Freshwater- Master Homepage

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Web Name: Freshwater- Master Homepage

WebSite: http://lakes.chebucto.org

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Freshwater,Master,Homepage,LakeCarryingCapacities,Predictive PhosphorusModellin

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Primaryrestoration efforts:Emphasis should be on restoring lakes to their pre-cultural (i.e.,modelled hindcast) phosphorus concentrations in order to minimize anynegative impacts from undue cultural eutrophication. Otherwise, it mayresult in poor quality of lakes including increased algalblooms, some of which may be toxic.bluegreen) toxins may present risksto wildlife and humans from exposure to airborne cyanotoxins. Aerosolsmay be a more direct route of exposure to public health for thoserecreating or living by a contaminated body of water. There is also concern if these can betransferred to crops growing near blooms of cyanobacteria." (Overview); (A selectionof leading articles); (Potential for highbiomass of cyanobacteria, WHO) A relevant power point presentation of Bev Clark,now/formerly of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment DorsetEnvironmental Science Centre titled, "Planning to use Volunteer Data: Have weput the cart before the horse?" (in powerpoint)range of lake ecosystems in diverse and often complex ways across vastgeographical regions, and this has added to the complexities oflimnological responses to other stressors. As more palaeolimnologicalstudies are completed, meta-analyses of sedimentary pro les can now beused to help disentangle the effects of climate warming from otherenvironmental variables to determine how various components of lakeecosystems are responding to these multiple stressors." (cf. Smol,J.P. 2010. Prof.Dr. John Smol PhD FRSC is a recipient of several national andinternational scientific awards, inclusive of the Gerhard Herzberg GoldMedal in 2004. The Herzberg Gold Medal is awarded by the NSERC (NaturalSciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) annually for boththe sustained excellence and overall influence of research workconducted in Canada in the natural sciences or engineering.) What we, as individuals, can do: Top 10 actions to reduce yourimpact on the environment (Source:CNews) Low-carbon futuremeans driving less, Conference Board says (2015)submission to the Halifax Regional Council Committee of the Whole; April08, 2016 (this submission relates to the impactof vehicular traffic on lake water quality as well) What would happen if the world got 4ohotter? (Source: CNews) What we as individualscan do in our own backyards in order to minimize export of typicalstressors todownstream lakes/rivers:- Watch a narrative of former Halifax County'sManager of Storm Drainage in ahalf-hour video titled, "Environmental Impacton Water Courses" (link is opened in a new window).The recommendations in the video willnot remove all the incrementalstressors. In practice, we prefer centralized treatment systemsalongwith such stakeholder action. Comprehensive municipal stormwater treatment is not a commonpractice. Laserparticle sizing has indicated that a considerable proportion of theparticulates in road runoff are less than 10 µm. This size fraction isdifficult to capture in most stormwater pollution control devices andhas been shown to contain significant quantities of heavy metals,phosphorus, and otherstressors which are of concern in aquatic ecosystems. In addition,several stressors are in soluble form which may require centralized tertiarytreatment and perpetual maintenance.doubt that a small group of concerned citizens can change theworld. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has."........ Margaret Mead ShalomM. Mandaville Post-Grad Dips. (lakescienceoutlook.com),Soil Water ConservationSociety of Metro Halifax (SWCSMH) withvaried assistance from our leading scientist-partners (present/past)other professionals, mostly published/peerreviewed. Overview on our founding and update: We were founded onthe express encouragement of the Hon. John Leefe and senior staff ofthe Nova Scotia EnvironmentDepartment in 1989. The inaugural invitationwas sent to a host of provincial and municipal bodies. Our extensivescientific research, to various degrees, is conducted as volunteers. Selectcompliments and requests received TheChallenge of Change, Our Province, Our Future, Our Choice, March1991. (textbook) Mackie,G.L. 2004. Applied AquaticEcosystem Concepts.Second Ed.Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 784pp. ISBN0-7575-0883-9. -- (excellent undergrad/grad reference inlimnology; also includes reference tables for the more advancedprofessional) (paleolimnology text) Smol,J.P. 2008. Pollution of Lakes and Rivers:A Paleoenvironmental Perspective. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.x,383 pp. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-5913-5. (textbook) Wetzel,R.G. 2001. Limnology. Lake and River Ecosystems.Third Ed. Academic Press, San Diego. xvi, 1006pp. ISBN0-12-744760-1. (textbook) Wetzel, R.G.,and Likens, G.E. 2000. Limnological Analyses. 3rd Ed. Springer, NewYork. xv, 429 pp. (CCME) Canadian Environmental Quality GuidelinesSummary Table(it also has links to introductory text, factsheet, and/or protocolsfor specific information and implementation guidance pertaining to eachenvironmental quality guideline). (link is opened in a new window) (CCME) Fact sheet for the phosphorus guidanceframework, CCME, 2004 (link is opened in a new window) (CCME) Krzyzanowski, J. 2010., Krzyzanowski Consulting. Reviewand Identification of Research Needs to Address Key Issues Related toReactive Nitrogen (RN) Deposition and Eutrophication in a CanadianContext.Final Report. Prepared for: Acid Rain Task Group Canadian Council ofMinisters of the Environment. PN 1450. 96p. (link is opened in a newwindow) (CCME) DevelopingBiocriteria as a Water Quality Assessment Tool, CCME, 2006(Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (link is opened in a new window) (USEPA handbook onstreams) A Function-Based Framework for Stream Assessment andRestoration Projects. 2012.Harman, W., Starr, R., Carter, M., Tweedy, K., Clemmons,M., Suggs, K., and Miller, C. 2012. US Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Washington, DC. EPA843-K-12-006. 344pp. (link is opened in a new window) (NALMS USEPA handbook on lakes) Holdren, C., Jones, W., and Taggart, J. 2001. Managing Lakes and Reservoirs.EPA 841-B-01-006.N. Am. Lake Manage. Soc. and Terrene Inst., in coop. with Off. WaterAssess. Watershed Prot. Div. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Madison, WI.xiv, 382pp. (link is opened in anew window) (NALMS USEPA handbook on lakes) Wedepohl, R.E., D.R. Knauer, G.B. Wolbert, H. Olem,P.J. Garrison, and K. Kepford. 1990. MonitoringLake and ReservoirRestoration. EPA 440/4-90-007. Prep. by N. Am. Lake Manage. Soc.U.S.E.P.A. 142pp. (link is opened in anew window) Paleolimnology: "Typicalquestions that a paleolimnologist might address may include: Why didthe lake lose its deepwater oxygen, or was it naturally anoxic? Did thelake naturally have large algal blooms? If so, then perhaps mitigationefforts are fruitless as this is the lake s natural state . At whatpoint in time, and at what level of nutrient enrichment, dideutrophication symptoms become a problem? All these as well as manyother questions need to be considered in an historical context." OECD:Eutrophication of Waters- Monitoring, Assessment and Control;15-year multi peer-consensus studies of 18 countries of the western economies, at 50institutes. Top Limnology Medals Naumann-ThienemannMedals G. Evelyn HutchinsonAwards Eutrophicationis the response in water due to overenrichment by nutrients, primarilyphosphorus and nitrogen, and can occur under natural or manmade(anthropogenic) conditions. Manmade (or cultural) eutrophication, inthe absence of control measures, proceeds at an accelerated ratecompared to the natural phenomenon and is one of the main forms ofwater pollution. The resultant increase in fertility of affected lakes,reservoirs, slow-flowing rivers and certain coastal waters causessymptoms such as algal blooms (with potentialtoxicity in cases),heavy growth of rooted aquatic plants (macrophytes), algal mats,deoxygenation and, in some cases, unpleasant odour, which often affectsmost of the vital uses of the water such as water supply, recreation,fisheries (both commercial and recreational), or aesthetics. Inaddition, lakes become unattractive for bathing, boating and otherwater oriented recreations. Most often economically and sociallyimportant species, such as salmonids decline or disappear and arereplaced by coarser fish of reduced economic/social value. Potential sources ofphosphorus:-Phosphorus has been reduced or eliminated in most laundry detergentsbut there are several other sources as follows:- fertilizers (farm,golf course, residential); animal, pet and bird feces; wastewater treatment plantdischarges (WWTP s do not remove all phosphorus, and the discharge ishighly biologically available more so than other sources);overflows/bypasses from WWTPs and pumping stations; high concentrationof septicsystems within 300 metres of lakesand/or failures; cross connections between sanitary and storm sewerlaterals; certain industrial discharges; and high sedimentation. Insome lakes, there could be internal loading, i.e.,re-suspension, from bottom sediments as well. [Return to primaryindex] Any potential restoration: Emphasis shouldbe on restoringlakes to their pre-cultural(i.e., modelled hindcast)phosphorus concentrations in order to minimize any negativeimpactsfrom undue cultural eutrophication. Numerous regulatory agencies have adopted artificially inflatedbackground/threshold values for TP (total phosphorus). Such actionsinevitably result in poor quality of lakes including increased algalblooms, some of which may be toxic. They may also have long termnegative impacts on human health as extensively reported in the latestliterature. Extensive original international peer-reviewed literaturehas clearly recommended restoring lakes to their natural backgroundvalues, primarily the limiting nutrient, TP (c.f. OECD, 1982. Monitoring, Assessment and Control; 15-year multi peer-consensusstudies of 18countries of the western economies, at 50 institutes). The concept is also embodied in the much later CCME policy (2004) on phosphorus:-- "Naturallimnological conditions vary considerably among countries and alsoamong different regions, particularly the larger countries.Consequently, the water quality objectives would differ in eachcountry, taking local conditions and expectations into account. In theabsence of human activities, the nutrient load and the trophic responsein waterbodies are determined by the natural fertility of soils on thedrainage basin which in turn depends on the geology and the climate ofthe area in question. Ideally, the objective of lake management shouldbe to maintain or restore waterbodies to their natural state determinedby the basic natural nutrient load of the area in question (e.g. freefrom human activities). In practice, this is not always possible." Typical municipalities and provincial environmentdepartments may not mandate stormwaterinfrastructure to treat post-development stressors due to the long termcosts. Hence, an economic(partial) solution in major new developments could be perpetualspreading of stormwater over protected forest land of sufficient depthand areaas advised by Prof. Dr. Gordon Ogden III Jr., of the DalhousieUniversity Biology Dept., Halifax, NS., Canada, and formerly of theYale University, CT, USA.Prof. Ogden (deceased) was one of our founding members during the1980's.Click on his photo to watch a 2:18 minute video. [Return to primaryindex] Lakes/Rivers-Nova Scotia Emphasis shouldbe on restoring lakes to their pre-cultural(i.e., modelled hindcast) phosphorus concentrations in order tominimize any negative impacts from unduecultural eutrophication.Our models have not been calibrated for highly coloured lakes (DOC 10 mg/l) due to humic and fulvic acids. Such lakes may have relativelyhigh background phosphorus concentrations. But in some cases, it maybe uneconomic/impractical to achieve such restoration Howmay we protect ourselves?A message from Robert Strang, MD, MHSc, FRCPC, Medical Officer ofHealth, Nova Scotia Department of Health and HRM s Pollution PreventionOffice

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