Visual Mathematics : wheels and grounds

Time 2020-10-12 18:03:43

Web Name: Visual Mathematics : wheels and grounds

WebSite: http://christophe.masurel.free.fr

ID:79713

Keywords:

Mathematics,Visual,wheels,

Description:

Euler Serret curves and circle ground Generalization of sinusoidal spirals and Ribaucour curves Closed wheels and periodic grounds Tschirnhausen's cubic - Catalan's wheel Plane curves - arc length - curvature - Generalized angle Anallagmatic Spirals - Tangentoid spirals‏ Duporcq curves - Sturmian spirals‏ Intrinsically defined curves Caustics - Laguerre TSDR Orthogonal tangents transformation - Rational arc length Ortho-cycloidals - Rolling variable circles Progressive drawing of cardiod-deltoid traced by a variable circle in a nephroid and 2-hypocycloid (diameter) Half circle wheel rolling in a rectangle Two ortho-cycloidals translating inside two cycloid-envelopes Ortho-cycloidals : Nephroid/Astroid turning inside a couple of 3-epi-cycloid and deltoid Euler Serret rolling curve Tschirnhausen's cubic rolling base envelope is a TC Wheel for a cardioid ground and its axis (1983) The wheel, this old invention, can be seen as the most simple caseof a wide generalisation as shown by "Al-Tusi/Cardan rolling circles" and"Gregoire de St Vincent/torricelli Archimede spiral wheel and parabola" example.James Gregory found a transformation which gives - in simple formulaswith only one quadrature - the couple of curves that roll one on the otherso that the pole runs along a line. We give many classic and new examples. (1988) We recall the Gregory's transformation and its geometric elementary properties,the theorem of Steiner-Habich and some links with curves rolling one on the other about two fixed poles.We show that they can roll on a common ground in such a way that the poles run along two parallel lines in the plane. We explore some links between Laguerre curves of direction (COD), Minimal sufaces (MS) and conjugate perpendicular geodesics (CPG). MS are considered as analytic extensions in 3rd dimension of the two dimensional COD. We present a tangential approach to the definition of plane curves. The ponctual definition is most used because the point P(x, y) is a precise object unlike the tangential definition since the point of contact of the line with its envelope is not given. We propose the tangential definition as a natural method. We present a dual of Steiner-Habich theorem : tangential generation of curves as envelope of a line attached to a curve rolling on a line. We apply this to the study of circular tractrix, its evolute and the pedal of this evolute. This gives a simple method to generate tangentially the circle as the roulette of a plane curve (a newtonian catenary) on a line. In the years 1886-1900 E. Cesaro published in Mathesis and the Nouvelles Annales de Mathematiques several papers about a large class of curves with interesting properties. These are expansion of a special property of conics and cycloidals. Later he studied a class defined by an intrinsic equation with two parameters λ and μ and a length R as subclasses of his curves. After a short story of the Cesaro curves, we present a generalization of the cycloidals using Mc Laurin and pedal transformations. We present a transformation that links couples of orthocycloidals and curves transformed by central inversion. We apply it to astroid/nephroid and deltoid/cardioid and give a proof of an old central polar equation of the Nephroid. We present some examples of parametrized plane curves which have a computable arc length in the context of integration in finite terms, by elementary algebraic expressions and their logarithms. We examine polynomials and rational arc lengths which are an important classes of curves useful in CAGD and PH-curves. A local property of a plane curve is examined as a generalization of approximation of a curve by its tangent line or its osculating circle (the curvature) which is symetrical w.r.t. the normal. The aberrancy is a local parameter measuring the shift from this symmetry. Abel Transon in his 1841 paper write "define the aberrancy by mean of the osculating logarithmic spiral could not present any difficulty" but used conics instead of the logarihmic spiral which however gives a simpler purely geometric concept of a "deviation". We give some properties of a tangential axial transformation used by d'Ocagne and Cesaro and others : the orthogonal tangents Transformation (OTT) and present two associated transformations bisector and anti-bisector. These are simple tools to study caustics by reflection for parallele rays of light and curves of direction. We recall some properties of cycloidal curves well known for being defined as roulettes of circles of fixed radius and present a generation using using variable circles as a generalisation of traditional roulettes so to bring some different approach of these curves. We present two types of associated epi- and hypo-cycloids that have orthogonality properties and give a new point of view at classical examples. We describe how two associated cycloidal so that they can rotate inside a couple of cycloidal envelopes and stay constantly crossing with a right angle. We present a natural correlative of the inversion (transformation by reciproqual radii) in 2-dimensional euclidean space : the Transformation par Semi Droites Reciproques proposed by E. Laguerre about 1880 and givesome elementary properties. This TSDR is a tangential version of the inversion and shares with it many correlative characteristics. Two systems of coordinates in the plane are described : polar tangentialcoordinates which goes back to Euler and axial coordinates ( , ) exposed by M.d'Ocagne (1884). We give examples of tangential axial transformations. Caustics by reflection and curves of direction have, when algebraic as shown by E.Laguerre and G.Humbert, a rational arc length. Examples of low order caustics are drawn with help of geometric definition ofcatacaustics. For conics the caustic is in general of order 6. We present links with classes of curves of direction studied by Cesaro, Balitrand and Goormaghtigh in NAM between 1885 and 1920. We present some properties of the Duporcq curves and Sturmian spirals from the point of view of Gregory's transformation. These two classes of plane curves are relatedto the conics and present interesting associated particularities. We use eccentricity e of conics as the parameter of form for the two classes (Duporcq and Sturm). Cesaro defined plane curves by its intrinsic equation : a relation between the radius of curvature (Rc) and the arc length s counted from a fixed point on the curve. We give some examples. The curvature function (s) = 1/Rc defines a unique curve in the plane. We also recall some conditions, when curvature has period T, for the closure of the resulting curve. James Gregory in his book "Geometria pars universalis -1668" presented a general transformation in the plane which associates a curve inpolar coordinates ( , ) to a curve in cartesian orthonormal coordinates(x,y). We examine geometric properties of these corresponding couplesof plane curves and use the terms ground (x,y) and wheel ( , ) to namethe couple of associated objects defined by Gregory's transformation. We use the Gregory's transformation to study a problem from Euler:to find algebraic curves with the same arc length as the circle. Serret,in the middle of 19th century found, using an algebraic calculation, aninfinite serie of algebraic curves. Gregory's formulas give a solution and ageometric interpretation of the results of Euler and Serret. This could beused to find curves with same arc length as the ellipse or the lemniscate. We use two transformations Mc Laurin and pedal to define classes ofplane curves that generalise the sinusoidal spirals. Since these spirals arewheels for the curves of Ribaucour, the properties of the couple wheelground associated by the Gregory's transformation in polar coordinatesand in cartesian orthonormal coordinates give a simple generalisation.The common parameter of all curves is the angle V=(ray-tangent) or amultiple of this angle. We present some properties of the Tschirnhausen's Cubic relatedto the couples ground-wheel and gregory's transformation. The property of Cardan-Al Tusi is the generic example of a couplewheel-ground as defined by the Gregory's Transformation. We study somecharacteristics of the couple wheel-ground for which the wheel and thecorresponding ground are closed or periodic curves. We explore someexamples to illustrate the topic just a glance through the subject. We use theorems on roulettes and Gregory's transformation to studyCatalan's curve in the class C2 (n; p) with angle V = /2 - 2u and curvesrelated to the circle and the catenary. Catalan's curve is defined in a 1856paper of E. Catalan "Note sur la theorie des roulettes" and gives examplesof couples of curves wheel and ground. By analogy with sinusoidal spirals and Ribaucour curves defined with trigonometric functions we use Mc Laurin and pedal transformations to study classes of plane curves : tangentoid and anallagmatic spirals defined with hyperbolic functions and gudermanian. We examine the grounds associated to these curves as wheels by the Gregory s transformation and orthogonal trajectories and describe some special families of curves depending of two integer indexes. With help of Gregory's Transformation and two plane isometries : translations and rotations we examine the orthogonal trajectories of curves with parameters xo and o and give some properties of families of curves associated by the GT. By analogy with the families of sinusoidal spirals and Ribaucour curves we present families of curves depending of Mc Laurin index n.

TAGS:Mathematics Visual wheels 

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