Stealthcopter

Time 2020-09-11 02:03:07

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Third Person Viewer: OTA 2016 Best VR / Game EntryAuthor: matOn: Dec 08Categories: Android, video, VR 3 CommentsI recently got a pixel and daydream and I had a good idea for a VR app / game that I wanted to create for the The last Over the Air Hackathon. However I am pretty terrible at naming things. Hence third person viewer . The concept is quite simple: take two phones and use one of them to transmit video to the other. Wearing the receiving phone in a VR headset this gives the user an out of body experience that is both fun and disorientating. A better explanation and demonstration can be seen in Christian Payne s video below:Watching @enraged have an out of body experience with @StealthCopter s perception shifting headset. #ota16 #nsfw pic.twitter.com/hdp623FDqv Christian Payne (@Documentally) November 26, 2016Here is me failing to walk up a hill in 3rd person (thanks to @enraged):How it worksThe app is split into two parts, one running the video server and the other running the VR.Video server started on one phoneI used a handy spiderpod mount to place it in a far corner of a roomSee yourself in 3rd person, trippy Source CodeThe code for this app is available on github here. Please note the code is terrible and needs tidying up, so use at your own peril. There were a lot of limitations with regards video transfer, due to the fact low latency was essential to prevent you from throwing up. In the end a jpeg stream is sent over a socket as video encoding produces an unacceptable delay. If you know of any better way of doing this, I d love to hear from you!PrizesThank you to Samsung for donating a Gear VR headset for winning this category, and No Starch Media for a book on Game Art Read More The last Over the Air HackathonAuthor: matOn: Nov 27Categories: Android, VR 1 CommentThis year was the last Over the Air hackathon. It was the first hackathon I ever participated back when it was at the famous Bletchley Park. This is where I developed my love for drink copious amounts of caffeine and staying up late all night coding for a presentation which would almost certainly not go to plan! It has helped improve my confidence and build friendships and I will very much miss OTA and will be looking for similar events in the future.There were lots of interesting talks again this year and even more interesting conversations and ideas. Particually interesting were some about the future of VR and AR. I look forward to keeping in contact with everyone and to see what comes from all of this Total winsThis is my final score table for OTA.2016 Best VR / Game Entry For Third Person Viewer2013 Best Android Entry For a Steganography based app (hiding data inside images)2012 Best Android Entry as Team Intohand for a live cross platform quiz application Read More Android Network Tools Open Source LibraryAuthor: matOn: Dec 13Categories: Android 1 CommentFollowing my work on Portdroid (Network analysis android app), I decided to release some of the code I used to write it as an open source library on github. All contributions and suggestions are welcome!The library offers a few very simple to use interfaces which encapsulate common networking operations that are more difficult that needed on android. Below are a couple examples, see the readme for more indepth examples, and the sample app for implementations.Pinging // Synchronously PingResult pingResult = Ping.onAddress("192.168.0.1").setTimeOutMillis(1000).doPing(); // Asynchronously Ping.onAddress("192.168.0.1").setTimeOutMillis(1000).setTimes(5).doPing(new Ping.PingListener() { @Override public void onResult(PingResult pingResult) {Port Scanning // Synchronously ArrayList openPorts = PortScan.onAddress("192.168.0.1").setPort(21).doScan(); // Asynchronously PortScan.onAddress("192.168.0.1").setTimeOutMillis(1000).setPortsAll().doScan(new PortScan.PortListener() { @Override public void onResult(int portNo, boolean open) { if (open) // Stub: found open port @Override public void onFinished(ArrayList openPorts) { // Stub: finished scanning Read More Nexus 7: A hackers toolkit. Part 3 WEP cracking and MAC SpoofingAuthor: matOn: Apr 10Categories: Android, cryptography No CommentsINTRODUCTIONIn the previous posts we looked at how to use a modified Nexus 7 to gain access to a WPA secured network by cracking the WPA handshake or by exploiting WPS. Now it is somewhat of a rarity to see WEP networks in existence these days, however for the sake of completeness this guide will look at how we can attack these networks. We will also look at how we can bypass MAC filtering.TL:DR Never use WEPDisclaimer: the author and contributors to this document will accept no responsibility for the consequences of the actions of individuals concerning wireless networks. Penetration testing networks other than your own may be illegal in your country. It is your sole responsibility to act in compliance with all relevant legislation and regulations.BACKGROUNDWired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a RC4 stream cipher, which means a key is used to seed a pseudo-random keystream which is used for encoding (similar to a one-time pad). Because the keystream is not truly random it means the same key cannot be used twice to seed. Otherwise the key can be calculated by gathering enough data.To combat this shortfall an Initialisation Vector (IV) is transmitted from the router to the client to add to the key so that it is not a constant value. The IV makes up 24 bits of the seed with the key making up the rest (either 36 bits or 100 bits depending on if we are using 64 bit or 128 bit WEP). Unfortunately 24 bits is not enough randomness for a busy network and there is still a 50% probability of a duplicate key after 5000 packets.Because the first few bytes of a header of a packet are known or predictable (similar to how enigma was cracked) then it is possible to work out the key once we capture enough packets. Using the IV’s we can guess each letter of the key sequentially rather than having to bruteforce the complete key (see here.DEMONSTRATION WEP ATTACKThis assumes we’ve got a device setup as discussed in the previous article. Now let’s have a go at this on our demo network:Enable monitor mode on the wifi interfaceIdentify the network we are looking to attackStart listening and capturing ivsDeauthenticate connected clients to increase capture rateFor a complete guide to running these attacks please refer to the aircrack-ng simple wep cracking guide. For simplicity I will be using the wifite python script. This script handles all of the steps described above without us needing to remember all of the commands, and if you are interested in what is doing in each step you can view the source.Enable monitor mode on the interfaceFind the network to target.Attack the target using wifite (automatically recommended) or via aircrack-ngNow we have the WEP key in plaintext and can use it to connect to the network or decrypt network traffic.MAC SPOOFINGFor added security a router can add MAC filtering which only allows devices with set MAC addresses access even once the password is known.However it is pretty trivial to change the MAC address of our wireless interface and access the network as an imposter. This involves listening to a network to find the MAC address of a connected client and then setting their MAC address as our own.Find client to impersonateDisable monitor mode on the wireless interfaceChange MAC address of the interfaceProfit First we need to find a client to impersonate. We do this by using airodump-ng to monitor (assuming monitor mode is already enabled, see above for this step).airodump-ng -i mon0 -c 5 -b 3C:81:D8:95:6B:ECWhere mon0 is our monitoring interface, 5 is the channel to lock to (optional), 3C:81:D8:95:6B:EC is the MAC address of our target router (optional).Here we see that a client (AC:7B:A1:5B:CF:11) is connected to our target network (3C:81:D8:95:6B:EC).airmon-ng stop wlan1where wlan1 is the wireless interface to stop monitoring onWe can use ifconfig to list information about all the interfaces we have available. This will show us what our current mac address is.ifconfig -amacchanger -m AC:7B:A1:5B:CF:11 wlan1Where AC:7B:A1:5B:CF:11 is the MAC address we want to change to, and wlan1 is the wireless interface we wish to change the MAC address of.Now when we run ifconfig again we will see that the MAC address has changedifconfig -aAnd voila! Your interface is now an imposter. Trying to connect to a MAC filtered network is not an issue as you have an approved MAC address.This handy trick can be used to bypass time restrictions that some routers use to restrict internet usage to 30 mins or so before trying to make you pay. Change the MAC address, you appear as a new user.SUMMARYWe have shown how trivial it is to crack WEP keys and gain unauthorised access to a wireless network and how to bypass a MAC address filter if one is in place. Read More Nexus 7: A hackers toolkit. Part 2 WPS hackingAuthor: matOn: Mar 31Categories: Android, cryptography 1 CommentINTRODUCTIONIn the last post we looked at how to obtain WPA handshakes and how to crack them in order to obtain the password using a modified Nexus 7. Now we will look at a simpler way to get the password by exploiting a vulnerability found in many routers.TL:DR disable WPS on your home router!Disclaimer: the author and contributors to this document will accept no responsibility for the consequences of the actions of individuals concerning wireless networks. Penetration testing networks other than your own may be illegal in your country, it is your sole responsibility to act in compliance with all relevant legislation and regulations.BACKGROUNDWifi Protected Setup (WPS) is used to simplify setting up wifi networks by bypassing the need to know a complicated password. There are two main types of WPS; 1. Push button Where a button is pressed on the router and the client device 2. Pin Using an 8 digit number to bypass needing a complex password. Both WPS types can be seen in the images below:We will be exploiting the pin method of WPS. Once you know the correct 8 digit pin the router will spit out the password in plain text.So you’d think that with an 8 digit pin there would be 10^8 combinations, which would take a while to brute force as most routers can typically handle 1 guess every 10 seconds. However there are a few pitfalls with the implementation.Our first win is that the last digit of the 8 digit number is a checksum of the previous 7 numbers. So that’s only 10^7 combinations… still a lot.The second pitfall of the implementation is that the 8 digit pin is checked in two halfs, so you will be told when the first half is correct and then if it is, it will go on to check the second half.So this means that you have 10,000 combinations for the first half, and then just 1000 combinations for the last half. This means you can brute force the combination in less than 11,000 attempts.DEMONSTRATION ATTACKThis assumes we’ve got a device setup as discussed in the previous article. Now let’s have a go at this on our demo network:Enable monitor mode on the wifi interfaceIdentify the network we are looking to attackRun a wps attack against this network (Reaver or Bully)Monitor mode allows us to listen to the raw packets coming into the wireless interface. We can start or stop monitor mode using airmon-ng.airmon-ng start wlan1where wlan1 is the interface we want to start monitor mode on.Using aerodump-ng we can see the wireless network in range and some information about them.airodump-ng -i mon0Where mon0 is our newly created monitoring interface. There are lots of switches for airodump -c 1 for instance would lock the channel to 1 (see help for more airodump-ng help).Here we can see the ‘Intohand_Demo’ network we are looking for. Now we can use this information to start guessing WPS pins.reaver -i mon0 -b 3c:81:d8:95:6b:ec -vvwhere mon0 is the monitor mode interface to our wireless device, 3c:81:d8:95:6b:ec isthe MAC address of the router we are attacking, and -vv instructs reaver to be very verbose.This will churn through all the possibilities (starting with a few common ones then sequentially). When we get the first 4 digits of the pin incorrect we only see messages 1 to 4, when this changes to get 5 and above the first 4 digits are correct.When the pin is guessed correctly, the router will spit out the password in plaintext. Too easy right?!Once the pin is known, if the user changes the password we can simply run reaver again, this time already knowing the correct pin and the new password will be revealed to us.reaver -i mon0 -b 3c:81:d8:95:6b:ec -vv -p 27319734Where 27319734 is the WPS pin to try.MITIGATIONNewer routers have a WPS lock out mode when they detect brute forcing attempt, which block WPS attempts for 5 mins to 1 day (Depending on model). This makes the bruteforcing take days to weeks rather than hours. Sometimes this lockout is MAC specific so it is possible to bypass this by changing mac address of our wireless interface. It can also be possible to force the router to restart by using a DOS style attack using MDK, however I’ve not had much success using this tool.Some routers have attempted to bypass this method of brute forcing by using invalid pins. I.E Where the checksum is invalid. This increases the keyspace from 11,000 to 100,000. This dramatically increases the time it will take to crack a WPS pin, but does not prevent it entirely.The best defence against WPS attacks is simply to disable WPS on your router.BONUS ROUNDIt can still take a long time to crack a WPS pin, but thankfully some router manufacturers have made it easier for us. TalkTalk, a UK ISP, are a super cheap broadband provider and also it seems they have a flaw in the way the WPS pins are created.On many routers the default ESSID (network name) has a string of randomly generated characters at the end, to avoid multiple networks with the same name. But this seemingly random string is actually the last 6 characters of the MAC address of the router. And now the security flaw: The WPS pin is calculated from the last part of this MAC address.Extract partial MAC address from ESSIDConvert to decimal limit to 7 digitsCalculate checksum (for last digit) append to endProfit!And here is a python script that can do that for you!Example:$ python talktalk_wps_pin_calc.pyEssid: TALKTALK-33A3C0WPS Pin: 33842561SUMMARYWe have demonstrated a devastating attack on WPS enabled networks which reveals the plaintext password in a relatively short amount of time, all using the Nexus 7. Hopefully this has convinced you to disable WPS on your home and work WiFi routers. Read More Nexus 7: A hackers toolkit. Part 1 Setup and hacking WPA networksAuthor: matOn: Mar 27Categories: Android, cryptography 6 CommentsINTRODUCTIONThis is the first of a series of posts where we will take an old Nexus 7 (2012 wifi) and convert it into a compact penetration testing toolkit. In this first article we’ll setup and install the Nexus 7 tablet and complete our first penetration test on a secure WPA network. It should make a good showcase for the flexibility and extensibility of the Android operating system.This will be done by installing custom linux chroot onto our device and taking advantage of the freely available penetration testing tools that are available. We will then perform some basic penetration testing against our demo wireless networks in order to demonstrate the importance of understanding network security.Disclaimer: the author and contributors to this document will accept no responsibility for the consequences of the actions of individuals concerning wireless networks. Penetration testing networks other than your own may be illegal in your country, it is your sole responsibility to act in compliance with all relevant legislation and regulations.DISTRIBUTIONSThere is a choice of two popular distributions, both are built on the Kali Linux distribution each with their own advantages and disadvantages, but with identical core functionality.Kali Linux NetHunter https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-nethunter-download/Supports newer version of android (4.4.4)Offers an additional toolkit with a simple graphical interface that can carry out sophisticated attacks (HID Attack, BadUSB)Pwnie Express Community Edition https://www.pwnieexpress.com/community/Easier shortcuts to commonly used command line toolsDISCLAIMERUnlocking the bootloader will wipe all your data. So ensure your data is backed up before you start!Although this process is reversible it can void your warrantyHARDWAREFirst you will need a compatible device. This will depend on which distro you decide to go with.For Pwnie Express (https://www.pwnieexpress.com/community/ )Nexus 7Nexus 5For Kali Linux NetHunter (https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-nethunter-download/ https://www.kali.org/kali-linux-nethunter/)Nexus 10Nexus 7Nexus 5OnePlus OneUSB OTG Y-cable You can use just a standard OTG cable however using a Y-cable allows us to charge the device at the same time as using a usb peripheral. Note that while the device will charge and the battery percent will increase the charging indicator may not show.USB ethernet adapter This allows us to connect the android device to a network via ethernet. I have had mixed success in using this as sometimes the device doesn’t seem to want to register on the network.USB wifi adapter It is important to select a wifi adapter that supports monitor mode. The TP­Link TL­WN722N is recommended.Using a small amount of velcro tape we can attach the wifi and ethernet adapter to the back of the device which makes it easier to move around without accidentally unplugging them.INSTALLATIONTo install NetHunter or Pwnie Express you must first unlock the bootloader and root the device. This is explained in the respective guides, but is very similar to flashing custom roms (such as cyanogen) onto a device.NetHunterDownload the correct image for your device https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-nethunter-download/ Follow this guide to install http://www.nethunter.com/prepare/Pwnie ExpressEnsure your device is running android 4.2.2, otherwise this will not work! Please downgrade to this version before continuing. You can find the factory images for Nexus devices here https://developers.google.com/android/nexus/imagesDownload the correct image for your device and follow the installation guide here https://www.pwnieexpress.com/community/PENETRATION TESTING TOOLSNow we have our device set up it’s time to get to the good stuff! Below is a condensed list of some of the tools available to us:Aircrack-ng a collection of wifi hacking toolsairodump-ng Sniffing toolaircrack-ng Cracking tool (WEP/WPA2)airmon-ng enabled/disables monitor mode of wireless devices connectedbesside-ng useful script for capturing WPA handshakes however I’ve not had success getting it working on my Nexus 7.many more tools in this package, see http://www.aircrack-ng.org/ for details.Dsniff Script that watches an interface and scans for passwords and other sensitive stringsEvilAP Script that creates an access point and allows clients to connect to it in order to perform man-in-the-middle attacks between the client.Kismet Sniffing tool similar to airodumpMAC Changer changes the mac address of interfacesNmap Powerful port scanner and OS-fingerprinting toolTshark command line version of wireshark for packet capture and analysisStrings Watch Script that watches an interface and scans for stringsWifite Python script that automates wireless attacksUbertooth bluetooth sniffing toolNote that as we are running kali linux distro we can download more packages via the package manager (apt), but I have had mixed success with this.WI-FI NETWORKSOften we assume that our private wifi networks are secure just because they use a password and as a result sensitive information may be readily available to anyone able to connect/listen to the network. Let’s have a quick look at the wifi tools we can use to defeat basic wireless security.There are two common types of security employed on wireless networks: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WEP has several flaws in it’s implementation and was not intended to be robust to attack, fortunately this has meant that it’s popularity has decreased significantly in recent years and now it is somewhat of a rarity to see WEP networks.WPA is much more secure and only really vulnerable to dictionary attacks. These dictionary attacks can be performed offline by capturing the 4 way handshake as a client connects to the router.DEMONSTRATION: ATTACKING WPA NETWORKSTo capture a handshake we need to do the followingPut the wireless interface into monitor mode (so it can sniff networks)Select a network to attackSniff the network until a handshake is sent (sent each time a client connects)Optional: Deauthenticate clients so they must reconnect (and thus send another handshake). This massively speeds up the capture.Thankfully the wifite script will perform all of these steps for us, which is great considering typing on the Nexus 7 can be time consuming.Now we have the handshake but brute forcing a password is somewhat beyond the power of our little Nexus 7’s hardware (although we could use a small dictionary). However there exist dedicated and distributed hardware / services that can do this for you we just need to upload the handshake to a website. We look at a couple below:http://wpa-sec.stanev.org/ (Free) This is a distributed network of volunteers running a cracking service for free in the interest of promoting better security. You upload the handshake files and it will be tested against several dictionaries. The statistics page shows that about 15.5% of submitted networks are successfully cracked.https://gpuhash.me (Paid) This is a cracking service that charges bitcoins for attempting to crack a handshake. If you know the keyspace used by the key (say a default router password) then this can be very cost effective. For example Sky Routers use an 8 uppercase letters (A-Z), this costs 0.25BTC (current valued at about £40). However if the password has changed from the default then the cracking will be unsuccessful, however many users don’t change their password from the default. Helpfully they show the success rate of each dictionary in the FAQ section on the site.https://www.cloudcracker.com (Paid) Another cracking site that accepts credit card payments and offers numerous dictionaries.By uploading this handshake file to wpa-sec.stanev.org the password to our network is cracked in minutes. Turns out the password to our wifi network was password1 SUMMARYWe’ve dusted off a rather old device going unused and turned it into a very powerful security auditing tool and demonstrated how to capture a WPA handshake in order to brute force the password. Pretty neat.In the next post we ll look at exploiting Wifi Protected Setup (WPS) as a quicker and potentially cheaper method of gaining access to WPA protected networks. Read More Creating and animating a 3d model by scanning a real world object with a smartphoneAuthor: matOn: Feb 09Categories: misc No CommentsAt Droidcon a couple years back I had a go sitting in a chair while a camera was rotated around me to create a 3d model of myself. The company said they would give everyone a link to download the 3d models following the event, but disappointingly they never did, and they just ignored my attempts to contact them. This left me wanting a way to create a 3d model of myself myself.I found an app called 123D Catch . It s avaliable for Android, iOS and a windows application via Autodesk s websiteThe most interesting object I could find in the house to scan was a Unicorn candle I made for my partner.Unicorn candle that I made for my partnerIt s pretty simple to use, you take photos from several angles around the object (the app keeps track using the gyro) and then you select all the good images (delete blurred photos etc) and upload them. Note that the upload process can take a while as you are uploading 30-50 photos, and on top of that the server takes quite a while to create a 3d model out of all your images.Downloading the object and importingYou can download the 3d model from Autodesk s website. Choose .obj and download the object mesh. I then followed this quick youtube tutorial on how to tidy up the model by deleting all the surroundings. The model had a very large number of vertexes (which can take up a lot of memory)Vertexes before tidying up: ~700,000Vertexes after tidying up: ~120,000Screenshot of object in blenderIf there is any interest I will make the .obj and .blend available for download.Blender wiki was invaluable, as it s seemingly impossible to remember the keyboard shortcuts.Animating and ExportingI wanted to use blender to make a simple video rotating the camera around the object. Following this stackoverflow post it was quite simple.Finished ResultNext stepCreating a model of myself!!! Read More

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