European Medical Alliance

Time 2020-10-19 11:03:10

Web Name: European Medical Alliance

WebSite: http://www.europeanmedical.info

ID:87101

Keywords:

European,Medical,Alliance,

Description:

Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:32:46 |Cognitive Therapy6 comments One of the earliest criticisms of Jung's work is that it is anti-scientific in its intentions as well as its content. This accusation surfaced as early as Jung's break with Freud in 1913. Jung's view of the functions of symbolism in dreams led to his isolation from the mainstream psychiatric community. As he put it, all my friends and acquaintances dropped away. My book was declared to be rubbish I was a mystic, and that settled the matter. The insecure position of the social sciences in the... Tue, 13 Oct 2020 21:05:45 |Abdominal Pain6 comments Ileal atresia is an important cause for low intestinal obstruction. It represents approximately 50 of small bowel atresias and the etiology is similar to that of jejunal atresia. As jejunal atresias, they are believed to result from an intrauterine vascular injury. Approximately 25 have a history of polyhydramnios Sweeney et al. 2001 . Plain film shows numerous dilated loops of bowel occupying the entire abdominal cavity, including the pelvic portion, and multiple air-fluid levels in upright... Mon, 05 Oct 2020 06:35:49 |Psychology Basics87 comments Psychologists study animals for a variety of reasons. Sometimes they study the behavior of a particular animal in order to solve a specific problem. They may study dogs, for example, to learn how best to train them as watchdogs, chickens to learn how to prevent them from fighting one another in henhouses, and wildlife to learn how to regulate populations in parks, refuges, or urban areas. These are all examples of what is called applied research. Most psychologists, though, are more interested... Sat, 03 Oct 2020 17:02:26 |Haemolytic Anaemia12 comments Factors that affect the equilibrium constant include pH, ionic strength and temperature. Most antibodies are not affected by changes in pH within the range 5.5-8.5. However, this is not true for all antibodies, and, in order to make one day's work similar to the next, routine serology should be carried out with saline buffered to pH 7.07.4. Below pH 4 and above pH 9, antigen-antibody complexes are largely dissociated and the antibody can be recovered in the supernatant. This is the basis of... Thu, 01 Oct 2020 11:25:40 |Plant Mitochondria36 comments After germinating, oil-containing seeds metabolize stored triacylglycerols by converting lipids to sucrose. Plants are not able to transport fats from the endosperm to the root and shoot tissues of the germinating seedling, so they must convert stored lipids to a more mobile form of carbon, generally sucrose. This process involves several steps that are located in different cellular compartments oleosomes, gly-oxysomes, mitochondria, and cytosol. Overview Lipids to sucrose. The conversion of... Thu, 01 Oct 2020 05:16:33 |Pharmacology1 comment So far we have focused our attention on the time course of drug effect. While the study of these effects can be helpful in understanding the mechanism of drug action and factors affecting efficacy and potency, it usually does not provide information on how drug exposure influences therapeutic response. Clinical response can be defined as the effect of drug treatment on the clinical endpoint of how the patient feels, functions, or survives. Some clinical responses can be described by composite... This chapter has explored the impact skin disease has on couples and how attachment styles can influence the process of adjustment. It is evident that altered appearance, difficulties in communication, shifts in social networks and decreased sexual intimacy are triggers for acute and chronic stress that can threaten relationship functioning. Despite the aforementioned difficulties, the process of adjustment also provides couples with opportunities to discover untapped potential in their... Tue, 29 Sep 2020 19:49:38 |Infertility1 comment Mohammed Al-Sunaidi and Togas Tulandi Introduction Due to widespread availability of assisted reproductive technologies, the need for reproductive surgery in infertile women has declined in recent decades. However, surgery still has a place in the management of infertile women. For example, young women with pelvic adhesions or blocked fallopian tubes that impair their fertility may benefit from early surgical intervention. On the other hand, women over the age of 35 with a long history of... Tue, 29 Sep 2020 19:03:57 |Psychiatric8 comments As we stated above, the goals of PsyR represent the objectives of PsyR services. These are what all PsyR services strive to achieve for their clients. In that sense, goals are guidelines for service and go hand in hand with PsyR values. The combination of goals and values helps determine the guiding principles. Our review of several efforts to identify these ideas Anthony et al., 2002 Anthony amp Nemec, 1983 Cnaan, Blankertz, Messinger, amp Gardner, 1988, 1989, 1990 International Association of... From its earliest beginnings, psychiatric rehabilitation has sought, usually by trial and error, to develop effective services for persons with severe mental illness. This process has led to the existence of a large number of essentially idiosyncratic services, some of which are effective and some not. The adoption of an evidence-based practice approach is addressing this problem. The EBP process employs controlled clinical trials to identify effective services and define the critical elements... Peripheral sensory and sympathetic postganglionic nerves also regenerate in healing wounds and play a significant role in the formation of granulation tissue FIGURE 2.4 Comparison of collagen organization in normal uninjured dermal architecture (a) vs collagen organization in dermal scar tissue (b). The collagen of the uninjured dermis has a reticular (basket-weave) organization, whereas the collagen in a repaired dermis is cross-linked into thick bundles parallel to the wound surface.... Sun, 27 Sep 2020 16:11:29 |Drug Delivery21 comments The oral cavity is the point of entry for oral drug formulations but usually their contact with the oral mucosa is brief. In order to take advantage of some of the properties of the oral mucosa or to locally treat the mucosa, delivery systems have been designed to prolong residence in this area. The total surface area available for drug absorption is quite limited, being only approximately 100 cm2. Absorption of drugs through the buccal mucosa was first described by Sobrero in 1847 who noted... Sun, 27 Sep 2020 16:11:29 |Posttraumatic Stress4 comments As was mentioned earlier, what lies at the root of brain alterations in PTSD are alterations in neurochemicals such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and neuro-peptides. These alterations ultimately lead to changes at the synaptic level, which lead to changes in circuitry and connectivity and the way different brain areas interact with and influence each other. These neural changes occur within the larger behavioral and neurobiological context of the stress response and the fear response and its... Sun, 27 Sep 2020 16:11:29 |Fracture Treatment7 comments Type I The whole epiphysis is separated Type 2 The epiphysis is displaced, carrying with it a small, triangular metaphyseal fragment the commonest injury . Type 3 Separation of part of the epiphysis. Type 4 Separation of part of the epiphysis, with a metaphyseal fragment. Type 5 Crashing of part or all of the epiphysis. 78. Type 1 injuries a The epiphysis is separated from the shall without any accompanying fracture. I'llis may follow trauma in childhood illustrated is a traumatic displacement... Wed, 23 Sep 2020 15:16:51 |Pharmaceutical Industry1 comment Having a set of procedures written down and in place is only the very first small step down the road to a Total Quality organisation. The key to going further along this road, is to recognise that all procedures and processes can be continuously improved. The activity of continuous improvement requires the involvement of all staff, at whatever level in the organisation. In this activity nobody is exempt, least of all the Manager, who must lead by example B-32 . Three key groups of people who... Wed, 23 Sep 2020 13:43:30 |Fracture Treatment104 comments Cancellous bone spongy bone Healing in cancellous bone is generally well advanced 6 weeks from he time of the injury, and protection of the fracture can almost invariably be abandoned by that time. This applies to fractures of bones which are composed principally of cancellous issue, and also to fractures involving the cancellous bone to be found at the ends of long bones. This rule is illustrated in the following examples 1. Weight bearing after a fracture of the calcaneus may be permitted... Wed, 23 Sep 2020 12:15:00 |Smooth Muscle43 comments - The reabsorption or secretion rate is the difference between the amount filtered across the glomerular capillaries and the amount excreted in urine. It is calculated with the following equations Filtered load GFR x plasma Excretion rate V x urine Reabsorption rate Filtered load - Excretion rate Secretion rate Excretion rate - Filtered load - If the filtered load is greater than the excretion rate, then net reabsorption of the substance has occurred. If the filtered load is less than the... Many vascular anomalies, such as varices, lymphangiomas and cavernous haemangiomas, are probably present from birth but may only become manifest in early adulthood. Capillary haemangiomas occur in 1-2 of infants and are more common in females and children of low birth weight most appear soon after birth, can enlarge dramatically and then undergo a spontaneous involution - with 75 resolving within five years. Involvement is usually unilateral and the intradermal eyelid lesions are bright red and... Sun, 13 Sep 2020 15:59:27 |Flexion Abduction 1 comment In addition to the exercises carried out with one body part in one direction the scapula moving into anterior elevation and in both directions the scapula moving back and forth between anterior elevation and posterior depression , both scapulae or the scapula and pelvis can be exercised simultaneously. Any combination of scapular and pelvic patterns may be used, depending on the goal of the treatment and the abilities of the patient. Here we describe and illustrate two combinations. Use the... Thu, 10 Sep 2020 03:51:00 |Facial Plastic Surgery7 comments Autogenous bone is needed for the reconstruction of defects or to correct cosmetic deformities. Along with the tibia, fibula, scapula, and ribs, the iliac crest is among the most common donor sites for autogenous bone. It can furnish extremely large grafts, which are usually taken in the form of compound or composite flaps that include soft-tissue elements see Fig. 14.2 . Indications Cancellous bone chips are used as filling material for mandibular reconstructions and bone cysts, and composite... Due to the pioneering work of many ophthalmologists, including Gonin, Lincoff, and others, the basic pathophysiology of rhegma-togenous retinal detachment has been established. A retinal tear is caused by a vitreous detachment and traction on the retinal tear, and peripheral retina is responsible for fluid currents, which go through the break and detach the retina. More fundamental questions remain to be answered and will have important implications for our ability to detect, prevent, and treat... Mon, 07 Sep 2020 10:01:15 |Psychology Basics14 comments Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) devised a useful though controversial hierarchy of needs required to satisfy human potential. These needs proceed from low-level physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, sex, and comfort, through such other needs as safety, love, and esteem, finally reaching the highest level, self-actualization. According to Maslow, human beings progress sequentially through this hierarchy as they develop. Each category of needs proceeds from the preceding category, and no... Sat, 05 Sep 2020 19:04:02 |Public Health1 comment The dimensions of public health The tropical environment Modern public health The ecological approach to public health Key public health functions References and further reading When this textbook was first published in 1973, it was designed to fill a gap in the medical literature. It directed attention to the special problems of disease prevention in the tropics and it emphasized major health problems peculiar to the tropics with particular reference to parasitic infections and other... Sat, 05 Sep 2020 03:30:24 |Psychology Basics23 comments A sociocultural model of abnormality emphasizes the social and cultural context, going so far as to suggest that abnormality is a direct function of society's criteria and definitions for appropriate behavior. In this model, abnormality is social, not medical or psychological. For example, early Greeks revered people who heard voices that no one else heard because they interpreted this phenomenon as evidence of divine prophecy. In the Middle Ages, people tortured or killed people who heard... Fri, 04 Sep 2020 13:39:25 |Emission Tomography1 comment Viruses are a natural delivery system for delivering their deoxyribonucleic acid DNA or ribonucleic acid RNA to the host cell. For their own survival they must deliver their DNA or RNA materials, which must be copied successfully within the host cell. Using this delivery system, vector virology has been used to construct several efficient vectors for gene therapy trials. Detailed studies of the viral genome have helped scientists to eliminate disease-causing viral genes before using their... Fri, 04 Sep 2020 13:39:25 |Leaf Primordia4 comments In both the root and shoot meristem, a small number of stem cells are the ultimate source of any particular tissue, and most of the cells in a given tissue are clonal, having arisen 2. The binding of the CLV3 multimer to the extracellular domain of the CLV1 CLV2 heterodimer induces autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of CLV1. 3. Phosphorylated CLV1 binds to the downstream effector molecules kinase-associated protein phosphatase KAPP and rho-GTPase ROP . 1. WUS gene expression promotes... Fri, 04 Sep 2020 13:39:25 |Dielectric Properties3 comments When a force is applied to a viscous fluid, it will start to deform and this deformation is proportional with the magnitude of force applied. It deforms continuously until the force is removed so that it cannot return to its original position. Viscous fluids generally exhibit viscosity while solids exhibit elasticity. Some foods show both viscous and elastic properties which are known as viscoelastic materials. The typical food example for viscoelastic fluids is wheat flour dough. Dairy cream,... Fri, 04 Sep 2020 13:39:25 |Haemolytic Anaemia2 comments The red cell membrane is composed of about 40 w w lipids and up to 10 carbohydrates, the remainder being proteins. The exact arrangement of its components is still unresolved, but a rough model is shown in Figure 14.1. The lipids of the red cell membrane can be subdivided into 60 w w phospholipids, 30 w w neutral lipids mainly cholesterol and 10 w w glycolipids. The phospholipids and glycolipids play a role in the structure of the membrane and are thought to be important in the maintenance of... The human retina shows considerable age-related structural changes, particularly in its peripheral zones, although the macula and its fovea centralis are not spared. The aged retinal periphery is thinner (10-30 mm), containing a lesser number of rods and other nerve cell types. The aging-related loss of rods appears to be a slow process, beginning in the third and fourth decade, and may be related to accumulated damage due to physiological exposure to light (8-10). With aging rods, outer... Fri, 04 Sep 2020 13:39:25 |Pharmacology3 comments Impaired renal function is associated with important changes in the binding of some drugs to plasma proteins. In some cases the tissue binding of drugs is also affected. albumin binding sites by organic molecules that accumulate in uremia. As described in Chapter 3, reductions in the protein binding of acidic drugs result in increases in their distribution volume. In addition, the elimination clearance of restrictively eliminated drugs is increased. However, protein binding changes do not... Fri, 04 Sep 2020 13:39:25 |Etiology1 comment In contrast to gestational hypertension and preeclampsia that occur in the second half of pregnancy, hypertension that is evident before 20 weeks' gestation is diagnosed as chronic hypertension. The Australasian and American classifications are consistent in their definitions of chronic hypertension, blood pressure > 140 mmHg systolic and or > 90 mmHg diastolic pre-conception or in the first half of pregnancy (Anonymous, 2000 Brown et al., 2000). Rare exceptions include hydatidiform molar... Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), in which both the donor and acceptor molecules are fluorescent proteins or chemical probes, is a very popular biochemical technique employed in a variety of applications 8 . Several FRET pairs have been well studied and allow for a range of selection in terms of fluorescence excitation-emission wavelengths. In FRET studies, there is no need for addition of substrate to generate a signal. High signal levels can be achieved by selecting suitable... Immunopathology is a scientific discipline that enables diagnostic pathologists to visualize cellular characteristics not apparent by routine histochemical stains. Immunopathologic techniques have evolved over the past twenty years and continue to evolve at a rapid pace. The scientific methods behind the process have remained largely stable, but techniques designed to enhance sensitivity and specificity are being discovered continuously. In addition, the immu-nologic probes available to... Tue, 01 Sep 2020 23:54:23 |Thyroid Cancer61 comments In the Introduction to NHS Cancer Plan, Three Year Progress Report - Maintaining the Momentum the National Cancer Director, Professor Mike Richards, said that the establishment of specialist cancer teams across the country has been one of the most important developments in recent years. These multidis-ciplinary teams bringing together surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, oncologists, palliative care specialists and other professionals are now helping to ensure that patients receive appropriate... Mon, 31 Aug 2020 22:39:45 |Posttraumatic Stress2 comments All cognitive theories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder have the following features or components in common, according to Dalgleish (1999) Individuals have pretrauma beliefs and models of the world, self, and others that come into play when a trauma occurs. Traumatic stressors provide salient and typically incompatible information relative to these beliefs and models. Such information cannot be easily ignored nor integrated or assimilated into these existing belief structures and models. The... Medications are prescribed, distributed, and consumed under the assumption that the therapeutic plan will work as intended to provide the expected outcome. It is clear from previous chapters that there are many biological system issues that will influence success of the plan. Other organizational and societal system issues also influence success of the therapeutic plan as profoundly as do the biological systems issues. A prescriber writes an order for a medication based on the best available... The individual placement model is the most individualized approach to SE. In this model, a job coach works with an individual to identify and achieve the person's vocational goal. The services used to achieve this goal will differ depending on the client's needs and wishes as well as the agencies' approach. The best-defined examples of the individual placement model for people with mental illness are the individual placement and support approach (IPS) articulated by the New Hampshire-Dartmouth... Wed, 26 Aug 2020 02:10:13 |Cognitive Therapy56 comments As more has been learned about child development since Freud's theories were first launched, there has been an increasing lack of support for some of his assumptions about the human personality. Perhaps none of his ideas have met with as much criticism as his psychosexual stages of development. While many modern-day clinicians still find aspects of his stages helpful, most do not adhere to the presupposition of sexual conflict being the central task of developmental maturity. Thus, concepts... Mon, 24 Aug 2020 10:42:22 |Haemolytic Anaemia19 comments Mutations of most of the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway have been described in association with congenital non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (CNSHA). However, deficiency of pyruvate kinase (PK) is far and away the most common defect. The haemolysis is the result of a failure to produce sufficient ATP. PK catalyses the final steps of the glycolytic pathway with the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate, with the concomitant phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, leading to overall net... Sat, 22 Aug 2020 23:12:52 |Public Health6 comments It would be useful to explore the concepts contained in the four terms that are commonly used to describe different aspects of public health (Fig. 1.1) Prevention is better than cure is one of the prime messages of public health. It differentiates public health from the clinical disciplines that are primarily involved with the care of the sick, whilst public health emphasizes the avoidance of illness. Prevention was initially construed narrowly in terms of protective measures like vaccination... Mon, 17 Aug 2020 10:37:09 |Psychology Basics1 comment Over the years, many aspects of Freudian theory have been challenged. Freud's notion that penis envy is a primary motivator in the female personality was challenged by Karen Horney, who believed that, if it existed, a woman's envy was related to the male's privileged role in society. Freud's idea that the clitoral orgasm is immature and must be surrendered for the vaginal orgasm at puberty spurred work by William Masters and Virginia Johnson, who concluded, after much rigorous research, that... Sun, 16 Aug 2020 15:40:22 |Prostate Cancer2 comments The periprostatic fascia has two layers the outer layer, called levator fascia, and an inner layer, called prostatic fascia. The neurovascular bundles run between these two layers (Fig. 38.5). At this point they are in proximity with the Denonvillier's fascia. If nerve-sparing is to be undertaken, the two layers of Fig. 38.5. Nerve sparing. After incision of the levator fascia, the neurovascular bundle is released of the prostate. Fig. 38.5. Nerve sparing. After incision of the levator fascia,... Mon, 10 Aug 2020 15:25:19 | Smooth Muscle16 comments - Arterial pH does not change during moderate exercise, although it may decrease during strenuous exercise because of lactic acidosis. 3. On the other hand, venous Pco2 increases during exercise because the excess C02 produced by the exercising muscle is carried to the lungs in venous blood. Table 4-7. Summary of Respiratory Responses to Exercise 02 consumption C02 production Ventilation rate T (matches 02 consumption C02 production) No change No change in moderate exercise 4- in strenuous... Mon, 20 Jul 2020 20:50:59 |Blood Pressure5 comments Understood by realizing that the first half of a pathway name commonly refers to where the pathway originates and the latter half refers to where the pathway terminates. E.g. the spinothalamic tract originates in the spinal cord and ends in the thalamus. As may be seen in the figure, a lesion injury of the pain-temperature pathway spinothalamic tract , whether within the brain stem or spinal cord, results in loss of pain-temperature sensation contralaterally i.e. on the opposite side of the... Sat, 18 Jul 2020 22:09:09 |Emission Tomography5 comments As mentioned above, scintillation detectors are the most common and successful mode for detection of 511 keV photons in PET imaging due to their good stopping efficiency and energy resolution. These detectors consist of an appropriate choice of crystal scintil-lator coupled to a photo-detector for detection of the visible light. This process is outlined in further detail in the next two sections. Scintillation Process and Crystals Used in PET The electronic energy states of an isolated atom... Sat, 18 Jul 2020 20:28:37 |Cognitive Therapy3 comments Main points Freud's theory of psychosexual development had its origins in, and was a generalization of, Josef Breuer's earlier discovery that traumatic childhood events could have devastating negative effects upon the adult. This view assumed that early childhood sexual experiences were the crucial factors in the determination of the adult personality. Freud's believed that from the moment of birth, the infant is driven in his actions by the desire for bodily sexual pleasure. Initially, infants... Thu, 16 Jul 2020 10:21:52 |Parasitology2 comments The clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis vary from one endemic area to another and also differ, to some extent, according to the species of the parasite that is involved (Partono, 1987). In parts of Africa such as Tanzania, the most common clinical form of the disease is hydrocele, while lymphedema and elephantiasis are much less common (Sasa, 1976). In other areas of the world such as India, both hydrocele and lymphedema are seen with almost equivalent frequency (Pani et al., 1991).... Mon, 13 Jul 2020 14:20:27 |Psychology Basics1 comment The first recognized work done in psychology on the measurement of thought processes was Hermann Ebbinghaus's work on memory capacity and forgetting. Working independently in the 1880's in Germany, Ebbinghaus set out to study memory processes, particularly the nature of forgetting. Being the first psychologist to study the issue, he had no precedent, so Ebbinghaus invented his own procedures for measuring memory. To his credit, those procedures were so good that they are still commonly used.... 2 M. rectus abdominis. o Costal cartilages 5-7. i Pubis and symphysis. A Forward flexion of trunk, lowering of thorax, elevation of pelvis. I Intercostal nerves 7-12. AE 3 Tendinous intersections. Intersectiones ten-dineae.The 3-4 intermediate tendons of the rectus abdominis muscle. They fuse with the anterior wall of the rectus sheath. A 4 Rectus sheath. Vagina m. recti abdominis. Covering of the rectus abdominis muscle formed by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles. A 6 Posterior... In cases where the central portion of the upper lip is retracted upward due to scarring after a cleft repair, burn, or the irradiation of a hemangioma, the lip can be reconstructed using a method first described by Celsus ca. 25 A.D. . A two-layer, crescent-shaped excision is made lateral to the alar groove on each side and extended along the nasal base. A portion of the scar can be excised Fig. 6.8a . Both upper lip stumps are then rotated and carefully sutured together to bring down the... Tue, 07 Jul 2020 03:07:12 |Facial Plastic Surgery1 comment It is a general rule in facial plastic surgery to sacrifice as little skin as possible. Small wounds that extend obliquely into the tissue should be straightened whenever the surrounding tissue can be mobilized and the wound edges coapted without tension. A subcutaneous suture with a buried knot should always be placed to allow tension-free approximation of the wound margins (see Fig. 2.1). Because the subcutaneous tissue, epidermis, and dermis take different lengths of time to achieve adequate... Mon, 06 Jul 2020 14:15:14 |Flexion Abduction1 comment Muscles principal components (Kendall and McCreary 1993) Flexion, abduction, internal rotation Tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, gluteus medius (anterior), gluteus minimus Extensor hallucis, extensor digitorum Fig. 8.2a,b. Flexion-abduction-internal rotation Fig. 8.2a,b. Flexion-abduction-internal rotation The toes extend as the foot and ankle move into dorsiflexion and eversion. The eversion promotes the hip internal rotation, and these motions occur almost simultaneously. The fifth... Wed, 01 Jul 2020 02:30:53 |Prodrugs5 comments There have been numerous examples of the application of the prodrug approach to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs subject to extensive presystemic metabolism, with varying degrees of success. Some selected examples of prodrugs and the results observed are summarized in Table 1 and are discussed below. Also included in Table 1 are some examples of peptides for which the prodrug approach was utilized to potentially improve oral or transmucosal delivery by reducing metabolic degradation.... Wed, 24 Jun 2020 23:13:13 |Psychology Basics2 comments The behaviorism of Watson has resulted in applications in psychology and many other disciplines. The most notable form of application of Watson's behaviorism is the psychological treatment known as systematic desensitiza-tion. This treatment was created by South African psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997). Systematic desensitization was designed to reverse the outcome of the classical conditioning process in which extremely intense negative emotional responses, such as fear or anxiety, are... Isoniazid and iproniazid are chemically similar drugs having different pharmacological effects they may both cause liver damage after therapeutic doses are given. Isoniazid is still widely used for the treatment of tuberculosis, but iproniazid is now rarely used as an antidepressant. The major routes of metabolism for isoniazid are acetylation to give acetylisoniazid, followed by hydrolysis to yield isonicotinic acid FIGURE 7.15 Metabolism of isoniazid. The acetylhydrazine released by the... Sat, 20 Jun 2020 07:54:00 |Molecular Biology19 comments Freshly ejaculated sperm sample is allowed to liquefy at room temperature for 30 min. 2. Dilute 1 mL of sperm in 1X PBS (1 10) and centrifuge for 5 min at 500,. 3. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 10 mL of 1X PBS for a new wash by centrifugation (5 min at 500, ). 4. Resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of fresh fixative (3 1 methanol glacial acetic acid). 6. Using a Pasteur pipet, drop one droplet of the sperm suspension on a clean microscope slide from a height of approx 10 cm. 7.... Tue, 16 Jun 2020 18:56:57 |Surgical Applications36 comments Penis e.g. penis deviation (Nesbit), hypospadia correction, epispadia correction. Testicles e.g. vasectomy, varicocele ligature, vasovasostomy and epididy-movasostomy, microepididymal and testicular sperm extraction (MESA and TESE), spermatocelectomy, epididymectomy. Abdominal operations e.g. suprapubic cystostomy, retroperitoneal lymph-adenectomy, transperitoneal nephrectomy possibly with cavotomy and tumour thrombectomy, intraperitonealisation of the ureters, augmentation of the bladder,... Mon, 08 Jun 2020 23:00:46 |Opthalmology2 comments Dacryocystorhinostomy DCR involves removal of the bone lying between the lacrimal sac and the nose, with anastomosis between the lacrimal sac and nasal mucosa the lacrimal sac, with the internal opening of the common canaliculus, is incorporated into the lateral wall of the nose and provides a direct route for tears to reach the nose. The usual indication for DCR is complete or partial obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct such obstruction can cause skin excoriation, visual impairment, social... Mon, 08 Jun 2020 18:05:03 |Retinal Detachment1 comment The history of retinal detachment surgery is one of the great success stories in the history of medicine. The first descriptions of retinal detachment were by Ware in 1805, Wardrop in 1818, and Panizza in 1826 1-3 . These descriptions relied mainly on pathological observations. The introduction of the ophthalmoscope by Fig. 1.1. Jules Gonin. (Reproduced with permission Wilkinson CP, Rice TA (1997) Michels retinal detachment, 2nd edn. Mosby St. Louis MO. pp 241-333 10 ) Fig. 1.1. Jules Gonin.... Wed, 03 Jun 2020 22:28:14 |Fracture Treatment3 comments Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. 4. Muscle wasting and stiffening of joints, making subsequent mobilisation more difficult and prolonged. 5. Skeletal decalcification and the formation of urinary tract calculi. 7. Neurological complications such as i Common peroneal nerve palsy. This sometimes results from a less than ideal posture of the leg when external rotation leads to pressure in the region of the fibular neck, or it sometimes occurs from pressure against a splint, ii... Fri, 29 May 2020 20:58:27 |Clinical Microsystems6 comments Batalden, Thomas P. Huber, Julie K. Johnson, Marjorie M. Godfrey, Linda A. Headrick, John H. Wasson Background. Clinical microsystems are the small, functional frontline units that provide most health care to most people. They are the essential building blocks of larger organizations and of the health system. They are the place where patients, families, and careteams meet. The quality and value of care produced by a large health system can be no better than the... Although most surgeons in the USA who perform endocrine operations do so in the context of a broad general surgery practice, many believe that additional training in endocrine surgery is required for those who will serve as experts in the field. Endocrine surgery fellowships of variable duration add clinical, operative, and research experiences onto the standard surgical residency training. The duration and curriculum for such programs have not been formally established. Current fellowships in... Fri, 22 May 2020 22:23:57 |Cognitive Therapy9 comments Main points Freud further divided the conscious and unconscious mind into three structures or systems that performed different roles. These systems he named the id, ego, and superego. Freud viewed human beings as energy systems, where only one system can be in control at any given time, while the other two systems give themselves over to the psychic energy of the one in control. The id is the original system of personality and the dominant one at birth. In German, the word was literally... Fri, 22 May 2020 22:23:57 |Cognitive Therapy1 comment Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was built on the assumption that human beings have an unconscious mind. This unconscious mind, with its hidden drives and instincts, is what drives behavior. And since the unconscious is so pervasive and directive, it determines behavior, or to say it more philosophically, is deterministic. Psychoanalysis is a highly deterministic approach to human behavior because it assumes that behavioral patterns established in youth determine one's behavior later in life.... Defects of the lower eyelid can be divided into those that involve the eyelid margin, and those that do not. An eyelid defect of 25 or less may be closed directly. In patients with marked eyelid laxity, even a defect occupying up to 50 of the eyelid may be closed directly. The two edges of the defect should be grasped and pulled together to judge the facility of closure. If there is no excess tension on the lid, the edges may be approximated directly. The lid margin is reapproximated with a... Not pertaining to the center. 37 Radial. Radialis. Pertaining to or located at the radius. B 38 Ulnar. Ulnaris. Pertaining to or located at the ulna. B 39 Fibular. Fibularis. Pertaining to the fibula or located on the fibular part of the leg. B 40 Tibial. Tibialis. Pertaining to the tibia or locted on the tibial part of the leg. B 41 Palmar. Palmaris. Pertaining to or located on the plam. B 42 Volar. Volaris. Same as palmar. B 43 Plantar. Plantaris. Pertaining to or... Mon, 18 May 2020 12:59:10 |Psychology Basics7 comments An integral part of the identity crisis is the psychological moratorium, a time during which society permits the individual to work on crisis resolution. During this moratorium, the adolescent young adult has the opportunity to examine societal roles, career possibilities, and values, free from the expectation of commitments and long-term responsibilities. Although some individuals choose to remain in a moratorium indefinitely, Erikson contends that there is an absolute end to the recognizable... The first person to try to develop a scientific intelligence test was Francis Galton. This British scientist, a half-cousin of English naturalist Charles Darwin, was a polymath, a person who is knowledgeable in many scientific areas. His interests included studying weather, fingerprints, and the peoples of Africa. Galton argued that plants and animals varied in systematic ways, and he devised new statistical methods for studying heredity. When it came to people, Galton proposed a controversial... The iris is a smooth muscular ring forming the pupil of the eye Fig. 2B . Contraction and dilation of the pupil during the light reflex changes the amount of light entering the eye and is also important in the accommodation reflex. In the elderly, the iris appears paler in the middle, mainly due to loss of pigmentation in the radial dilator muscles. With aging, there is a mild but constant increase in the density of collagen fibers in the iris stroma and noncellular perivascular zones. A... Sat, 16 May 2020 09:06:56 |Fracture Treatment8 comments In taking the history of a patient who may have a fracture, the following points may prove to be helpful, especially when there has been a traumatic incident. 1. What activity was being pursued at the time of the incident (e.g. taking part in a sport, driving a car, working at a height, etc.) 2. What was the nature of the incident (e.g. a kick, a fall, a twisting injury, etc.) 3. What was the magnitude of the applied forces For example, if a patient was injured in a fall, it is helpful to know... If an individual's treatment process consists of passing through stages, the psychiatric rehabilitation professional's task becomes helping the individual move from one treatment stage to the next. In short, the professional helps the individual accomplish the tasks of the stage he or she is currently in and encourages movement to the next stage. A specific strategy to accomplish this, motivational interviewing, has been developed by Miller and Rollnick 2002 . Defined as a client-centered,... It is hard for a child to grow up with a skin condition and for this not to have some impact on their self-esteem. However, the variation in the impact on self-esteem cannot be entirely attributed to the severity of the child's condition, because it is very dependent on psychological factors and the child's beliefs about their condition. It is possible for a child with very damaged skin to report high levels of self-esteem and vice versa for a young person with very trivial skin blemishes to... Sun, 10 May 2020 04:03:13 |Cognitive Therapy2 comments In the course of Horney's experience in analysis with her patients, she began to see that these neurotic needs correlated with the psychic personality development she had observed and documented earlier. She called meshing of these neurotic personality types, and the needs addressed by each behavior, coping strategies. Her coping strategies are broken down into three types compliance, aggression, and withdrawal. Compliance According to Horney, compliance, or the basic anxiety that overcomes... Sat, 09 May 2020 21:19:59 |Facial Plastic Surgery2 comments Lexer 1931, modified by Kastenbauer 1977 A bipedicled turnover flap is used for intranasal lining Fig. 5.39a, b , similar to the technique just described. Then a two-layer composite graft is used to reconstruct the alar rim. The skin of the composite Fig. 5.36 Modification of the anteriorly based alar rotation. a An incision is made around the ala, and two adjacent flaps are outlined. b The ala is brought down to the desired position, and the flaps are transposed. c Appearance after the... 13 M. longissimus cervicis. o Transverse processes T1-6. i Transverse processes of vertebrae C2-7. It lies between the iliocostalis cervicis and longissimus capitis muscles. C 14 M. longissimus capitis. o Transverse processes of vertebrae C3-T3. i Mastoid process. It lies between the longissimus cervi-cis and semispinalis capitis muscles. A Lateral and backward flexion of the head. It rotates the face toward the ipsilateral side. C 15 M. iliocostalis. Iliocostal muscle, which consists of the... Mon, 04 May 2020 20:06:28 |Floral Stimulus63 comments Numerous plant species flower during the long days of summer, and for many years plant physiologists believed that the correlation between long days and flowering was a consequence of the accumulation of photosynthetic products synthesized during long days. This hypothesis was shown to be incorrect by the work of Wightman Garner and Henry Allard, conducted in the 1920s at the U.S. Department of Agriculture laboratories in Beltsville, Maryland. They found that a mutant variety of tobacco,... Large portions of the upper and lower eyelid can be reconstructed with a narrow transposition flap that is raised above the eyebrow on a lateral pedicle. Thick split retroauricular skin grafts can also be used. Fig. 9.3 Mustarde's technique of upper eyelid reconstruction using a laterally based full-thickness flap from the lower lid after Beyer-Machule and Riedel 1993 . a The full-thickness lower lid flap is outlined with a lateral pedicle. b The flap is swung into the upper lid defect, and the... Sun, 03 May 2020 04:18:06 |Plant Mitochondria2 comments The breakdown of sucrose to pyruvate releases less than 25 of the total energy in sucrose the remaining energy is stored in the two molecules of pyruvate. The next two stages of respiration (the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation i.e., electron transport coupled to ATP synthesis) take place within an organelle enclosed by a double membrane, the mitochondrion (plural mitochondria). In electron micrographs, plant mitochondria whether in situ or in vitro usually look spherical or... Synovial bursa between the origins of the biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles. B 17 Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa. B. subcutanea prepatellaris. Synovial bursa directly between the skin and the fascia in front of the knee. D 18 Subfascial prepatellar bursa. B. subfascialis prepatellaris . Synovial bursa between the investing fascia of the knee and the tendon of the quadratus femoris muscle. D 19 Subtendinous prepatellar bursa. B. subten-dinea prepatellaris .... Wed, 29 Apr 2020 12:51:35 |Sectional Anatomy14 comments Right coronary artery RCA, proximal segment 2. Right coronary artery RCA, middle segment 3. Right coronary artery RCA, distal segment 4. Posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery 5. Left coronary artery main stem 6. Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery LAD RIVA, proximal segment 7. Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery LAD RIVA, middle segment 8. Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery LAD RIVA, distal segment 11.... Occasionally a bilobed flap is insufficient for repairing a cheek defect, which requires one lobe between the ear and defect Fig. 8.10a , a second lobe behind the ear, and a third lobe in the lateral neck. As in an Esser cheek rotation, the lower limb of the third lobe may be extended below the mandible. Closure of the secondary defects may require the excision of Burow's triangles Fig. 8.10b . Fig. 8.11 a, b Bilobed flap from the side of the neck. Fig. 8.11 a, b Bilobed flap from the side of... Patient I Patient with right hemiplegia Fig. 12.29. Patient with hemiplegia. a Getting to standing b transfer from wheelchair to table Fig. 12.29. Patient with hemiplegia. a Getting to standing b transfer from wheelchair to table Fig. 12.29. Patient with hemiplegia. c, d facilitation of the stance phase on the hemiplegic leg e, f stance on the involved leg with emphasis on hip extension and knee control Patient II Patient with ankylosing spondylitis O Fig. 12.30 a-c . Patient III Patient with... Tue, 07 Apr 2020 00:20:30 | Psychology Basics9 comments In operant conditioning, there are four basic contingencies that can be used to modify the frequency of occurrence of nonreflexive behavior. A contingency refers to the relation between the situation, a behavior, and the consequence of the behavior. A reinforcer is a consequence that makes a behavior more likely in the future, whereas a punisher is a consequence that makes a behavior less likely in the future. Reinforcers and punishers both come in both positive and negative forms. A positive... Thu, 26 Mar 2020 01:39:48 |Psychology Basics2 comments Kelly claimed that constructs operate according to a fundamental postulate. This postulate maintains that each person directs thoughts and cognitions in a way that permits the most accurate prediction of future events. If a woman has a personal construct which states that her boyfriend is a thoughtful person, and he sends her flowers while she is in bed with the flu, her construct would be regarded as an accurate one. If, however, that same boyfriend used her illness as an opportunity to date... Fri, 20 Mar 2020 23:15:37 |Emission Tomography4 comments High-energy photons interact with matter by three main mechanisms, depending on the energy of the electromagnetic radiation. These are (i) the photoelectric effect, (ii) the Compton effect, and (iii) pair production. In addition, there are other mechanisms such as coherent (Rayleigh) scattering, an interaction between a photon and a whole atom which predominates at energies less than 50 keV triplet production and photonuclear reactions, where high energy gamma rays induce decay in the nucleus,... Most personality theorists view adulthood as an extension of the basic motives present in childhood. Consistent with his belief that personality is always evolving, Allport believed that the motivations of adulthood are often independent of the motivations of childhood, and he referred to this concept as functional autonomy. For example, a person who plays a musical instrument during childhood years because of parental pressure may play the same instrument for relaxation or enjoyment as an... Sun, 08 Mar 2020 19:12:01 |Psychology Basics5 comments The scope of psychology's fields of specialization is great. The professionals who work in these areas strive to help humans know, understand, and help themselves. To accomplish this, psychologists use numerous tests to help them ascertain specific information about an individual, a group of people, or a particular population. Ability tests measure multiple aptitudes, creativ ity, achievement, and intelligence levels. Psychologists may perform occupational and clinical assessments. Also... Albert Einstein (Fig. 1.1) (14-18), Time Magazine's outstanding persona of the 20th century, also had the first insight into what has become our 21st century world of lasers. He elaborated the concept of stimulated emission of radiation in 1917 (19,20) wherein he postulated that if an electron were in an already excited state and were hit by a photon of the proper energy, instead of rising to a still higher energy level, it would fall to a lower level and emit a second photon of precisely the... The coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is a trapezoidal ligament located in the superior part of the shoulder capsule (on its nonarticulating surface) and runs parallel to and is closely overlaid by the CAL. It is present in fetal development by 14-wk gestation as a small band of tissue between the CHL and the CAL. The origin of the CHL is at the most posterior point on the lateral aspect of the coracoid process base (deep relative to the origin of the CAL). It appears as a broad band (2.5 cm wide)... The treatments covered in this section fall into one of the three (behavior, cognitive, or CBT) categories listed in the preceding section to one degree or another. However, most therapies are combined. In order to simplify things a bit, we will discuss the various treatments or therapies separately as behavior, cognitive, or CBT where appropriate and helpful. That is, if a therapy is primary behavioral, it will be discussed as a behavioral treatment, and so on. Table 12.1 might help with... The anterior chamber and its fluid, the aqueous humor, occupy a space between the cornea and the lens (Fig. 2B). The size and volume of the eye's anterior chamber decrease with age, mainly due to thickening of the lens. This growth occasionally exerts pressure on the canal of Schlemm (Fig. 2B), an outflow channel at the junction between the iris and the cornea, causing decreased flow and increased pressure intraocular pressure (IOP) of the aqueous humor. In normal aging, the increase in IOP is... Knowledge of dough rheology will give information about the final product quality. The instruments to investigate dough behavior are the farinograph, mixograph, extensograph, and alveograph. These instruments measure power input during dough development caused by either mixing action or extensional deformation. Both the farinograph and the mixograph are torque measuring devices that provide empirical information about mixing properties of flour by recording resistance of dough to mixing. These... Bilateral arm work allows you to use irradiation from the patient's strong arm to facilitate weak motions or muscles in the involved arm. You can use any combination of patterns in any position. Work with those that give you and the patient the greatest advantage in strength and control. When you exercise both arms at the same time there is always more demand on the trunk muscles than when only one arm is exercising. You can in crease this demand on the trunk by putting your patient in less... Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:58:43 |Cognitive Therapy1 comment Resistance in a psychoanalytic context is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the patient from accessing unconscious material. Resistance then is any idea, attitude, feeling, or action that gets in the way of potential change. During free association, a patient may show an unwillingness to relate to certain thoughts or experiences. Freud views resistance as an unconscious process that people use to protect themselves against intolerable anxiety and pain that might... Tue, 21 Jan 2020 11:00:51 |Psychiatric7 comments The guiding principles of psychiatric rehabilitation comprise a set of rules that can be applied to specific situations in order to achieve the goals and reflect the values of the field. In a sense, they constitute rules of thumb that PsyR practitioners can refer to when faced with important decisions. The principles are important tools for providing day-today guidance in clinical situations and for systematizing the practice of PsyR. Although the higher order values and goals are widely shared... Internal iliac artery and vein 15. Insertion of gluteus minimus and medius muscle (greater trochanter) 40. Internal pudendal artery and vein 46. Lateral vesical lymph nodes 4. Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments 18. External anal sphincter muscle 24. Inferior articular process (zygapo-physis) 28. Internal iliac artery and vein 5. Superior gluteal artery and vein 20. Inferior articular process (zygapophysis, L4) 25. Internal iliac artery and vein 29. External anal... To perform a technically adequate study and to obtain all the pertinent information required, the radiologist must be familiar with the many types of gastric surgical procedure that may be performed. There are multiple eponyms and descriptive terminology used in gastric surgery. Billroth I is loosely used to refer to any partial gastric resection with an anastomosis to the duodenal stump (Fig. 3.1). Billroth II loosely refers to any partial gastric resection with a gastrojejunostomy the duo-...

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