constituents, of which 1,8-cineole is the most abundant and most commercially utilized (Doran 1991). The genus Melaleuca also contains hundreds of individual species with a myriad of oil constituents present in the leaf (Brophy and Doran 1996). Both genera extend beyond... Local Name English Name Flowering Period Status Parts Used Habit Habitat Dug sumbal, Sembul, Semul Silk cotton tree A large tree, found as a rare plant in dry clay also planted in the plains as a roadside and garden tree. Pakistan Sub-Himalayan tract from Hazara eastward. World India, Bhutan, and South China. A large tree up to 20 m tall. Stem erect, branched, woody, gray bark armed with prickles. Leaves compound, 5-7 leaflets, green, entire, elliptic to lanceolate with long stalks. Flowers are... Mon, 24 May 2021 18:52:20 | Chamomile Flowers 3 comments 8.2.5.1.1 Static Dryer Figures 8.2.6, 8.2.7 Advantages flexible operation corresponds to the structure of a working day in small, medium, and large farms or agricultural enterprises simple operation low investment costs suitable for low, medium, and large throughputs mainly suitable for uncut plants in large layers. Disadvantages higher specific energy consumption, danger of uneven drying across the height of layer, higher labor demand for filling and discharging of dryer or high investment... Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook. f. Celery top pine is a medium-sized to tall tree, reaching 30 m in height and 1 m in diameter, but often less than 20 m tall. Although double leaders are fairly common, celery top pine usually has a straight trunk without buttresses, dark bark (often looking black in wet conditions) and a rather dense dark green crown highlighted by the paler leaves of new growth in spring and autumn. The foliage tends to be grouped at the ends of branches. The main... What is THC How does it work Is it the same with CBD Is it useful in treating pain In addition, is THC the equivalent of medical cannabis These are just a few questions people have about this compound and how it can benefit them. It also explains why cheap marijuana seeds have also risen on the market, leading to a more generous cannabis supply. source There is a lot of uncertainty among the general public about what exactly THC is and how it relates to medical cannabis, and thus the more... Ring boundaries of all Daphne and most Thymelaea species are distinct (Figs. 1-4), except those of Thymelaea sanamuda and T hirsuta (Fig. 5). Ring boundaries are expressed by the different size of vessels between the latewood and earlywood (Figs. 1 and 4), by a band of terminal parenchyma cells (Fig. 2) or by a row of flat fibers in the latewood (Fig. 3). All species with distinct rings are diffuse- to semi-ring-porous. Vessels are mostly arranged in diagonal (Figs. 1, 5 and 10) to radial... A wild herb, grows on waste places alongside roads and Pakistan Hazara, Murree Hill, Margalla Hills, Rawalpindi district, Salt Range, and Kashmir. World Found in tropical and temperate regions of the world. A small annual herb up to 1 m tall. Stem erect, branched, and herbaceous, with red skin. Leaves compound arise from main stem or branches leaflets, opposite, sessile, with toothed margin, 8-12 in number. Flowers small, yellow, numerous, in clusters. Fruit small, in groups (Fig. 3.87). 150 g... Range Our whole range (scattered) w. to CA n. to Can. Along streams, 4,500' - 8,500'. In size and shape, the leaves of this Cottonwood are somewhere in between the extremes of narrowleaf (opposite) and plains (p. 91) cottonwoods and is considered by some botanists to be a cross between these two. Technically, then, the scientific name should be written Populus X acuminata indicating this crossbreeding. This tree, growing about 50 feet tall by 2 feet in diameter, is more upright in form, has a... Despite a few successful pioneer reports of AM fungal inoculation on clover seedlings germinated in vitro or on tomato roots (MacDonald 1981 St-John et al. 1981 Strullu and Romand 1986), attempts to inoculate in vitro micropropagated plants using surface-sterilized germinated spores of AM fungi placed close to in vitro-formed roots have generally been less successful (Pons et al. 1983 Ravolanirina et al. 1989 Chavez and Ferrara-Cerrato 1990 Cassells et al. 1996). This approach may have failed... Salicylic acid (SA) (ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid) is one of the phenolic compounds commonly present in higher plants. The highest contents of salicylic acid in the free form as well as in the form of its glucoside have been found and reported in plants of Salicaceae, Betulaceae and Ericaceae families. Volatile methyl salicylate (MeSA) is one of the main ingredients of essential oils of Apiaceae, Violaceae and Rosaceae families, attracting insects and aiding plant reproduction this way (Shlaev et... Tue, 18 May 2021 14:13:39 | Carnivorous Plants 7 comments The traps of carnivorous plants are modified leaves that in some cases are so changed and adapted to their function that they resemble only remotely leaves as most people picture them. For example, the tall, often decorative tubular pitcher leaves of species of Sarracenia are frequently thought by the uninitiated to be flowers, and in most cases the trap leaves are far more striking than the plants' true flowers. This case of mistaken identity is somewhat ironic since it is accepted that most... Tue, 18 May 2021 08:55:39 | Botanical Garden 1 comment Precondition for a valuable comparison of anatomical structures is the definition and coding of features. Here, we separately define ring distinctness and microscopic features. Classification of Ring Distinctness after Schweingruber and Poschlod 2005 Type a Growth-ring numbers can be exactly determined All ring boundaries are clearly demarcated Figs. 1-3 . In this case the number of observed growth rings corresponds to the true age of the plant tissue. Growth rings in the collar of primary... Number of species, worldwide and in Europe The cosmopolitean Cucurbitaceae family includes 118 genera with 825 species. In Europe, there are 8 genera with 14 species. This number includes cultivated species, e.g. Cucumis and Cucurbita. Bryonia dioeca Jacq., shoot and tuber Bryonia verrucosa Ait. Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad., shoot and tuber Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam., root collar Cucurbita pepo L., shoot Cucumis sativus L., shoot Ecballium elaterinum L. Rich., shoot and tuber The xylem... Characteristic of many genera is the presence of medullary phloem, e.g. in Ceropegia fusca (Fig. 25), Calotropis procera (Fig. 26), Acokanthera, Nerium, Vinca (Fig. 27), Vincetoxicum, Asclepias, Caralluma and Periploca. Fig. 20. A group of sclerenchymatic cells in a tangential row lies in the cortex. Large laticifers lie in a tangential, simple phloem. Bark of a liana, thermophile zone, subtropical climate, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Periploca laevigata, transverse section. Fig. 19. A group of... It is over a decade since Weller et al. (1995) carried out the first detailed phylogenetic analysis of the distribution of SI systems in angiosperms. Since then there have been significant advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between the flowering plants (Soltis et al. 1999 Qiu et al. 1999,2005), giving us a far better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships amongst the most basal angiosperm lineages. Studies of the mating systems of basal angiosperms have... Following Metcalfe and Chalk (1957), the cortex is divided in three zones (Fig. 1) Under the epidermis are thin-walled parenchymatic cells (assimilating tissue). Below is a belt with central vascular bundles (phloem in the center), embedded in slightly sclerotized cells. An endodermis seperates the cortex from the cork zone consisting square, pitless prismatic cells (shoe box-like Fig. 6). This zone arises from the pericycle zone, which consists mainly of spirally thickened, very long,... Avoidance of high light absorption can be a photoprotective mechanism because it can simply reduce the input of light energy (Fig. 1). Although plants are sessile, they are able to adjust the amount of energy absorption through chloroplast movement and antenna size reduction in chloroplasts. In limiting light, plant chloroplasts move to the peri-clinal walls that are perpendicular to the incident light Fig. 1. Photoprotective mechanisms in plants. To decrease light energy absorption in an... Sat, 15 May 2021 16:39:48 | Pollen Grains 4 comments Understanding and mastering the techniques for studying various aspects of pollen, both modern and fossil, is very important (Faegri and Iversen 1964). The primary purpose of using various palynological techniques is to undertake microscopic examination of pollen and spores. Essential pollen morphological characters can be studied only if proper techniques are employed by the investigators. In case of fossil pollen and spores, maximum caution has to be taken to recover them in an undamaged... Pollination in water (hydrophily) is uncommon in angiosperms, and restricted mostly to the monocotyledons, including the seagrasses (Les et al., 1997 Ackerman, 2000, Chapter 4, this volume). It is relevant to contrast seagrass with their freshwater relatives. Pollination in freshwater plants involves pollen or detached-floating anthers contacting the stigmas of floating or partly submerged carpellate flowers inflorescences or submerged pollen showering (sedimenting) to stigmas from elevated an... Sat, 15 May 2021 10:04:45 | Plankton 1 comment Copepods account for most of the macroscopic zooplankton in the world's estuaries and oceans (over 9000 species). Copepods are the archetypal zoo-plankter, growing from an egg, through six larval (nauplius) stages and to a further six juvenile (copepodite) stages before finally becoming a sexually reproducing adult (see Chapter 2). The nauplius larva is common to all Crustacea it is around 0.5 mm in length sometimes with a single compound eye (Figure 8.4, A1-A6). Nauplii have only two or three... The xylem within the of Rubiaceae family varies widly (Jansen et al. 2002) but it is relatively homogeneous among the herbaceous to slightly lignified species in the tribe Rubiae. Rings are distinct in the ring-porous lianas, e.g. the Rubia species (Fig. 1) and the dwarf shrub Putoria calabrica. Perennial herbs with semi-ring-porous xylem have distinct rings (Figs. 2 and 3). Rings are indistinct in species with a diffuse-porous xylem (Figs. 4 and 5). Sherardia arvensis is an annual herb and... In the case of cherry typical of stone fruit, such as peach, plum, or apricot , the fruit develops only from the ovary of a single flower Figure F3.1 . No other floral or nonfloral tissue contributes to mature fruit structure. The floral organs surrounding the ovary are free from the ovary and are attached to the floral stalk, or receptacle, below the ovary. The ovary is thus superior to such parts. The bases of the flower's sepals, petals, and stamens form a floral cup, or hypanthium, which... The UPS is implicated in many other plant processes. Proper flower development is dependent on the F-box protein UFO (Levin and Meyerowitz, 1995 Ingram et al, 1997 Samach et al, 1999), and SCFUFO physically interacts with CSN (Wang et al., 2003). Accordingly, ufo mutants and weak mutants in the CSN have similar floral phenotypes. This phenotype is also seen in Arabidopsis plants that overaccumulate the e subunit of eIF3, further supporting a Figure 10.5 The UPS and phytohormones. Auxin... Like all living organisms, bryophyte species tend to differ in ecological requirements (Chapter 7) and are, hence, reliable indicators of habitat conditions and pollution levels. We would therefore expect that at least some species have adapted to specific environments. A high degree of niche conservatism is found in a least some major bryophyte lineages (Section 4.3), suggesting that their ecological range is phylogenetically constrained. In plant populations, the evolution of metal tolerance... Neriodin, neriodorin, neriodorein and oleandrin (Fig. 5.149). Cardiac glycosides of Thevetia nerifolia The cardioactive glycosides are triosides or monosides. Chief cardiac glycosides include thevetin A & B or cerebroside (triosides), cerebin and neriifolin (monosides), thevenerin (ruvoside) and perusitin (peruvosidic acid). Cardiac glycosides of Stropanthus kombe (Fig. 5.150) K-stropanthin, cymarin and cymarol Fig. 5.150 Structure of cardiac glycosides of Stropanthus kombe. Fig. 5.150... Pollen morphology is one of the most important and fundamental branches of palynology. It will not be an exaggeration if pollen morphology is referred to as the mother of palynological studies. Proper identification of pollen and spores both of living and fossil plants is a prerequisite for exploiting their applications. Pollen morphology is the principle tool used for correct identification. The slightest error in identification leads to an erroneous conclusion. A recent example in this... In a monoculture pineapple production system, the fallow period or intercycle has historically ranged from years to as little as a CAB International 2003. The Pineapple Botany, Production and Uses (eds D.P. Bartholomew, R.E. Paull and K.G. Rohrbach) Fig. 9.1. Illustration showing typical frequencies of infestation of the most significant pineapple pests in relation to a plant-crop pineapple cycle. Darker area indicates higher frequencies. Fruit mite Red mite J Symphylids _White grubs_ Fig. 9.1.... Remark Leaves are simple if not otherwise specified. G 1 Leafless, ramose plants, very thorny G 2 Palm-like structured plants (a) or plants with a large, not branched gras-culm stem with prominent joints (b) G 2.2 Grass-culm stem, not branched, with prominent joints Cordyline australis Jubaea chilensis Phoenix canariensis Trachycarpus fortunei Washingtonia filifera Yucca elephantipes G 3 Scale-like leaves on old shoots, 1 cm conifers see also Tamarix and Casuarina G 3.1 Flattened sprays... Evergreen, monoecious, resinous trees. Leaves scale-like, in opposite and decussate pairs, densely crowded and ap-pressed, hiding the axis tips of leaves free, acute on strong long shoots, leaves with long, connate basal parts on short shoots, leaves shorter. Male cones catkin-like, terminal, solitary. Female cones globose, terminal, solitary, with about 8 fertile, thick, peltate scales cones ripening in the second year, woody With the following key adapted from J. Do Ameral Franco, Flora... In 1989, Arauco Enterprises created Parque Oncol on the hills carrying the same name and located about 28 km to the Northwest of the city ofValdivia, and only 5 km from the well-known shore of Pilocura. It covers a surface of 754 ha on the Coastal Range, between the Pacific Ocean to the West and the Nature Sanctuary of R o Cruces to the East. In Parque Oncol, the Coastal Range reaches an altitude of 715 m above sea level, the summit conveying overwhelming outlooks on clear days. As large areas... Buds fusiform. Leaves alternate margin serrate or dentate-crenate or entire. Male flowers axillary, solitary or in 2 3-flowered clusters, sessile or shortly pedunculate perianth splitting irregularly, stamens 8 40. Female flowers usually in groups of 3 in a sessile or shortly pedunculate cupule styles 3. Fruit a nut, 3- or 2-angled, generally winged. The genus Nothofagus comprises about 35 species, native to Australasia and temperate South America. All the species... Fagus dombeyi Mirb., Nothofagus dombeyi Sp Coihue, coig e, coihue, coyg e, coihue de Fig. 13.64a,b Nothofagus dombeyi Mirbel Oersted a shape in area of transition PN Los Alerces b shape of young tree in humid area PN Lanin Fig. 13.64a,b Nothofagus dombeyi Mirbel Oersted a shape in area of transition PN Los Alerces b shape of young tree in humid area PN Lanin Evergreen, monoecious tree, up to 45 m tall crown made up of stratified, open branches, ending comb-like. Trunk cylindrical, upright,... Lake Buenos Aires in Chile called Lago General Carrera is situated at 46 30' latitude south, at an altitude of 205 metres above sea level. Its approximate surface area of 2240sq.km makes it the largest body of fresh water in Patagonia, having a maximum depth of 590 m. The western end of the lake is close to a vast glacier or ice-field, known as the Campo de Hielo Norte, from which most of the melt water entering the lake derives. The eastern sector of the lake, coinciding roughly with the... E Persian lilac tree, chinaberry, China tree, azedarach, pride of India Sp Para so, rbol santo, rbol del Para so, agriaz, melia, falso cinanomo, cinanomo, rbol de los rosarios, palo de lila, lila de la China, lila de la India, melia, jabonero de las Antillas, revienta caballos Fam. Meliaceae t Fig. 13.55a Melia azedarach L. leaves and fruits Fig. 13.55a Melia azedarach L. leaves and fruits a. Wood For cabinet making, veneers, floors also as firewood. b. In medicine The bark contains saponins... Quadria avellana (Molina) Gaertn., Quadria heterophylla Ruiz & Pav Sp Avellano patag nico, avellano, gevuin, guevin, nefu n, ngelu (in Mapuche) Fam. Proteaceae Fig. 13.39a Gevuina avellana Molina branch with flowers Evergreen tree or shrub, up to 20 m tall crown globe-shaped, irregular. Bark thin, greyish, with fine horizontal rings. New branches densely covered with reddish hairs. Leaves alternate, compound, odd-pinnate (sometimes bi-pinnate), 7-35 cm long, with hairy petioles leaflets... Calodendron crista-galli (L.) Kuntze, Erythrina fascicolata Benth., Erythrina laurifolia Jacq., Erythrina pulcherrima Tod., Micropteryx crista-galli (L.) Walp E Cockspur, coral tree, ceibo tree Sp Ceibo, seibo, seibo com n, sui'yva (in Guaran yva fruit, sui parrot), sui and (in Guaran rugged bark), ceibo macho, cresta de gallo, rbol de coral, fruto de loro, chopo Fam. Fabaceae tt Fig.13.32a Erythrina crista-galli L. shape Neuqu n Fig.13.32a Erythrina crista-galli L. shape Neuqu n Deciduous... Pinus domestica Matthews, Pinus sativa Lam E Stone pine, umbrella pine, Italian stone pine Sp Pino pi onero, pino pi n, pi onero, pino parasol, pino Fam. Pinaceae Fig. 12.21a Pinus pinea L. shape Los Antiguos Uses Wood very resinous, construction, containers, carpentry. Seeds (pine kernel or pine nut) much appreciated in Mediterranean cooking. Bark used for tannin extraction. In Patagonia, mainly ornamental. Remark See Fig.12.18f for a comparison of needles and cones of P. halepensis, P.... E Atlas cedar, Algerian cedar, cedar Sp Cedro del Atlas, cedro africano, cedro Fam. Pinaceae Fig.12.5a Cedrus atlantica Manetti shape Lago Puelo Fig.12.5a Cedrus atlantica Manetti shape Lago Puelo Evergreen, monoecious tree, up to 40 m tall crown broadly pyramidal. Bark greyish and smooth when young, deep chestnut-brown with age, fissured, with small flakes. Branches extended, rigid, not drooping twigs shortly pubescent. Leaves needle-like on long leading shoots, solitary on spur shoots, in... Sun, 09 May 2021 06:00:08 | Monoecious Trees 1 comment Elaeagnus argentea Moench, Elaeagnus hortensis Bieb E Oleaster Sp rbol del Para so, panj , cinamomo, olivo de Bohemia Fig. 13.30a Elaeagnus angustifolia L. shape Trelew Fig. 13.30a Elaeagnus angustifolia L. shape Trelew Tree or shrub, up to 7 (10) m tall, profusely branched. Older branches brown, with axillary thorns irregularly placed young twigs and leaves silvery, conveying to the whole tree a silvery-grey appearance. Leaves alternate, simple, 5 8 cm long, 1 2 cm across, stalked blade... Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott E Pagoda tree, Chinese scholar tree, Japan pagoda tree, scholar's tree Sp S fora, acacia del Jap n, acacio japon s, rbol de las pagodas Fam. Fabaceae tt Fig. 13.85a Schinus patagonica (Phil.) I.M. Johnst. shape Los Antiguos Fig. 13.85a Schinus patagonica (Phil.) I.M. Johnst. shape Los Antiguos Evergreen, richly branched shrub,1-3 m tall. Young branches red or chestnut-coloured. Leaves alternate, 2-5.5 cm long, briefly stalked blade ovate to elliptical... Anatomical structures in this subfamily are very heterogeneous. The 6 genera are mainly characterized by the following features Acanthophyllum Presence of thick-walled vessels, pervasive parenchyma, successive cambia and crystal druses in the cortex and the absence of rays (Fig. 24). Dicheranthus Presence of tangential bands of fibers and parenchyma, and large rays with unlignified cell walls. The vessels are very small (Fig. 25). Herniaria Presence of thick-walled vessels (2 pm), pervasive... Oliv. occurs along the coast of eastern Africa Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique and on the Islands of Madagascar, Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Zanzibar Fig. 4.6 . S. S. Martin et al. 1973 examined populations from Kenya and Madagascar for their leaf-pocket resins and identified the following sesquiterpenes a-cubebene, a-copaene, copacamphene, caryophyllene, P-humulene, y-muurolene, a- and P-selinenes, and 8-cadinene. Profiles from the two areas were qualitatively... Thu, 06 May 2021 15:10:05 | Pitcher Plants 1 comment Butterworts and bladderworts have the same hungry insect-eating habits as other carnivorous plants. Bladderworts, although mostly quite small, are primarily aquatic. True, a few are terrestrial, but most live their catching and dining lives in water. They appear quite active with their ability to seemingly vacuum tiny aquatic insects right into their digestive bladders, but since they are so small, and less easily grown, we'll leave them to the last half of this chapter. Butterworts rate... Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration where substrates are oxidized for generating ATP (Chapter 5). Mitochondria, like plastids, multiply Figure 1.12 Schematic presentation of the structure of a mitochondrion. Figure 1.12 Schematic presentation of the structure of a mitochondrion. by division and are maternally inherited. They also have their own genome (in plants consisting typically of a large circular DNA and several small circular DNAs, so-called minicircles ) and their own... Many studies have been made of the sequence of woodland degradation by regular burning and or grazing in the Mediterranean region. Braun-Blanquet (1928) developed the first scheme. Le Houerou has distinguished between two series, one in the semihumid southern European Mediterranean, called the Quercus ilex series , and another for the semi-arid north African Mediterranean region called the Pinus halepensis series . Quercus rotundifolia ( Qu. ilex) oak forest when burnt is transformed into cork... The long evolutionary history of liverworts is characterized by conspicuous innovations and subsequent modifications in the architecture of the gametophyte, which have resulted in a striking diversity that is unmatched among land plants, even among the more speciose mosses and the phylogenetically more derived hornworts. The vegetative body of liverworts is either flattened into a thallus with little or no elaborate internal differentiation, or terete and lined with foliar appendages Fig. 3.1 .... Herbicide safeners, also termed antidotes in some texts, are chemicals that, when applied before or with herbicides, increase the tolerance of a cereal crop to a herbicide. This activity has been known since the 1970s and the safening effect is not seen on the weeds. A list of herbicide safeners available as commercial products is given in Table 4.2. As some safeners may show structural homology with herbicides, it was previously thought that they competed with the herbicide molecule for the... Indian trumpet flower is an ideal plant with ornamental fruits and flowers. In china it is also known as Mu Hu Die, which means “wood butterfly” if translated literally. As a matter of fact, there this name much more often refers to its white butterfly-like seed instead of the plant itself. The reason is very simple: people there know it better as a Chinese herb rather than a tree since its seeds have been traditionally used for medicinal purpose. One of the most known medicinal uses for Indian trumpetflower today is that it protects throat. Chinese ground beetles, also known as wingless cockroach or Tu Bie Chong in mandarin, are an important insect-type traditional medicine that has been used clinically for more than two thousand years. First of all, it’s important to note that they are not something in the cosmopolitan family, Carabidae. Instead, they come from the genus Eupolyphaga of family Corydiidae. Green onions, also known as Cong Bai in TCM, are one of very common spices or vegetables in the East Asian countries as well as throughout the Chinese-speaking regions. So to speak, it plays an irreplaceable role in orient cooking culture. This is simply because Chinese are accustomed to frying chopped onions and ginger well with oil before putting in other meats or vegetables. And other major occasions that need scallions include light soup noodle or beef flavor noodle, miso soup, pancakes, and so on. Gold coin grass is also known as Herba Lysimachiae in scientific name and Jin Qian Cao in Chinese name. It is named so because of its coin-like leaves and, more importantly, its medicinal properties that are as precious as gold. It is also worth mentioning that many people love to use it for tea on daily basis as it smells good and tastes like tea. What does gold coin grass do? Actually this herb can be found in almost all Chinese ancient liver gallbladder cleanse recipes, thanks to its amazing ability on dissolving stones and other health benefits. Galla chinensis, also known as Chinese gall or Wu Bei Zi in Pinyin, is an astringent commonly used in Chinese herbal remedies. Its top medicinal properties can be simply characterized by 5 stops – stopping dysentery, stopping bleeding, stopping coughing, stopping sweating, and stopping rectal prolapse. Hence, today it is widely used for the treatment of loose, watery stools, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, evening coughing, rectal hernias, and so on. Dried galangal root, also known as Gao Liang Jiang herb, is the most important raw materials in famous Chinese medicine of Ertianyou balm, universal oil, menthocamphorate (cooling oil), and Tiger balm, a fact known to few people. These mentioned ointments are one of the most convenient and popular treatments for headaches, itchy skin, mild scalds, mosquito and insect bites, and other minor ailments. In homeopathy there is no lack of special remedies that treat the malignant disease with poisonous agents. For instance, Euphorbia Kansui, Euphorbia pekinensis, and Flos Genkwa are the best three examples. Kan Sui, one of China’s endemic plants has been commonly used as drastic purgatives long ago. However, it often irritates to skin, gastrointestinal mucosa, liver, kidney, and so on because of its high toxicity. As a result, it is the last herb people want to use even though they can be saved perhaps. Dried ginger root, also known as Gan Jiang in Pinyin, has long been hailed as an important tonic for sexual potency, as evidenced by the China’s old saying man just can’t live for 100 days straight without ginger. In addition, it is good at inducing heat to expel pathogenic cold, increasing appetite and alleviating symptoms of a cold, which was discovered and used for reducing nausea, slowing gastrointestinal motility and contraction, and helping digestion by the ancients in China, India and other Asian countries. Tue, 04 May 2021 11:09:52 | Essential Oils 1 comment The recovery of essential oil from the emulsion obtained during the extraction phase is a crucial step in the processing cycle. When the extraction is performed manually, either by the sponge process or the ecuelle method, water is not used and the tissues of the peel are only subjected to superficial grazing. In this case the liquid extracted separates rapidly after standing, into three layers the upper layer is practically pure essential oil which merely needs to be filtered through paper the... Medicinally dragon bones, or known as Long Gu in mandarin, are one of the best traditional Chinese herbs for the treatment of insomnia, palpitation, irritability, mania, or neurotic disorders. Of course, it isn’t referring to bone of the legendary creature that is with serpentine trait. So why is this herb named as dragon bone? The reason is quite simple – the science and technology in the ancient China weren’t developed enough to figure out what fossil is. Hence, ancients associated it with this mythical animal and even viewed its remains as a panacea. Spicy scented flowers with notched petals are the characteristic of many flowering plants in genus Dianthus. Dianthus superbus and Dianthus chinensis, also known as Qu Mai in mandarin, are no exception. They can emit a hauntingly sweet fragrance that can be smelled at a distance of a few hundred feet. This distinct scent can make people feel comfortable and relaxed. No wonder the ancient Greeks called dianthus plants as the flower of God. It is said that Linnaeus, the famous Taxonomist, favored dianthus superbus so much that he gave it a name like this. Mon, 03 May 2021 20:26:13 | Small Tree 1 comment Erect woody plants with leaves always paired. V CORALBERRY, Syrnphoricarpos orbicularis p. 82 Old fields and open woods New England, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, S. Dakota, and Colorado to Florida and Texas, V SNOW BERRY, Syrnphoricarpos atbus p. 82 Dry and rocky soils c. Quebec and British Columbia to Massachusetts, w, Virginia, V. Virginia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Colorado, V WOLFBERRY, S. occidentals (not illus,) p. 82 V KALM ST JOHNSWORT, Hypericum kalmianum p. 82 Dry or sandy... As a classic blood tonic, Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang, also known as Tangkuei and Astragalus Combination, is traditionally applied for blood deficiency clinically. Thanks to its definite effect, this formula is getting more and more attention in recent years and many experimental studies have been conducted to find out the connection between the different mixture ratio and the effectiveness. Blowing dandelion flower in spring seems a universal pleasure to kids from all over the world. With the help of the blow or the wind, its characteristic parachute-like seeds sometimes can be carried miles away and then generate new flowers there. However, this simple pleasure has been taken for granted for most adults, who are careful to only the health benefits that dandelion can bring. To the adult’s joy, it is indeed an amazing herb regardless of who the users are. From the perspective of western medicine, it is often labeled as a natural antibiotic. Costus is an endemic found only high altitude area in China. It is also known as Mu Xiang, which, literally translated, means “wood aroma.” Its whole plant, in particular the rhizome, is good for health. Thanks to its extraordinary medicinal uses on activating Chi energy flow, clinically it is considered one of the 50 essential Chinese herbs and mainly used for the treatment of diseases caused by blocked Chi. Cocklebur plant is an annual herb, 20 to 90cm high, and found mostly in flatlands, hills, the wilds, road side, and grassland, etc. Root is fusoid, branched or unbranched. Stems are erect, with few or no branches. Leaves are alternate, 3 to 11cm long, and with long petiole. The whole plant is poisonous, especially the fruit. However, it is the fruit that is the most used medicinal part. Regarded as one in Guangdong’s top ten Southern medicines, Cibotium barometz, or Gou Ji in mandarin, is a Chinese herb that has been commonly used for so many ailments, in particular low back pain, for so long. This herb has not only ornamental but high medicinal value. It is named Gou Ji herb or Jinmao Gouji, literally translated as golden hair dog back, due to its root looks like dog’s back and comes with golden wool. Chinese plum, also known as Prunus mume fruit and Japanese apricot, is a popular fruit. And I don’t think many of you are aware that it is also a Chinese herbal medicine, which is called Wu Mei in Pinyin. As a matter of fact, it has long been there and deserves a position in the world of TCM thanks to its amazing medicinal properties. Just like any other seasonal fruits, mume fruit is no exception. As one of the typical herbs for soothing the liver and regulating vital energy, chinaberry is often used clinically in the treatment of abdominal fullness, flank pain and other symptoms. According to the statistics, in the TCM prescriptions for bloating and epigastric discomfort, about 72% of them contain Chinaberry tree fruit. This shows that this is truly one of the commonly used Chinese herbs. However, what calls for special attention is that this herb is not completely reliable. The cherokee rose, also called rosa laevigata in scientific name and Jin Ying Zi in Pinyin, is an herb known for its versatility. The cherokee rose fruit can provide a unique flavor experience thanks to its honey-like taste and the delicate fragrance. It is well-received today simply because this fruit is endowed with a wide variety of nutriments, especially vitamin C and reducing sugar. According to relevant analysis, every 100g of its fresh pulp contains 1009g vitamin C, which is second only to roxburgh rose, 2 times of fresh jujube fruit, 10 times of kiwi, 30 times and of citrus. Celosia seeds, also called Qing Xiang Zi in Pinyin, is a popular medication in traditional Chinese medicine that is mainly for the treatment of painful and swollen eyes, high blood pressure, nose bleeds, and other complaints that are believed to be caused by flaring-up of liver fire. Celosia argentea is also known as Taiwan’s lavender. Compared to lavender, this plant seems rougher in appearance. However, it is not second to lavender in terms of availability – the whole celosia plant is used medicinally and its tender shoot is also a tasty edible wild vegetable. Despite given too much blame or too much praise, Cantharides, considered as one of toxic herbs, is long been a controversial Chinese herbs. Cantharis tends to inhabit and feed in groups. Viewed as an insect pest, it is hatched in spring and feeds on leaves, buds, and flowers of cash crops like soybean, peanut, eggplant, and cotton, etc. This unlovely little creature, however, is also one of valuable Chinese medicine in the eyes of TCM practitioners. Ginger is propagated through rhizomes. Breeding work is difficult because of sterility. So only local cultivars are in vogue, and most major ginger-growing regions have cultivars specially suited to that region. These local cultivars are all selected, domesticated, and planted for a long time under local natural conditions they generally have adaptability, higher yield, better quality, and unique use value. The local types are mainly named after place names, color of the rhizome or bud, or... The preceding discussion demonstrates that plant-parasitic nematodes cannot be considered in isolation from other components of the soil biological community. Their root-feeding habit brings them into contact with a vast number of root and rhizosphere-associated microorganisms and they also interact with numerous organisms in the detritus food web (Fig. 1.1). Additionally, the activities of plant-parasitic nematodes and other soil organisms are influenced, directly and indirectly, by various... It is important to mention first that the ingredients of Bi Yan Pian, a popular over-the-counter herbal medicine for rhinitis, may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. This name literally means “Nose Inflammation Pills” in Chinese. Just its name suggested, it is formulated mainly for relieving runny nose and nasal or sinus congestion no matter it is caused by common cold or flu, allergies, sinusitis, or rhinitis. And it is usually available in 120 Tablets per box, sometimes sugar-coated. Women tend to be prone to deficiency of blood and qi because of their different reproductive system structure and physiological functions – menses, pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. These factors could easily cause woman to age prematurely, or even diseases due to malnutrition of the body’s organs. Thankfully, TCM herbalists have come up with one of famed herbal remedies for women long ago – Ba Zhen Tang or Wan. In the world of medicinal herbs, there is simply nothing like aconite, which is also known as Monkshood or Fu Zi. On the one hand it is so poisonous that improper use can cause human respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrest, and even death; on the other hand it is so indispensable medicinally that numerous herbalists, from medical sage Zhang Zhongjing to modern TCM masters, believes that it can even resurrect the dead. Sulfur powder, also known as Liu Huang, is one of mineral drugs that are traditionally used in dermatology because of its excellent insecticidal, fungicidal properties. And sulfur soap, as its name implied, is made of this mineral. This kind of sulphurous soap is often used to get rid of acne since it is good at removing facial oil, allaying inflammation, and killing parasite, fungi, mites, and germs. More than that, it has some preventive and adjuvant therapeutic action on a variety of skin problems, e.g. athlete’s foot, eczema, scabies, psoriasis, tinea versicolor, etc. When it comes to Chinese herbs, I am afraid that there is nothing like ramulus cinnamomi cassiae, commonly known as Gui Zhi, cinnamon twig, or cassia twig, that can have such an important place in all TCM practitioners’ mind’s eye. As a matter of fact, this herb is neither rare nor expensive. So, why did ancient physicians laud it to the skies and regarded the Gui Zhi Tang as the No. 1 formula in the world and the very source of many other subsequent formulas? Apparently the question should be answered from this herb itself. As an extremely tough weed, nut grass is very difficult to kill. Its strong root and nodule, better known as Xiang Fu in traditional Chinese medicine, is also called nut simply because it appears like a small nut although it isn’t. While nutgrass can be a nightmare to many a lawn, TCM practitioners have used its underground tuber as an important part of many herbal remedies for various conditions, in particular gynecological disorders, for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Medicinal leeches, also known as Hirudo Medicinalis or Shui Zhi in Pinyin, can be used as a Chinese herb after they are dried and processed. That’s to say, clinically this aquatic animal is commonly used for treating stroke, hypertension, blood stasis, amenorrhea, bruises and other ailments. Medical leech contains hirudin, which can delay and impede blood clotting, namely anti-clotting effect. In recent years, its preparations have been discovered with special effect on prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Also known as Magnetic Hematite or Lodestone and Magnetitum in Latin, it refers to one of common oxide minerals and iron minerals mainly found in igneous rocks. Also as a member of the Spinel family of minerals, it mainly contains iron oxide. This mineral belongs to the isometric crystal system. Crystal is octahedron and dodecahedron. Stripes can be found on the surface. Most of them are grain or block aggregates. It is opaque, brittle, odorless, tasteless, iron black, or in a dark indigo color, with black streaks and semi-metallic luster. Japanese cornelian cherry, also known as Japanese Dogwood or Shan Zhu Yu in Pinyin, is one of commonly used medicinal herbs in Traditional Chinese medicine. It has a long history of medicinal uses in the east, which can be found in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (The Holy Husbandman’s classic on roots and herbs) and there it was listed as one of medium-grade items. Being one of precious Chinese medicines, fritillaria bulbs (Chuan Bei Mu) is known for their remarkable efficacy on moistening lung to arrest cough. Actually the history of using this herb in Chinese herbal remedies can date back to The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (The Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica Classic), one of the earliest material medica classics allegedly written in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). Since ancient times, frankincense, also known as olibanum and Ru Xiang in mandarin, has come across as an aromatic resin that is holy and pretty inspiring. That is the reason why frankincense resin is frequently burned in many ritual occasions. Besides of religious reason, people living in the Mediterranean region views it as one of the best incense sticks as well as the best beauty products; Egyptians had used frankincense for mummification; Chinese use it medicinally to treat skin ulcer, regulate Qi, and promote blood circulation. Eclipta Alba, or Han Lian Cao in mandarin, is one of herbs frequently used in many beauty recipes in Ayurveda and TCM. Actually it has long been considered to be a miracle hair tonic for grey hair, hair loss, and baldness thanks to its extraordinary medicinal properties on hair regrowth. It was ever given very high recognitions by many ancient medical works, among which Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Revised Materia Medica) said its juice could promote the rapid growth of eyebrow and hair. Because the main medicinal part of this herb is the flowers, medicinally it refers to the dried buds of Buddleja officinalis Maxim., which is a tree in the family Loganiaceae. Therefore, other names of this medicine include Buddleia Flower Bud, Flos Buddlejae, Buddleja, Flos Buddleiae Officinalis, Flos Immaturus Buddlejae Officinalis, Buddleia officinalis flower bud, etc. In China it is usually harvested in spring and mainly produced in Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan. As one of highly prized and very rare native Chinese herbs, Bing Pian (Borneol Flakes) has been extensively studied and used by generations of physicians in ancient China. Modern pharmacological study showed that it has multiple direct therapeutic effects. Very often it is classified into the species of inducing resuscitation traditionally, which makes it very popular in adjuvant therapy for a variety of conditions due to the excellent transdermal delivery ability. A commonly used tonic herb in Chinese herbal treatments, Ba Ji Tian, or morinda root in English, is so popular probably because of its special relationship with kidney, an organ linking so closely to libido in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Kidney is more than just a common organ in this level and herbalists tend to believe that this important Zu-Fu is intimately related to impotence, infertility and other reproductive health matters. When you hear that name of Angelica root, the angelica archangelica, or better known as garden angelica, angelique, archangel, must be the first one that comes to you mind, mustn’t it? However, you might not know the fact that there are quite a few different species in the genus called Angelica. Likewise, many other members in this genus, such as angelica pubescens (Du Huo), Angelica Dahurica (Bai Zhi), and Angelica sinensis (dang gui), are also high-value pharmaceutical herbs.

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