Vitamin D for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 279 studies

Time 2022-07-19 13:32:07

Web Name: Vitamin D for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 279 studies

WebSite: http://www.c19vitamind.com

ID:252791

Keywords:

real,COVID,Vitamin,for

Description:

Antiandrogens
Aspirin
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Cannabidiol
Casirivimab/i..
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Diet
Ensovibep
Exercise
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Iota-carragee..
Ivermectin
Lactoferrin
Melatonin
Metformin
Molnupiravir
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
Paxlovid
Peg.. Lambda
Povidone-Iod..
Proxalutamide
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Sleep
Sotrovimab
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Zinc

Other
Feedback
HomeHomeCOVID-19 treatment studies for Vitamin DCOVID-19 treatment studies for Vitamin DC19 studies: Vitamin DVitamin DSelect treatmentSelect treatmentTreatmentsTreatmentsAntiandrogens(meta)Lactoferrin(meta)Aspirin(meta)Melatonin(meta)Bamlaniv../e..(meta)Metformin(meta)Bebtelovimab(meta)Molnupiravir(meta)Bromhexine(meta)N-acetylcys..(meta)Budesonide(meta)Nigella Sativa(meta)Cannabidiol(meta)Nitazoxanide(meta)Casirivimab/i..(meta)Paxlovid(meta)Colchicine(meta)Peg.. Lambda(meta)Conv. Plasma(meta)Povidone-Iod..(meta)Curcumin(meta)Probiotics(meta)Diet(meta)Proxalutamide(meta)Ensitrelvir(meta)Quercetin(meta)Ensovibep(meta)Remdesivir(meta)Exercise(meta)Sleep(meta)Famotidine(meta)Sotrovimab(meta)Favipiravir(meta)Tixagev../c..(meta)Fluvoxamine(meta)Vitamin A(meta)Hydroxychlor..(meta)Vitamin C(meta)Iota-carragee..(meta)Vitamin D(meta)Ivermectin(meta)Zinc(meta)

---

Other TreatmentsGlobal AdoptionHomeShareTweetMeta AnalysisMetaGlobal AdoptionAdoptionSubmit FeedbackFeedbackDownload ImageShareTweetDownload ImageShareTweetDownload ImageShareTweetVitamin D COVID-19 studies. Sufficiency studies analyzeoutcomes based on vitamin D levels, confounding factors may be significant.Treatment studies directly analyze the effect of vitamin D treatment. vitamind4all.org providestreatment recommendations.Acute treatment shows greater efficacy than chronic prophylaxis, long-term supplementation may not beideal.Recent:Gupta Mamurova Quesada-Gomez Hunt Karonova Kumar Annweiler.Vitamin D has been officially adoptedfor early treatment in all or part of 3 countries.Submit updates/corrections.Vitamin DAllJul 6N/AMamurova et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1806260/v1 (Preprint)A strong association between the VDR gene markers and SARS-CoV-2 variantsDetails Analysis of 300 PCR+ and 300 PCR- patients, showing COVID-19 associated with vitamin D receptor polymorphisms FokI and TaqI. Notably, these polymorphisms have been found to be associated with improved response to vitamin D supplementation .Jul 6Details Source PDF N/AN/AA strong association between the VDR gene markers and SARS-CoV-2 variantsMamurova et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1806260/v1 (Preprint)Analysis of 300 PCR+ and 300 PCR- patients, showing COVID-19 associated with vitamin D receptor polymorphisms FokI and TaqI. Notably, these polymorphisms have been found to be associated with improved response to vitamin D supplementation [mdpi.com].1.mdpi.com,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/2/360.Mamurova et al., 7/6/2022, preprint, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 2PrEPPEPGupta et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14132757Temporal Association of Reduced Serum Vitamin D with COVID-19 Infection: Two Single-Institution Case–Control StudiesDetails Retrospective study of 107 COVID-19 patients with vitamin D levels measured within 180 days before diagnosis, and 203 patients with levels measured after diagnosis, showing lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 hospitalized patients compare..Jul 2Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyTemporal Association of Reduced Serum Vitamin D with COVID-19 Infection: Two Single-Institution Case–Control StudiesGupta et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14132757Retrospective study of 107 COVID-19 patients with vitamin D levels measured within 180 days before diagnosis, and 203 patients with levels measured after diagnosis, showing lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 hospitalized patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients, but no significant association between vitamin D levels before infection and cases. Authors do not analyze the risk of serious outcomes based on pre-infection levels. Results are provided only for vitamin D as a continuous variable.Gupta et al., 7/2/2022, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period 1 January, 2020 - 30 September, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 30Early, Late, PrEP, PEPCovid Analysis (Preprint) (meta analysis)meta-analysis v178Vitamin D for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 209 studiesDetails • Statistically significant improvements are seen in treatment studies for mortality, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, and cases. 38 studies from 35 independent teams in 16 different countries show statistically significant im..Jun 30Details Source PDF Early, Late, PrEP, PEPEarly, Late, PrEP, PEPVitamin D for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 209 studiesCovid Analysis (Preprint) (meta analysis)• Statistically significant improvements are seen in treatment studies for mortality, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, and cases.38 studies from 35 independent teams in 16 different countries show statistically significant improvements in isolation (27 for the most serious outcome).• Random effects meta-analysis with pooled effects using the most serious outcome reported shows 67%[43‑81%] and 38%[31‑45%] improvement for early treatment and for all studies. Results are similar after restriction to 75 peer-reviewed studies: 63%[39‑78%] and 39%[31‑45%], and for the 48 mortality results: 68%[39‑84%] and 37%[26‑47%].• Acute treatment (early 67%[43‑81%], late 49%[32‑61%]) shows greater efficacy than chronic prophylaxis (31%[22‑39%]), suggesting that long-term supplementation may not be ideal.• Late stage treatment with calcifediol/calcitriol shows greater improvement compared to cholecalciferol: 73%[57‑83%] vs. 41%[21‑55%].• Sufficiency studies show a strong association between vitamin D sufficiency and outcomes. Meta analysis of the 126 studies using the most serious outcome reported shows 55%[50‑60%] improvement.• While many treatments have some level of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid infection. Only 13% of vitamin D treatment studies show zero events in the treatment arm.• No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral damage, and endemic risk.• All data to reproduce this paper and the sources are in the appendix. ImprovementStudies AuthorsPatientsTreatment RCTs 38%[10‑57%] 18 216 6,688 Treatment studies 38%[31‑45%] 83 856 140,560 Cholecalciferol treatment 37%[29‑44%] 73 734 132,083 Calcifediol/calcitriol treatment 52%[26‑69%] 10 122 8,477 Treatment mortality 37%[26‑47%] 48 472 59,522 Sufficiency studies 55%[50‑60%] 126 1,085 128,852 Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 29ReviewQuesada-Gomez et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14132716 (Review)reviewVitamin D Endocrine System and COVID-19: Treatment with CalcifediolDetails Review of the use of calcifediol for COVID-19. Authors note several advantages of calcifediol vs. cholecalciferol: calcifediol induces a more rapid increase in circulating 250HD; calcifediol is more potent than cholecalciferol; calcifedio..Jun 29Details Source PDF ReviewReviewVitamin D Endocrine System and COVID-19: Treatment with CalcifediolQuesada-Gomez et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14132716 (Review)Review of the use of calcifediol for COVID-19. Authors note several advantages of calcifediol vs. cholecalciferol: calcifediol induces a more rapid increase in circulating 250HD; calcifediol is more potent than cholecalciferol; calcifediol has a higher rate of intestinal absorption; and calcifediol has a linear dose-response curve, independent of initial serum levels.Authors note that the available data strongly and consistently suggest that treatment with calcifediol can reduce the severity of COVID-19; and that calcifediol is cost-effective and widely available, without significant adverse effects. Authors propose to use calcifediol for the rapid correction of vitamin D deficiency in all patients in the early stages of COVID-19.Quesada-Gomez et al., 6/29/2022, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 29EarlyHunt et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07701-3death, ↓47.0%, p=0.0007Medications Associated with Lower Mortality in a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Cohort of 26,508 VeteransDetails Retrospective 26,508 consecutive COVID+ veterans in the USA, showing lower mortality with multiple treatments including vitamin D. Treatment was defined as drugs administered ≥50% of the time within 2 weeks post-COVID+, and may be a conti..Jun 29Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyMedications Associated with Lower Mortality in a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Cohort of 26,508 VeteransHunt et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07701-3Retrospective 26,508 consecutive COVID+ veterans in the USA, showing lower mortality with multiple treatments including vitamin D. Treatment was defined as drugs administered ≥50% of the time within 2 weeks post-COVID+, and may be a continuation of prophylactic treatment in some cases, and may be early or late treatment in other cases. Further reduction in mortality was seen with combinations of treatments.risk of death, 47.0% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 43 of 1,019 (4.2%), control 1,569 of 25,489 (6.2%), adjusted, day 30.Hunt et al., 6/29/2022, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 10 September, 2020, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 23LateKaronova et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14132602ICU, ↓85.9%, p=0.11Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on the Clinical Features and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Center StudyDetails RCT with 56 cholecalciferol and 54 control hospitalized patients with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in Russia, showing positive effects on immune status. The median age in the treatment group was 7 years lower and deficiency was l..Jun 23Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on the Clinical Features and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Center StudyKaronova et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14132602RCT with 56 cholecalciferol and 54 control hospitalized patients with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in Russia, showing positive effects on immune status. The median age in the treatment group was 7 years lower and deficiency was less common, while baseline treatment group CT lung involvement and supplemental oxygen use was higher in the treatment group. Treatment increased vitamin D levels and neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, decreased CRP levels, and was associated with a decrease in CD38++CD27 transitional and CD27−CD38+ mature naive B cells and an increase in CD27−CD38− DN B cells.risk of ICU admission, 85.9% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.11, treatment 0 of 56 (0.0%), control 3 of 54 (5.6%), NNT 18, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, day 9.risk of oxygen therapy, 7.0% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.85, treatment 27 of 56 (48.2%), control 28 of 54 (51.9%), NNT 27, baseline oxygen supplementation was higher in the treatment group, 38 vs. 32, day 9.Karonova et al., 6/23/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, study period 30 November, 2020 - 20 March, 2021, dosage 50,000IU days 1, 8, trial NCT05166005.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 31EarlyAnnweiler et al., PLoS Medicine, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003999death, ↓30.0%, p=0.29High-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D supplementation in older adults with COVID- 19 (COVIT-TRIAL): A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled superiority trialDetails RCT comparing single dose 400,000IU and single dose 50,000IU vitamin D in France, showing lower mortality with the higher dose, statistically significant only at day 14. The aHR for days 0-5 was 1.30 [0.31-5.35], compared to 0.11 [0.02-0...May 31Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyHigh-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D supplementation in older adults with COVID- 19 (COVIT-TRIAL): A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled superiority trialAnnweiler et al., PLoS Medicine, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003999RCT comparing single dose 400,000IU and single dose 50,000IU vitamin D in France, showing lower mortality with the higher dose, statistically significant only at day 14.The aHR for days 0-5 was 1.30 [0.31-5.35], compared to 0.11 [0.02-0.52] for days 6-14, which in part may reflect the conversion delay for cholecalciferol treatment. The lower efficacy at day 28 vs. day 14 may in part reflect use of only a single dose.risk of death, 30.0% lower, HR 0.70, p = 0.29, treatment 19 of 126 (15.1%), control 21 of 126 (16.7%), Cox proportional hazards, day 28, intention-to-treat.risk of death, 38.0% lower, HR 0.62, p = 0.17, treatment 17 of 121 (14.0%), control 21 of 121 (17.4%), Cox proportional hazards, day 28, per-protocol.risk of death, 61.0% lower, HR 0.39, p = 0.049, treatment 8 of 127 (6.3%), control 14 of 127 (11.0%), Cox proportional hazards, day 14, intention-to-treat.risk of death, 65.0% lower, HR 0.35, p = 0.03, treatment 7 of 122 (5.7%), control 14 of 122 (11.5%), Cox proportional hazards, day 14, per-protocol.Annweiler et al., 5/31/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, dosage 400,000IU single dose, trial NCT04344041 (COVIT-TRIAL).Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 30EarlyKumar et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.25467no recov., ↓89.2%, p=0.05Efficacy and Safety of Aspirin, Promethazine, and Micronutrients for Rapid Clinical Recovery in Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical TrialDetails RCT 260 patients in India, 130 treated with aspirin, promethazine, vitamin C, D, B3, zinc, and selenium, showing faster recovery with treatment. There was no hospitalization, ICU admission, or supplemental oxygen requirements in either gr..May 30Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyEfficacy and Safety of Aspirin, Promethazine, and Micronutrients for Rapid Clinical Recovery in Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical TrialKumar et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.25467RCT 260 patients in India, 130 treated with aspirin, promethazine, vitamin C, D, B3, zinc, and selenium, showing faster recovery with treatment. There was no hospitalization, ICU admission, or supplemental oxygen requirements in either group.risk of no recovery, 89.2% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.05, treatment 0 of 99 (0.0%), control 4 of 93 (4.3%), NNT 23, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, day 10, dyspnea.risk of no recovery, 95.4% lower, RR 0.05, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 99 (0.0%), control 10 of 93 (10.8%), NNT 9.3, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, day 10, anosmia.risk of no recovery, 94.3% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.003, treatment 0 of 99 (0.0%), control 8 of 93 (8.6%), NNT 12, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, day 10, fatigue.risk of no recovery, 387.9% higher, RR 4.88, p = 0.50, treatment 2 of 99 (2.0%), control 0 of 93 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event, day 10, myalgia.risk of no recovery, 193.9% higher, RR 2.94, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 99 (1.0%), control 0 of 93 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event, day 10, headache.risk of no recovery, 8.5% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.66, treatment 37 of 99 (37.4%), control 38 of 93 (40.9%), NNT 29, day 10, cough.Kumar et al., 5/30/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, mean age 36.0, 8 authors, study period December 2021 - February 2022, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with aspirin, promethazine, vitamin C, B3, zinc, and selenium) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial CTRI/2021/06/034254.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 27PrEPPEPGalmés et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish PopulationsDetails Ecological study in Spain, showing lower intake of vitamin D, A, B9, and zinc in regions with the highest COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Vitamin D intake was associated with lower prevalence, incidence, and a combined incidence+mortali..May 27Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studySuboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish PopulationsGalmés et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254Ecological study in Spain, showing lower intake of vitamin D, A, B9, and zinc in regions with the highest COVID-19 incidence and mortality.Vitamin D intake was associated with lower prevalence, incidence, and a combined incidence+mortality index. Vitamin A intake was correlated with lower incidence, ∆incidence, and combined incidence+mortality, while not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.09, 0.07, 0.06). Vitamin B9, B12, and zinc were associated with lower ∆incidence.Authors analyze 10 vitamins and minerals endorsed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function: vitamins D, A, C, B6, B9, B12, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium.The intake of all 10 showed an inverse correlation with ∆incidence and combined incidence+mortality (statistically significant only as shown).Galmés et al., 5/27/2022, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 27LateMariani et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267918death, ↑124.0%, p=0.45High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trialDetails Late stage RCT with 115 patients treated with a single dose of 500,000IU cholecalciferol and 103 placebo patients, showing no significant differences. Authors do not explain why they did very late treatment with cholecalciferol instead of..May 27Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyHigh-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trialMariani et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267918Late stage RCT with 115 patients treated with a single dose of 500,000IU cholecalciferol and 103 placebo patients, showing no significant differences. Authors do not explain why they did very late treatment with cholecalciferol instead of calcifediol or calcitriol, which would avoid several days delay in conversion. Baseline vitamin D levels were relatively high, limiting the potential benefit.risk of death, 124.0% higher, RR 2.24, p = 0.45, treatment 5 of 115 (4.3%), control 2 of 103 (1.9%).risk of mechanical ventilation, 25.0% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.85, treatment 5 of 115 (4.3%), control 6 of 103 (5.8%), NNT 68.risk of ICU admission, 27.0% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.62, treatment 9 of 115 (7.8%), control 11 of 103 (10.7%), NNT 35.risk of progression, 3.0% lower, OR 0.97, p = 0.82, treatment 115, control 103, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, primary outcome, RR approximated with OR.risk of progression, 32.8% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.71, treatment 3 of 115 (2.6%), control 4 of 103 (3.9%), NNT 78, Δ rSOFA 4.risk of progression, 79.1% higher, RR 1.79, p = 0.30, treatment 10 of 115 (8.7%), control 5 of 103 (4.9%), Δ rSOFA 3.risk of progression, 25.4% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.76, treatment 5 of 115 (4.3%), control 6 of 103 (5.8%), NNT 68, Δ rSOFA 2.risk of progression, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.70, treatment 15 of 115 (13.0%), control 16 of 103 (15.5%), NNT 40, Δ rSOFA 1.Mariani et al., 5/27/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Argentina, South America, peer-reviewed, mean age 59.1, 33 authors, study period 14 August, 2020 - 22 June, 2021, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage 500,000IU single dose, trial NCT04411446 (CARED).Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 22LateFiore et al., Healthcare, doi:10.3390/healthcare10050956death, ↓92.7%, p=0.01Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplements among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: Results from a Monocentric Matched-Cohort StudyDetails Retrospective 116 patients with D levels < 30ng/mL, 58 treated with vitamin D 100,000IU daily for two days, and 58 matched controls, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment.May 22Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffectiveness of Vitamin D Supplements among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: Results from a Monocentric Matched-Cohort StudyFiore et al., Healthcare, doi:10.3390/healthcare10050956Retrospective 116 patients with D levels < 30ng/mL, 58 treated with vitamin D 100,000IU daily for two days, and 58 matched controls, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment.risk of death, 92.7% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.01, treatment 3 of 58 (5.2%), control 11 of 58 (19.0%), NNT 7.2, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.risk of mechanical ventilation, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.36, treatment 4 of 58 (6.9%), control 8 of 58 (13.8%), NNT 14.risk of ICU admission, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.36, treatment 4 of 58 (6.9%), control 8 of 58 (13.8%), NNT 14.NIV, 47.8% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.04, treatment 12 of 58 (20.7%), control 23 of 58 (39.7%), NNT 5.3.Fiore et al., 5/22/2022, retrospective, matched cohort, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 62.5, 10 authors, dosage 100,000IU days 1-2.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 20PrEPPEPHosseini et al., NCT04483635 (Preprint)cases, ↓68.8%, p=0.45Prevention of COVID-19 with Oral Vitamin D Supplemental Therapy in Essential healthCare Teams (PROTECT): Ancillary Study of a Randomized Controlled TrialDetails Early terminated prophylaxis RCT for healthcare workers in Canada, showing 0/18 cases with vitamin D prophylaxis vs. 1/15 for control. Results are published in . 100,000IU cholecalciferol at baseline, 10,000IU weekly for 16 weeks.May 20Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyPrevention of COVID-19 with Oral Vitamin D Supplemental Therapy in Essential healthCare Teams (PROTECT): Ancillary Study of a Randomized Controlled TrialHosseini et al., NCT04483635 (Preprint)Early terminated prophylaxis RCT for healthcare workers in Canada, showing 0/18 cases with vitamin D prophylaxis vs. 1/15 for control. Results are published in [Hosseini]. 100,000IU cholecalciferol at baseline, 10,000IU weekly for 16 weeks.1.Hosseini et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14102134,Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/10/2134.risk of case, 68.8% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.45, treatment 0 of 18 (0.0%), control 1 of 15 (6.7%), NNT 15, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.Hosseini et al., 5/20/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Canada, North America, preprint, 1 author, dosage 100,000IU day 1, 10,000IU day 7, 10,000IU day 14, 10,000IU day 21, 10,000IU day 28, 100,000IU cholecalciferol at baseline, 10,000IU weekly for 16 weeks, trial NCT04483635 (PROTECT).Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 20MetaHosseini et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14102134 (meta analysis)death, ↓54.0%, p=0.0004Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDetails Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly lower ICU admission and mortality with vitamin D treatment. There was no significant difference for cases.May 20Details Source PDF MetaMetaEffects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisHosseini et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14102134 (meta analysis)Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly lower ICU admission and mortality with vitamin D treatment. There was no significant difference for cases.risk of death, 54.0% lower, RR 0.46, p < 0.001.risk of ICU admission, 65.0% lower, RR 0.35, p < 0.001.risk of case, 9.0% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.11.Hosseini et al., 5/20/2022, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 16LevelsOzturk et al., Bratislava Medical Journal, doi:10.4149/BLL_2022_065severe case, ↓46.4%, p=0.10Is there a relationship between vitamin D levels, inflammatory parameters, and clinical severity of COVID-19 infection?Details Retrospective 300 hospitalized patients in Turkey with vitamin D levels measured with 6 months before admission, showing no significant difference in severity based on vitamin D deficiency.May 16Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsIs there a relationship between vitamin D levels, inflammatory parameters, and clinical severity of COVID-19 infection?Ozturk et al., Bratislava Medical Journal, doi:10.4149/BLL_2022_065Retrospective 300 hospitalized patients in Turkey with vitamin D levels measured with 6 months before admission, showing no significant difference in severity based on vitamin D deficiency.risk of severe case, 46.4% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.10, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 9 of 110 (8.2%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 29 of 190 (15.3%), NNT 14.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Ozturk et al., 5/16/2022, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 13LateZangeneh et al., Obesity Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100420death, ↑26.0%, p=0.40Survival analysis based on body mass index in patients with Covid-19 admitted to the intensive care unit of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Arak – 2021Details Retrospective 193 ICU patients in Iran, showing no significant difference with vitamin D treatment.May 13Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studySurvival analysis based on body mass index in patients with Covid-19 admitted to the intensive care unit of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Arak – 2021Zangeneh et al., Obesity Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100420Retrospective 193 ICU patients in Iran, showing no significant difference with vitamin D treatment.risk of death, 26.0% higher, HR 1.26, p = 0.40, Cox proportional hazards.Zangeneh et al., 5/13/2022, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 13LevelsGalluzzo et al., Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111684Association between vitamin D status and physical performance in COVID-19 survivors: Results from the Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care projectDetails Analysis of 681 COVID-19 survivors in Italy, showing a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Low vitamin D levels were associated with poor physical performance, and were more common in patients that had been hospitalized.May 13Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation between vitamin D status and physical performance in COVID-19 survivors: Results from the Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care projectGalluzzo et al., Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111684Analysis of 681 COVID-19 survivors in Italy, showing a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Low vitamin D levels were associated with poor physical performance, and were more common in patients that had been hospitalized.Galluzzo et al., 5/13/2022, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 53.4, 10 authors, study period April 2020 - March 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 11PrEPPEPJabeen et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.53350/pjmhs221631053symp. case, ↓88.9%, p=0.11Protective Effect of Vitamin-D Supplementation in Patients of Acute Coronary Syndrome During COVID-19 PandemicDetails Prospective study of 40 acute coronary syndrome patients in Pakistan, 20 given a single dose of 200,000IU vitamin D, showing lower incidence of COVID-19 in the following 2 months.May 11Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyProtective Effect of Vitamin-D Supplementation in Patients of Acute Coronary Syndrome During COVID-19 PandemicJabeen et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.53350/pjmhs221631053Prospective study of 40 acute coronary syndrome patients in Pakistan, 20 given a single dose of 200,000IU vitamin D, showing lower incidence of COVID-19 in the following 2 months.risk of symptomatic case, 88.9% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.11, treatment 0 of 20 (0.0%), control 4 of 20 (20.0%), NNT 5.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.Jabeen et al., 5/11/2022, prospective, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage 200,000IU single dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 7LevelsKazemi et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8death, ↓75.8%, p=0.26Comparison of the cardiovascular system, clinical condition, and laboratory results in COVID-19 patients with and without vitamin D insufficiencyDetails Retrospective 202 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in outcomes based on vitamin D levels.May 7Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsComparison of the cardiovascular system, clinical condition, and laboratory results in COVID-19 patients with and without vitamin D insufficiencyKazemi et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8Retrospective 202 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in outcomes based on vitamin D levels.risk of death, 75.8% lower, RR 0.24, p = 0.26, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 1 of 75 (1.3%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 7 of 127 (5.5%), NNT 24.risk of severe case, 4.8% higher, RR 1.05, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 13 of 75 (17.3%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 21 of 127 (16.5%).Kazemi et al., 5/7/2022, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, mean age 56.0, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 5LevelsCharkowick et al., AJRCCM Conferencedeath, ↓73.4%, p=0.02Vitamin D Deficiency and Thrombosis in Hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Suspected Pulmonary EmbolismDetails Retrospective 208 hospitalized COVID+ patients in the USA, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with higher mortality and ICU admission.May 5Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Deficiency and Thrombosis in Hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Suspected Pulmonary EmbolismCharkowick et al., AJRCCM ConferenceRetrospective 208 hospitalized COVID+ patients in the USA, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with higher mortality and ICU admission.risk of death, 73.4% lower, OR 0.27, p = 0.02, high D levels 140, low D levels 68, adjusted, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.risk of ICU admission, 67.2% lower, OR 0.33, p = 0.001, high D levels 140, low D levels 68, adjusted, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.Charkowick et al., 5/5/2022, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 January, 2020 - 5 February, 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 3LevelsNguyen et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268038death, ↓81.1%, p=0.00825-hydroxyvitamin D is a predictor of COVID-19 severity of hospitalized patientsDetails Retrospective 88 COVID-19 hospitalized patients and 122 controls, showing higher mortality, ventilation, and length of stay with vitamin D deficiency.May 3Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levels25-hydroxyvitamin D is a predictor of COVID-19 severity of hospitalized patientsNguyen et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268038Retrospective 88 COVID-19 hospitalized patients and 122 controls, showing higher mortality, ventilation, and length of stay with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 81.1% lower, OR 0.19, p = 0.008, cutoff 20ng/mL, adjusted, 25-OH-D3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.risk of mechanical ventilation, 52.8% lower, OR 0.47, p = 0.13, cutoff 20ng/mL, adjusted, 25-OH-D3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.risk of no hospital discharge, 74.0% lower, HR 0.26, p < 0.001, cutoff 20ng/mL, 25-OH-D3, Cox proportional hazards.Nguyen et al., 5/3/2022, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 15 July, 2020 - 15 October, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 1EarlyKhan et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.898062no recov., ↓33.3%, p=0.15Oral Co-Supplementation of Curcumin, Quercetin, and Vitamin D3 as an Adjuvant Therapy for Mild to Moderate Symptoms of COVID-19—Results From a Pilot Open-Label, Randomized Controlled TrialDetails RCT 50 COVID+ outpatients in Pakistan, 25 treated with curcumin, quercetin, and vitamin D, showing significantly faster viral clearance, significantly improved CRP, and faster resolution of acute symptoms (p=0.154). 168mg curcumin, 260mg ..May 1Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyOral Co-Supplementation of Curcumin, Quercetin, and Vitamin D3 as an Adjuvant Therapy for Mild to Moderate Symptoms of COVID-19—Results From a Pilot Open-Label, Randomized Controlled TrialKhan et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.898062RCT 50 COVID+ outpatients in Pakistan, 25 treated with curcumin, quercetin, and vitamin D, showing significantly faster viral clearance, significantly improved CRP, and faster resolution of acute symptoms (p=0.154). 168mg curcumin, 260mg quercetin and 360IU cholecalciferol.risk of no recovery, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.15, treatment 10 of 25 (40.0%), control 15 of 25 (60.0%), NNT 5.0.relative CRP reduction, 39.1% better, RR 0.61, p = 0.006, treatment 25, control 25.risk of no viral clearance, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.009, treatment 10 of 25 (40.0%), control 20 of 25 (80.0%), NNT 2.5.Khan et al., 5/1/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period 2 September, 2021 - 28 November, 2021, dosage 360IU days 1-14, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with curcumin and quercetin) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT05130671.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 30LevelsVoelkle et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14091862death/ICU, ↓23.4%, p=0.55Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort StudyDetails Prospective study of 57 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Switzerland, showing higher risk of mortality/ICU admission with vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc deficiency, with statistical significance only for vitamin A and zinc. A..Apr 30Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPrevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort StudyVoelkle et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14091862Prospective study of 57 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Switzerland, showing higher risk of mortality/ICU admission with vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc deficiency, with statistical significance only for vitamin A and zinc. Adjustments only considered age.risk of death/ICU, 23.4% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.55, high D levels 8 of 34 (23.5%), low D levels 7 of 23 (30.4%), NNT 14, adjusted, OR converted to RR.Voelkle et al., 4/30/2022, prospective, Switzerland, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 67.0, 9 authors, study period 17 March, 2020 - 30 April, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 20In SilicoPandya et al., Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951In SilicoUnravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approachDetails In Silico study showing significant interaction with SARS-CoV-2 targets for multiple vitamins.Apr 20Details Source PDF In SilicoIn SilicoUnravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approachPandya et al., Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951In Silico study showing significant interaction with SARS-CoV-2 targets for multiple vitamins.Pandya et al., 4/20/2022, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 20LevelsKarimian et al., European Journal of Translational Myology, doi:10.4081/ejtm.2022.10453Association of vitamin D and severity of COVID-19 in childrenDetails Analysis of 99 pediatric COVID-19 cases in Iran, mean age 2.9, showing severity associated with vitamin D levels.Apr 20Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of vitamin D and severity of COVID-19 in childrenKarimian et al., European Journal of Translational Myology, doi:10.4081/ejtm.2022.10453Analysis of 99 pediatric COVID-19 cases in Iran, mean age 2.9, showing severity associated with vitamin D levels.Karimian et al., 4/20/2022, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, mean age 2.9, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 18PrEPPEPVillasis-Keever et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.04.003hosp., ↓66.5%, p=1.00Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical TrialDetails RCT 321 healthcare workers in Mexico, showing significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 infection with vitamin D prophylaxis. 4,000IU daily for 30 days. In comparison to , this study used a higher dose, the participants had much higher exposure to S..Apr 18Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyEfficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical TrialVillasis-Keever et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.04.003RCT 321 healthcare workers in Mexico, showing significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 infection with vitamin D prophylaxis. 4,000IU daily for 30 days.In comparison to [Jolliffe], this study used a higher dose, the participants had much higher exposure to SARS-CoV-2 patients, and the study was prior to vaccination. In [Jolliffe], 89% of participants had received a vaccine dose by the end of the study period, and the period overlapped with increasing solar UVB.1.Jolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.22271707,Vitamin D Supplements for Prevention of Covid-19 or other Acute Respiratory Infections: a Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial (CORONAVIT),https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.22271707.risk of hospitalization, 66.5% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 150 (0.0%), control 1 of 152 (0.7%), NNT 152, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, ITT.risk of case, 78.0% lower, RR 0.22, p = 0.001, treatment 7 of 150 (4.7%), control 26 of 152 (17.1%), NNT 8.0, adjusted, multivariable, Table 3.Villasis-Keever et al., 4/18/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, study period 15 July, 2020 - 30 December, 2020, dosage 4,000IU daily.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 14LateTorres et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112965death, ↑7.3%, p=1.00Changes in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with severe COVID-19 treated with high dose of vitamin DDetails RCT comparing 41 patients treated with 10,000IU/day cholecalciferol and 44 treated with 2,000IU/day in Spain, showing significantly shorter hospitalization for ARDS patients with the higher dose. There was also an increase of anti-inflamm..Apr 14Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyChanges in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with severe COVID-19 treated with high dose of vitamin DTorres et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112965RCT comparing 41 patients treated with 10,000IU/day cholecalciferol and 44 treated with 2,000IU/day in Spain, showing significantly shorter hospitalization for ARDS patients with the higher dose. There was also an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and higher levels of CD4+ T cells. Cytotoxic response against pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infected cells was over 4-fold higher in patients receiving the higher dose.risk of death, 7.3% higher, RR 1.07, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 41 (2.4%), control 1 of 44 (2.3%).risk of ICU admission, 57.1% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 41 (4.9%), control 5 of 44 (11.4%), NNT 15.risk of ARDS, 28.5% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.74, treatment 4 of 41 (9.8%), control 6 of 44 (13.6%), NNT 26.hospitalization time, 31.2% lower, relative time 0.69, treatment 41, control 44.hospitalization time, 72.6% lower, relative time 0.27, p = 0.04, ARDS patients.Torres et al., 4/14/2022, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 65.0, 51 authors, study period June 2020 - March 2021, dosage 10,000IU days 1-14.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 14PrEPPEPParant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14081641death, ↓50.5%, p=0.11Vitamin D and COVID-19 Severity in Hospitalized Older Patients: Potential Benefit of Prehospital Vitamin D SupplementationDetails Retrospective 228 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, median age 78, showing significantly lower risk of ICU admission and severe cases with vitamin D prophylaxis. NCT04877509.Apr 14Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D and COVID-19 Severity in Hospitalized Older Patients: Potential Benefit of Prehospital Vitamin D SupplementationParant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14081641Retrospective 228 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, median age 78, showing significantly lower risk of ICU admission and severe cases with vitamin D prophylaxis. NCT04877509.risk of death, 50.5% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.11, treatment 7 of 66 (10.6%), control 28 of 162 (17.3%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.risk of ICU admission, 51.2% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.008, treatment 10 of 66 (15.2%), control 74 of 162 (45.7%), NNT 3.3, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.risk of severe case, 38.7% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.01, treatment 19 of 66 (28.8%), control 86 of 162 (53.1%), NNT 4.1, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.Parant et al., 4/14/2022, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 78.0, 12 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 30 June, 2020, dosage varies, trial NCT04877509.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 9LevelsTakase et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.003Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and COVID-19 severityDetails Retrospective 117 consecutive COVID+ hospitalized patients in Japan, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with mechanical ventilation or mortality.Apr 9Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and COVID-19 severityTakase et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.003Retrospective 117 consecutive COVID+ hospitalized patients in Japan, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with mechanical ventilation or mortality.Takase et al., 4/9/2022, retrospective, Japan, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 1 October, 2020 - 31 January, 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 5LevelsLatifi-Pupovci et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09785-7Relationship of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies with Vitamin D and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patientsDetails Prospective study of 69 COVID+ patients in Kosovo, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 severity.Apr 5Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsRelationship of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies with Vitamin D and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patientsLatifi-Pupovci et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09785-7Prospective study of 69 COVID+ patients in Kosovo, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 severity.Latifi-Pupovci et al., 4/5/2022, prospective, Kosovo, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 31LevelsMartínez-Rodríguez et al., Gaceta Médica de México, doi:10.24875/GMM.M22000637death, ↓52.2%, p=0.04Evaluation of the usefulness of vitamin D as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19Details Retrospective 154 consecutive COVID-19 patients in Mexico, showing low vitamin D levels associated with higher mortality.Mar 31Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsEvaluation of the usefulness of vitamin D as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19Martínez-Rodríguez et al., Gaceta Médica de México, doi:10.24875/GMM.M22000637Retrospective 154 consecutive COVID-19 patients in Mexico, showing low vitamin D levels associated with higher mortality.risk of death, 52.2% lower, OR 0.48, p = 0.04, cutoff 20ng/mL, adjusted, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.Martínez-Rodríguez et al., 3/31/2022, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 26LevelsFerrer-Sánchez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19073965ICU, ↓81.8%, p=1.00Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Case-Control StudyDetails Retrospective 256 pregnant women, 82 with COVID-19 and 174 controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 patients.Mar 26Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Case-Control StudyFerrer-Sánchez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19073965Retrospective 256 pregnant women, 82 with COVID-19 and 174 controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 patients.risk of ICU admission, 81.8% lower, RR 0.18, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 0 of 9 (0.0%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 4 of 73 (5.5%), NNT 18, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of moderate/severe case, 88.7% lower, RR 0.11, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 0 of 9 (0.0%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 7 of 73 (9.6%), NNT 10, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of case, 62.7% lower, OR 0.37, p = 0.01, cutoff 20ng/mL, adjusted, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.Ferrer-Sánchez et al., 3/26/2022, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 23LevelsGhanei et al., European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01095-5cases, ↓42.1%, p=0.09Low serum levels of zinc and 25-hydroxyvitmain D as potential risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility: a pilot case-control studyDetails Case control study with 90 COVID-19 cases and 95 matched controls in Iran, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for cases.Mar 23Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow serum levels of zinc and 25-hydroxyvitmain D as potential risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility: a pilot case-control studyGhanei et al., European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01095-5Case control study with 90 COVID-19 cases and 95 matched controls in Iran, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for cases.risk of case, 42.1% lower, OR 0.58, p = 0.09, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 58 of 90 (64.4%) cases,72 of 95 (75.8%) controls, NNT 7.4, case control OR.Ghanei et al., 3/23/2022, prospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 20 March, 2020 - 20 January, 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 23PrEPPEPJolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.22271707 (Preprint)ventilation, ↑94.7%, p=1.00Vitamin D Supplements for Prevention of Covid-19 or other Acute Respiratory Infections: a Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial (CORONAVIT)Details RCT 5,979 low risk patients (0 COVID-19 deaths) in the UK, showing no significant differences with vitamin D prophylaxis. CORONAVIT. NCT04579640. For more discussion see [ reddit.com , twitter.com ] . Authors do not provide exact start/en..Mar 23Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D Supplements for Prevention of Covid-19 or other Acute Respiratory Infections: a Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial (CORONAVIT)Jolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.22271707 (Preprint)RCT 5,979 low risk patients (0 COVID-19 deaths) in the UK,showing no significant differences with vitamin D prophylaxis. CORONAVIT.NCT04579640. For more discussion see[reddit.com, twitter.com].Authors do not provide exact start/end dates (month only) orspecify when infections occurred, however based on cases in the UK, mostinfections may have been closer to the start of the trial when vitamin Dlevels may still have been relatively low. Reportedly, authors do not plan toanalyze this issue, and have declined to allow one of the funders access tothe data.[Villasis-Keever] present an RCT showing conflictingresults, 78% lower cases with vitamin D prophylaxis. In comparison,[Villasis-Keever] used a higher dose, the participants had much higherexposure to SARS-CoV-2 patients, and the study was prior to vaccination. Inthis study, 89% of participants had received a vaccine dose by the end of thestudy period, and the period overlapped with increasing solar UVB.1.reddit.com,https://www.reddit.com/r/VitaminD/..it_trial_results_negative_but_the/.2.twitter.com,https://twitter.com/KarlPfleger/status/1506871284214337543.3.Villasis-Keever et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.04.003,Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical Trial,https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0188440922000455.risk of mechanical ventilation, 94.7% higher, RR 1.95, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 1,515 (0.1%), control 1 of 2,949 (0.0%), 3200IU/day.risk of mechanical ventilation, 94.7% higher, RR 1.95, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 1,515 (0.1%), control 1 of 2,949 (0.0%), 800IU/day.risk of hospitalization, 41.1% higher, RR 1.41, p = 0.16, treatment 29 of 1,515 (1.9%), control 40 of 2,949 (1.4%), 3200IU/day.risk of hospitalization, 16.8% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.60, treatment 24 of 1,515 (1.6%), control 40 of 2,949 (1.4%), 800IU/day.risk of case, 8.8% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.55, treatment 76 of 1,515 (5.0%), control 136 of 2,949 (4.6%), 3200IU/day.risk of case, 24.5% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.11, treatment 87 of 1,515 (5.7%), control 136 of 2,949 (4.6%), 800IU/day.Jolliffe et al., 3/23/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, median age 60.2, 24 authors, study period December 2020 - June 2021, dosage 3,200IU daily, daily, trial NCT04579640.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 16LevelsPande et al., Journal of Communicable Diseases, doi:10.24321/0019.5138.202227severe case, ↓93.4%, p<0.0001Vitamin D Levels and its Association with Inflammatory Markers, Severity and Outcome in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients - An Indian PerspectiveDetails Retrospective 209 hospitalized patients in India, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19 severity.Mar 16Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Levels and its Association with Inflammatory Markers, Severity and Outcome in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients - An Indian PerspectivePande et al., Journal of Communicable Diseases, doi:10.24321/0019.5138.202227Retrospective 209 hospitalized patients in India, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19 severity.risk of severe case, 93.4% lower, RR 0.07, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 7 of 116 (6.0%), low D levels (<20ng/ml) 85 of 93 (91.4%), NNT 1.2.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Pande et al., 3/16/2022, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period October 2020 - October 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 10ReviewDiGuilio et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23062995 (Review)reviewMicronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant TherapyDetails Review of epithelial and endothelial barrier compromise and associated disease risk including COVID-19, and the potential benefits of vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc for improving barrier function.Mar 10Details Source PDF ReviewReviewMicronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant TherapyDiGuilio et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23062995 (Review)Review of epithelial and endothelial barrier compromise and associated disease risk including COVID-19, and the potential benefits of vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc for improving barrier function.DiGuilio et al., 3/10/2022, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 7LateWadi Al Ramahi et al., The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.3823/862The Effect of Vitamin D treatment on COVID 19- Patients, an Inverted Propensity Score Weighting (IPSW), and Inverted Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) Analyzed StudyDetails Retrospective study comparing 847 patients receiving ≤149,000IU vitamin D and 170 receiving ≥150,000IU, showing no significant differences, however the result may not be very meaningful - membership in the higher cumulative dose group req..Mar 7Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyThe Effect of Vitamin D treatment on COVID 19- Patients, an Inverted Propensity Score Weighting (IPSW), and Inverted Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) Analyzed StudyWadi Al Ramahi et al., The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.3823/862Retrospective study comparing 847 patients receiving ≤149,000IU vitamin D and 170 receiving ≥150,000IU, showing no significant differences, however the result may not be very meaningful - membership in the higher cumulative dose group requires longer hospitalization, e.g., patients discharged shortly after admission (a positive outcome) could not be in the higher cumulative dose group.Wadi Al Ramahi et al., 3/7/2022, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 2LevelsKaronova et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph15030305severe case, ↓22.5%, p=0.01Vitamin D Status and Immune Response in Hospitalized Patients with Moderate and Severe COVID-19Details Retrospective 331 hospitalized patients in Russia, showing lower risk of severe cases with higher vitamin D levels.Mar 2Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Status and Immune Response in Hospitalized Patients with Moderate and Severe COVID-19Karonova et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph15030305Retrospective 331 hospitalized patients in Russia, showing lower risk of severe cases with higher vitamin D levels.risk of severe case, 22.5% lower, OR 0.78, p = 0.01, cutoff 11.4ng/mL, adjusted, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.Karonova et al., 3/2/2022, retrospective, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 30 November, 2020 - 20 March, 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 28PrEPPEPShehab et al., Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, doi:10.4314/tjpr.v21i2.13severe case, ↓45.7%, p=0.20Immune-boosting effect of natural remedies and supplements on progress of, and recovery from COVID-19 infectionDetails Retrospective survey-based analysis of 349 COVID-19 patients, showing a lower risk of severe cases with vitamin D, zinc, turmeric, and honey prophylaxis in unadjusted analysis, without statistical significance. REC/UG/2020/03.Feb 28Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyImmune-boosting effect of natural remedies and supplements on progress of, and recovery from COVID-19 infectionShehab et al., Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, doi:10.4314/tjpr.v21i2.13Retrospective survey-based analysis of 349 COVID-19 patients, showing a lower risk of severe cases with vitamin D, zinc, turmeric, and honey prophylaxis in unadjusted analysis, without statistical significance. REC/UG/2020/03.risk of severe case, 45.7% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.20, treatment 6 of 90 (6.7%), control 20 of 163 (12.3%), NNT 18, unadjusted, severe vs. mild cases.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Shehab et al., 2/28/2022, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, survey, 7 authors, study period September 2020 - March 2021, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 28PrEPPEPNimer et al., Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.7009hosp., ↓33.3%, p=0.001The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalizationDetails Retrospective survey based analysis of 2,148 COVID-19 recovered patients in Jordan, showing lower risk of severity and hospitalization with vitamin D prophylaxis.Feb 28Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyThe impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalizationNimer et al., Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.7009Retrospective survey based analysis of 2,148 COVID-19 recovered patients in Jordan, showing lower risk of severity and hospitalization with vitamin D prophylaxis.risk of hospitalization, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.001, treatment 66 of 796 (8.3%), control 153 of 1,352 (11.3%), NNT 33, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.risk of severe case, 29.0% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.01, treatment 81 of 796 (10.2%), control 179 of 1,352 (13.2%), NNT 33, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.Nimer et al., 2/28/2022, retrospective, Jordan, Middle East, peer-reviewed, survey, 4 authors, study period March 2021 - July 2021, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 24LevelsRodríguez-Vidales et al., Nutrición Hospitalaria, doi:10.20960/nh.03731severe case, ↓38.9%, p=0.21Severe COVID-19 patients have severe vitamin D deficiency in Northeast MexicoDetails Retrospective 181 diagnostic center patients and 116 ICU patients in Mexico, showing higher risk of severity with vitamin D levels <10ng/mL.Feb 24Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSevere COVID-19 patients have severe vitamin D deficiency in Northeast MexicoRodríguez-Vidales et al., Nutrición Hospitalaria, doi:10.20960/nh.03731Retrospective 181 diagnostic center patients and 116 ICU patients in Mexico, showing higher risk of severity with vitamin D levels <10ng/mL.risk of severe case, 38.9% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.21, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 89 of 265 (33.6%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 27 of 32 (84.4%), NNT 2.0, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.Rodríguez-Vidales et al., 2/24/2022, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period March 2020 - September 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 24ReviewKory et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, doi:10.14740/jocmr4658 (Review)review“MATH+” Multi-Modal Hospital Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 Infection: Clinical and Scientific RationaleDetails Review of the data supporting the MATH+ hospital treatment protocol for COVID-19.Feb 24Details Source PDF ReviewReview“MATH+” Multi-Modal Hospital Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 Infection: Clinical and Scientific RationaleKory et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, doi:10.14740/jocmr4658 (Review)Review of the data supporting the MATH+ hospital treatment protocol for COVID-19.Kory et al., 2/24/2022, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 22LevelsTylicki et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14030451severe case, ↓45.4%, p=0.02Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors May Increase While Active Vitamin D May Decrease the Risk of Severe Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Maintenance HemodialysisDetails Retrospective 85 COVID+ hemodialysis patients in Poland, showing lower severity with existing vitamin D use. Patients in this study are also analyzed in .Feb 22Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAngiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors May Increase While Active Vitamin D May Decrease the Risk of Severe Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Maintenance HemodialysisTylicki et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14030451Retrospective 85 COVID+ hemodialysis patients in Poland, showing lower severity with existing vitamin D use. Patients in this study are also analyzed in [Tylicki].1.Tylicki et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm11020285,Predictors of Mortality in Hemodialyzed Patients after SARS-CoV-2 Infection,https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/2/285.risk of severe case, 45.4% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.02, high D levels 20 of 57 (35.1%), low D levels 18 of 28 (64.3%), NNT 3.4, unadjusted, severe vs. mild changes.Excluded in meta analysis: patients in this study are a subset of those in a larger study.Tylicki et al., 2/22/2022, retrospective, Poland, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 6 October, 2020 - 28 February, 2021, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 21LevelsSaeed et al., The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine, doi:10.1186/s43162-022-00116-wCholecalciferol level and its impact on COVID-19 patientsDetails Prospective study of 414 COVID+ ICU patients in Egypt, showing mortality associated with lower vitamin D levels.Feb 21Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCholecalciferol level and its impact on COVID-19 patientsSaeed et al., The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine, doi:10.1186/s43162-022-00116-wProspective study of 414 COVID+ ICU patients in Egypt, showing mortality associated with lower vitamin D levels.Saeed et al., 2/21/2022, prospective, Egypt, Africa, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 19LevelsZidrou et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.22385death, ↓26.4%, p=1.00The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and the Clinical Severity of COVID-19 Infection: A Retrospective Single-Center AnalysisDetails Retrospective 71 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Greece with vitamin D levels measured within 48 hours of admission, showing longer hospitalization, more radiographic findings, and higher inflammatory and cellular damage markers with vi..Feb 19Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and the Clinical Severity of COVID-19 Infection: A Retrospective Single-Center AnalysisZidrou et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.22385Retrospective 71 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Greece with vitamin D levels measured within 48 hours of admission, showing longer hospitalization, more radiographic findings, and higher inflammatory and cellular damage markers with vitamin D deficiency. Differences were only statistically significant for troponin and PCT.risk of death, 26.4% lower, RR 0.74, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 2 of 25 (8.0%), low D levels (<20ng/ml) 5 of 46 (10.9%), NNT 35.radiographic changes, 18.2% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.26, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 16 of 25 (64.0%), low D levels (<20ng/ml) 36 of 46 (78.3%), NNT 7.0.hospitalization time, 37.7% lower, relative time 0.62, p = 0.16, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 25, low D levels (<20ng/ml) 46.Zidrou et al., 2/19/2022, retrospective, Greece, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period August 2020 - October 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 19LevelsSanson et al., Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), doi:10.1007/s11845-022-02952-9death/vent., ↓64.0%, p=0.03A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patientsDetails Prospective study of 69 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients, showing higher risk of combined NIV/IMV/60-day death with low vitamin D levels.Feb 19Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsA combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patientsSanson et al., Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), doi:10.1007/s11845-022-02952-9Prospective study of 69 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients, showing higher risk of combined NIV/IMV/60-day death with low vitamin D levels.NIV/IMV/death, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.03, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 2 of 9 (22.2%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 37 of 60 (61.7%), NNT 2.5.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Sanson et al., 2/19/2022, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period March 2020 - September 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 18LateCannata-Andía et al., BMC Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02290-8death, ↑44.0%, p=0.31A single-oral bolus of 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol at hospital admission did not improve outcomes in the COVID-19 disease: the COVID-VIT-D — a randomised multicentre international clinical trialDetails RCT 274 very late stage (>80% pulmonary involvement at baseline) hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with a single dose of cholecalciferol, and 269 control patients, showing no significant differences. High serum calcidiol levels at ad..Feb 18Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyA single-oral bolus of 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol at hospital admission did not improve outcomes in the COVID-19 disease: the COVID-VIT-D — a randomised multicentre international clinical trialCannata-Andía et al., BMC Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02290-8RCT 274 very late stage (>80% pulmonary involvement at baseline) hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with a single dose of cholecalciferol, and 269 control patients, showing no significant differences. High serum calcidiol levels at admission were associated with lower pulmonary involvement, shorter hospitalization, and lower ICU admission.Serum levels increased in the treatment group, however average levels were still insufficient at discharge. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more successful, especially with this very late stage usage.COVID-VIT-D. 100,000IU cholecalciferol. NCT04552951.risk of death, 44.0% higher, RR 1.44, p = 0.31, treatment 22 of 274 (8.0%), control 15 of 269 (5.6%).risk of ICU admission, 4.9% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.82, treatment 47 of 274 (17.2%), control 44 of 269 (16.4%).hospitalization time, 5.3% higher, relative time 1.05, treatment 274, control 269.risk of death, 117.0% higher, RR 2.17, p = 0.20, high D levels 87, low D levels 96, >25 vs. ≤10 ng/mL, adjusted by demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters, outcome based on serum levels.risk of ICU admission, 65.0% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.04, high D levels 87, low D levels 96, >25 vs. ≤10 ng/mL, adjusted by demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters, outcome based on serum levels.risk of progression, 79.0% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.003, high D levels 87, low D levels 96, pulmonary involvment at admission, >25 vs. ≤10 ng/mL, adjusted by demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters, outcome based on serum levels.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:very late stage study using cholecalciferol instead of calcifediol or calcitriol.Cannata-Andía et al., 2/18/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, median age 59.0, 22 authors, dosage 100,000IU single dose, trial NCT04552951.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 17PrEPPEPJunior et al., BMC Geriatrics, doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02776-3death, ↓22.1%, p=0.61Chronic diseases, chest computed tomography, and laboratory tests as predictors of severe respiratory failure and death in elderly Brazilian patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a prospective cohort studyDetails Prospective study of 201 COVID+ hospitalized adults in Brazil, mean age 73, showing a lower risk of mortality and respiratory failure with vitamin D supplementation in unadjusted results, without statistical significance, and a higher ris..Feb 17Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyChronic diseases, chest computed tomography, and laboratory tests as predictors of severe respiratory failure and death in elderly Brazilian patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a prospective cohort studyJunior et al., BMC Geriatrics, doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02776-3Prospective study of 201 COVID+ hospitalized adults in Brazil, mean age 73, showing a lower risk of mortality and respiratory failure with vitamin D supplementation in unadjusted results, without statistical significance, and a higher risk of progression to mechanical ventilation with vitamin D levels <40ng/dl.risk of death, 22.1% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.61, treatment 8 of 113 (7.1%), control 8 of 88 (9.1%), NNT 50, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of progression, 30.8% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.26, treatment 16 of 113 (14.2%), control 18 of 88 (20.5%), NNT 16, respiratory failure, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of mechanical ventilation, 84.4% lower, OR 0.16, p = 0.03, cutoff 40ng/dl, cutoff ≥40ng/dl, risk of mechanical ventilation for vitamin D levels >40ng/ml, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels.Junior et al., 2/17/2022, prospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 15MetaShah et al., QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcac040 (meta analysis)death, ↓52.1%, p<0.0001Does vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity? - a systematic reviewDetails Meta-analysis of seven systematic reviews showing that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of COVID-19 mortality, ventilation, and ICU admission. Authors note that oral and IV supplements were well tolerated, safe, and effective.Feb 15Details Source PDF MetaMetaDoes vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity? - a systematic reviewShah et al., QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcac040 (meta analysis)Meta-analysis of seven systematic reviews showing that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of COVID-19 mortality, ventilation, and ICU admission. Authors note that oral and IV supplements were well tolerated, safe, and effective.risk of death, 52.1% lower, OR 0.48, p < 0.001, RR approximated with OR.risk of mechanical ventilation, 46.1% lower, OR 0.54, p < 0.001, RR approximated with OR.risk of ICU admission, 63.8% lower, OR 0.36, p < 0.001, RR approximated with OR.Shah et al., 2/15/2022, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 8LevelsBushnaq et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031901ventilation, ↓32.1%, p=0.27The Impact of Vitamin D Status on COVID-19 Severity among Hospitalized Patients in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional StudyDetails Retrospective 197 hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia, showing no significant differences based on vitamin D levels. Adjusted results are provided only for vitamin D as a continuous variable.Feb 8Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe Impact of Vitamin D Status on COVID-19 Severity among Hospitalized Patients in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional StudyBushnaq et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031901Retrospective 197 hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia, showing no significant differences based on vitamin D levels. Adjusted results are provided only for vitamin D as a continuous variable.risk of mechanical ventilation, 32.1% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.27, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 10 of 53 (18.9%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 40 of 144 (27.8%), NNT 11, unadjusted.risk of ICU admission, 3.9% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.87, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 23 of 53 (43.4%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 65 of 144 (45.1%), NNT 57, unadjusted.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Bushnaq et al., 2/8/2022, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 5LateBishop et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.22270036 (Preprint)no recov., ↓33.7%, p=0.56Results From the REsCue Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Extended-Release Calcifediol in Symptomatic Outpatients with COVID-19Details Small RCT with low-risk patients in Florida, USA, showing no significant differences in overall recovery. Minimal details on outcomes are provided in the preprint. Authors note significantly faster resolution of respiratory symptoms when ..Feb 5Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyResults From the REsCue Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Extended-Release Calcifediol in Symptomatic Outpatients with COVID-19Bishop et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.22270036 (Preprint)Small RCT with low-risk patients in Florida, USA, showing no significant differences in overall recovery. Minimal details on outcomes are provided in the preprint. Authors note significantly faster resolution of respiratory symptoms when treatment increased vitamin D levels. Baseline vitamin D was relatively high, mean 37±1 ng/mL, 95% >20ng/mL, leaving little room for improvement. Treatment delay is not specified but is likely relatively late based on the symptoms at baseline, PCR testing delay, and exclusion with FLU-PRO scores <1.5. NCT04551911.risk of no recovery, 33.7% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.56, treatment 5 of 65 (7.7%), control 8 of 69 (11.6%), NNT 26, day 21, mid-trial.risk of no recovery, 73.5% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.37, treatment 1 of 65 (1.5%), control 4 of 69 (5.8%), NNT 23, day 35.risk of no recovery, 57.5% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 65 (3.1%), control 5 of 69 (7.2%), NNT 24, day 28.risk of no recovery, 6.2% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.85, treatment 17 of 65 (26.2%), control 17 of 69 (24.6%), day 14.risk of no recovery, 3.0% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 33 of 65 (50.8%), control 34 of 69 (49.3%), day 7.Bishop et al., 2/5/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, North America, preprint, 11 authors, study period 2 November, 2020 - 27 August, 2021, dosage calcifediol 300μg day 1, 60μg days 4-27, trial NCT04551911.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 2ReviewGrant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030639A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal HealthDetails Review of the benefits of vitamin D for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and COVID-19. Authors conclude that optimal levels are above 30ng/mL for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, whereas the th..Feb 2Details Source PDF ReviewReviewA Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal HealthGrant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030639Review of the benefits of vitamin D for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and COVID-19. Authors conclude that optimal levels are above 30ng/mL for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, whereas the thresholds for other outcomes may range up to 40 or 50 ng/mL.Grant et al., 2/2/2022, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 31PrEPPEPLevy et al., Gerontology, doi:10.1159/000521412death/hosp., ↓30.0%, p=0.05Frail Older Adults with Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Course and PrognosisDetails Retrospective 849 COVID-19+ patients in skilled nursing homes, showing lower risk of combined hospitalization/death with vitamin D prophylaxis, very close to statistical significance.Jan 31Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyFrail Older Adults with Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Course and PrognosisLevy et al., Gerontology, doi:10.1159/000521412Retrospective 849 COVID-19+ patients in skilled nursing homes, showing lower risk of combined hospitalization/death with vitamin D prophylaxis, very close to statistical significance.risk of death/hospitalization, 30.0% lower, HR 0.70, p = 0.05, treatment 39 of 208 (18.8%), control 168 of 641 (26.2%), NNT 13, adjusted, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, day 40.Levy et al., 1/31/2022, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 31PrEPPEPSubramanian et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac027death, ↓27.3%, p=0.12Vitamin D, D-binding protein, free vitamin D and COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patientsDetails Retrospective 427 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United Kingdom, showing lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation (p=0.12), and higher mortality with both low and high vitamin D levels compared to a reference range of 50-74 n..Jan 31Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D, D-binding protein, free vitamin D and COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patientsSubramanian et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac027Retrospective 427 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United Kingdom, showing lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation (p=0.12), and higher mortality with both low and high vitamin D levels compared to a reference range of 50-74 nmol/L.risk of death, 27.3% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.12, treatment 31 of 131 (23.7%), control 80 of 336 (23.8%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, prescribed supplement use, multivariable.risk of death, 49.7% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.02, high D levels 16 of 115 (13.9%), low D levels 33 of 118 (28.0%), NNT 7.1, adjusted, OR converted to RR, 50-74 nmol/L vs. <25nmol/L, multivariable, outcome based on serum levels.risk of death, 39.7% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.07, high D levels 16 of 115 (13.9%), low D levels 38 of 157 (24.2%), NNT 9.7, adjusted, OR converted to RR, 50-74 nmol/L vs. 25-49nmol/L, multivariable, outcome based on serum levels.Subramanian et al., 1/31/2022, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 29PrEPPEPMohajeri et al., Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, doi:10.3233/MNM-211521The difference in the dietary inflammatory index, functional food, and antioxidants intake between COVID -19 patients and healthy personsDetails Retrospective dietary survey analysis of 500 COVID-19 patients and 500 healthy matched controls in Iran, showing that COVID-19 patients had lower daily consumption of vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium. IR.ARUMS.REC.1400...Jan 29Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyThe difference in the dietary inflammatory index, functional food, and antioxidants intake between COVID -19 patients and healthy personsMohajeri et al., Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, doi:10.3233/MNM-211521Retrospective dietary survey analysis of 500 COVID-19 patients and 500 healthy matched controls in Iran, showing that COVID-19 patients had lower daily consumption of vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium. IR.ARUMS.REC.1400.008.Mohajeri et al., 1/29/2022, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 27LevelsSchmitt et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27606Oxidative stress status and vitamin D levels of asymptomatic to mild symptomatic COVID-19 infections during the third trimester of pregnancy: A retrospective study in Metz, FranceDetails Retrospective 15 COVID+ pregnant women and 20 healthy controls in France, showing that all COVID+ patients were vitamin D deficient, and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in symptomatic patients compared to controls or asymptomati..Jan 27Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsOxidative stress status and vitamin D levels of asymptomatic to mild symptomatic COVID-19 infections during the third trimester of pregnancy: A retrospective study in Metz, FranceSchmitt et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27606Retrospective 15 COVID+ pregnant women and 20 healthy controls in France, showing that all COVID+ patients were vitamin D deficient, and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in symptomatic patients compared to controls or asymptomatic patients.Schmitt et al., 1/27/2022, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 24PrEPPEPKaronova et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030505symp. case, ↓94.6%, p=0.002Vitamin D Intake May Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Infection Morbidity in Health Care WorkersDetails Small RCT in Russia with 45 high dose vitamin D patients (50,000IU/wk for 2 wks followed by 5,000IU/day) and 46 low dose patients (2,000IU/day), showing lower cases and lower symptomatic cases with high dose treatment.Jan 24Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D Intake May Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Infection Morbidity in Health Care WorkersKaronova et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030505Small RCT in Russia with 45 high dose vitamin D patients (50,000IU/wk for 2 wks followed by 5,000IU/day) and 46 low dose patients (2,000IU/day), showing lower cases and lower symptomatic cases with high dose treatment.risk of symptomatic case, 94.6% lower, RR 0.05, p = 0.002, treatment 0 of 38 (0.0%), control 9 of 40 (22.5%), NNT 4.4, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.risk of case, 41.5% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.10, treatment 10 of 38 (26.3%), control 18 of 40 (45.0%), NNT 5.4.Karonova et al., 1/24/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 24LevelsSaponaro et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.745713ARDS, ↓36.5%, p=0.43Is There a Crucial Link Between Vitamin D Status and Inflammatory Response in Patients With COVID-19?Details Retrospective 93 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Italy, showing low vitamin D levels associated with severe ARDS, and significantly lower vitamin D levels for non-survivors.Jan 24Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsIs There a Crucial Link Between Vitamin D Status and Inflammatory Response in Patients With COVID-19?Saponaro et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.745713Retrospective 93 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Italy, showing low vitamin D levels associated with severe ARDS, and significantly lower vitamin D levels for non-survivors.risk of ARDS, 36.5% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.43, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 5 of 32 (15.6%), low D levels (<20ng/ml) 15 of 61 (24.6%), NNT 11, severe ARDS.Saponaro et al., 1/24/2022, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period March 2020 - May 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 22LevelsJuraj et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.044death, ↓19.0%, p=0.05COVID-19 pneumonia patients with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of deathDetails Retrospective 357 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Slovakia, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency (<12ng/mL). All patients received vitamin D supplementation in hospital. In multivariable linear regression, vitamin D levels we..Jan 22Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCOVID-19 pneumonia patients with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of deathJuraj et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.044Retrospective 357 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Slovakia, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency (<12ng/mL). All patients received vitamin D supplementation in hospital. In multivariable linear regression, vitamin D levels were independently associated with mortality (p=0.0398).risk of death, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.05, high D levels (≥12ng/mL) 127 of 283 (44.9%), low D levels (<12ng/mL) 41 of 74 (55.4%), NNT 9.5.Juraj et al., 1/22/2022, retrospective, Slovakia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period 1 November, 2020 - 30 April, 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 15LevelsSoltani-Zangbar et al., Gene Reports, doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101509Serum levels of vitamin D and immune system function in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unitDetails Analysis of 50 COVID-19 ICU patients and 50 healthy controls in Iran, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Jan 15Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum levels of vitamin D and immune system function in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unitSoltani-Zangbar et al., Gene Reports, doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101509Analysis of 50 COVID-19 ICU patients and 50 healthy controls in Iran, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Soltani-Zangbar et al., 1/15/2022, prospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 6PrEPPEPTylicki et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm11020285death, ↓14.4%, p=0.61Predictors of Mortality in Hemodialyzed Patients after SARS-CoV-2 InfectionDetails Retrospective 133 COVID+ hemodialysis patients in Poland, showing lower mortality with existing vitamin D use, without statistical significance.Jan 6Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyPredictors of Mortality in Hemodialyzed Patients after SARS-CoV-2 InfectionTylicki et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm11020285Retrospective 133 COVID+ hemodialysis patients in Poland, showing lower mortality with existing vitamin D use, without statistical significance.risk of death, 14.4% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.61, treatment 28 of 85 (32.9%), control 25 of 48 (52.1%), NNT 5.2, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable.Tylicki et al., 1/6/2022, retrospective, Poland, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 6 October, 2020 - 28 February, 2021, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 1LevelsSeal et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0death, ↓45.1%, p=0.001Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and MortalityDetails Retrospective 4,599 COVID+ veterans in the USA with vitamin D levels measured 15 to 90 days prior to testing positive, showing a significant independent inverse dose-response relationship between vitamin D levels (from 15 to 60ng/mL) and ..Jan 1Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and MortalitySeal et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0Retrospective 4,599 COVID+ veterans in the USA with vitamin D levels measured 15 to 90 days prior to testing positive, showing a significant independent inverse dose-response relationship between vitamin D levels (from 15 to 60ng/mL) and decreasing risk of hospitalization (24.1% to 18.7%, p = 0.009) and mortality (10.4% to 5.7%, p = 0.001).risk of death, 45.1% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.001, adjusted, 60ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of death, 40.5% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.001, adjusted, 50ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of death, 34.6% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.001, adjusted, 40ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of death, 25.9% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.001, adjusted, 30ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of death, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.001, adjusted, 25ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of death, 11.5% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.001, adjusted, 20ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of hospitalization, 22.5% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.01, adjusted, 60ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of hospitalization, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.009, adjusted, 50ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of hospitalization, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.007, adjusted, 40ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of hospitalization, 12.3% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.008, adjusted, 30ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of hospitalization, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.01, adjusted, 25ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.risk of hospitalization, 4.8% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.02, adjusted, 20ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL.Seal et al., 1/1/2022, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 1LateBilir et al., Journal of Contemporary Medicine, doi:10.16899/jcm.990057death, ↓23.1%, p=0.26Does Vitamin D Supplementation Reduce Cytokine Storm and Mortality in Geriatric Intensive Care Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19Details Retrospective 80 elderly ICU patients in Turkey, 40 with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml received vitamin D treatment, showing no significant differences in outcomes. Although not statistically significant, results favored treatment which sugge..Jan 1Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyDoes Vitamin D Supplementation Reduce Cytokine Storm and Mortality in Geriatric Intensive Care Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19Bilir et al., Journal of Contemporary Medicine, doi:10.16899/jcm.990057Retrospective 80 elderly ICU patients in Turkey, 40 with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml received vitamin D treatment, showing no significant differences in outcomes. Although not statistically significant, results favored treatment which suggests that supplemention was beneficial because low vitamin D levels are typically associated with worse results.risk of death, 23.1% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.26, treatment 20 of 40 (50.0%), control 26 of 40 (65.0%), NNT 6.7.risk of mechanical ventilation, 3.3% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 29 of 40 (72.5%), control 30 of 40 (75.0%), NNT 40.risk of no weaning from intubation, 20.4% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.13, treatment 20 of 29 (69.0%), control 26 of 30 (86.7%), NNT 5.6.ICU time, 10.3% lower, relative time 0.90, p = 0.44, treatment 40, control 40.hospitalization time, 2.9% lower, relative time 0.97, p = 0.98, treatment 40, control 40.Excluded in meta analysis: control group formed from patients with high vitamin D levels.Bilir et al., 1/1/2022, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period March 2021 - July 2021, dosage 50,000IU days 1, 8.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 31
2021LevelsJabbar et al., Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 8:4Vitamin D Serum Levels and Its Association With COVID 19 Infection In Babylon Governorate, IraqDetails Analysis of 120 COVID-19 and 120 control patients in Iraq, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 patients.Dec 31
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Serum Levels and Its Association With COVID 19 Infection In Babylon Governorate, IraqJabbar et al., Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 8:4Analysis of 120 COVID-19 and 120 control patients in Iraq, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 patients.Jabbar et al., 12/31/2021, retrospective, Iraq, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 31
2021EarlyEfird et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19010447death, ↓48.9%, p=0.10The Interaction of Vitamin D and Corticosteroids: A Mortality Analysis of 26,508 Veterans Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2Details Retrospective 26,508 COVID+ veterans in USA, showing lower mortality with vitamin D use after testing positive (defined as being administered ≥7 days or half of the survival time within 2 weeks after testing), with statistical significanc..Dec 31
2021Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyThe Interaction of Vitamin D and Corticosteroids: A Mortality Analysis of 26,508 Veterans Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2Efird et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19010447Retrospective 26,508 COVID+ veterans in USA, showing lower mortality with vitamin D use after testing positive (defined as being administered ≥7 days or half of the survival time within 2 weeks after testing), with statistical significance for hospitalized patients.risk of death, 48.9% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.10, treatment 11 of 544 (2.0%), control 413 of 15,794 (2.6%), adjusted, non-hospitalized patients, vitamin D + no corticosteroids vs. no vitamin D + no corticosteroids.risk of death, 54.5% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.02, treatment 11 of 192 (5.7%), control 553 of 4,340 (12.7%), NNT 14, adjusted, hospitalized patients, vitamin D + no corticosteroids vs. no vitamin D + no corticosteroids.Efird et al., 12/31/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 10 September, 2020, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 29
2021PrEPPEPMahmood et al., European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1159death, ↓9.4%, p=0.67Coronavirus in HIP Fractures CHIP 2: Is Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Increased Mortality from COVID-19 Infections in A Hip Fracture Population?Details Retrospective 517 hip fracture patients in the UK with vitamin D levels measured during COVID-19 admission, not showing significant differences in mortality for supplementation in unadjusted analysis with no group details and subject to c..Dec 29
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCoronavirus in HIP Fractures CHIP 2: Is Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Increased Mortality from COVID-19 Infections in A Hip Fracture Population?Mahmood et al., European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1159Retrospective 517 hip fracture patients in the UK with vitamin D levels measured during COVID-19 admission, not showing significant differences in mortality for supplementation in unadjusted analysis with no group details and subject to confounding by indication. There was also no significant effect based on deficiency.risk of death, 9.4% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.67, treatment 34 of 138 (24.6%), control 31 of 114 (27.2%), NNT 39, prescribed by GP.risk of death, 30.5% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.10, treatment 45 of 238 (18.9%), control 31 of 114 (27.2%), NNT 12, started after admission, late treatment result.risk of death, 12.5% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.51, high D levels (≥25nmol/L) 70 of 346 (20.2%), low D levels (<25nmol/L) 40 of 144 (27.8%), adjusted, cutoff ≥25nmol/L, OR converted to RR, outcome based on serum levels.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.Mahmood et al., 12/29/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period 23 March, 2020 - 31 December, 2020, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 28
2021LateBaguma et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193578/v1 (Preprint)death, ↓96.7%, p=0.02Characteristics of the COVID-19 patients treated at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda: A cross-sectional studyDetails Retrospective COVID+ hospitalized patients in Uganda, 23 patients receiving vitamin D treatment, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment.Dec 28
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyCharacteristics of the COVID-19 patients treated at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda: A cross-sectional studyBaguma et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193578/v1 (Preprint)Retrospective COVID+ hospitalized patients in Uganda, 23 patients receiving vitamin D treatment, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment.risk of death, 96.7% lower, RR 0.03, p = 0.02, treatment 23, control 458, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.Baguma et al., 12/28/2021, retrospective, Uganda, Africa, preprint, 16 authors, study period March 2020 - October 2021, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 22
2021MetaChiodini et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665meta-analysisVitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical OutcomesDetails Meta analysis concluding that "patients with low vitamin D levels present an increased risk of ARDS requiring admission to intensive care unit (ICU) or mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 i..Dec 22
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaVitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical OutcomesChiodini et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665Meta analysis concluding that "patients with low vitamin D levels present an increased risk of ARDS requiring admission to intensive care unit (ICU) or mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related hospitalization".Chiodini et al., 12/22/2021, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 10
2021LevelsPutra et al., European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1131hosp., ↓25.6%, p=0.59Vitamin D Levels among Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital PadangDetails Case control study in Indonesia with 31 moderate to critical hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and 31 asymptomatic or mild non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing lower vitamin D levels in the hospitalized patients, without reaching sta..Dec 10
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Levels among Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital PadangPutra et al., European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1131Case control study in Indonesia with 31 moderate to critical hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and 31 asymptomatic or mild non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing lower vitamin D levels in the hospitalized patients, without reaching statistical significance.risk of hospitalization, 25.6% lower, OR 0.74, p = 0.59, high D levels 9 of 31 (29.0%) cases,11 of 31 (35.5%) controls, NNT 14, case control OR.Putra et al., 12/10/2021, retrospective, Indonesia, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period February 2020 - September 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 3
2021PrEPPEPMa et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab389hosp., ↓49.0%, p=0.04Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 severityDetails Analysis of 39,915 patients with 1,768 COVID+ cases based on surveys in the Nurses' Health Study II, showing higher predicted vitamin D levels associated with lower risk of COVID-19 cases. There was significantly lower risk of hospitaliza..Dec 3
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyAssociations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 severityMa et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab389Analysis of 39,915 patients with 1,768 COVID+ cases based on surveys in the Nurses' Health Study II, showing higher predicted vitamin D levels associated with lower risk of COVID-19 cases. There was significantly lower risk of hospitalization with vitamin D supplementation (≥400 IU/d), but no significant differences for cases based on supplementation.risk of hospitalization, 49.0% lower, OR 0.51, p = 0.04, treatment 26,605, control 12,710, adjusted, supplementation ≥400 IU/day, model 3, supplemental table 3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.risk of symptomatic case, 7.0% higher, OR 1.07, p = 0.25, treatment 7,895, control 31,420, adjusted, supplementation ≥2000 IU/day vs. <400 IU/day, model 3, supplemental table 3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.risk of case, 17.0% lower, OR 0.83, p = 0.07, treatment 7,895, control 31,420, adjusted, supplementation ≥2000 IU/day vs. <400 IU/day, model 3, supplemental table 3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.risk of hospitalization, 67.0% lower, OR 0.33, p = 0.15, high D levels 7,893, low D levels 7,823, adjusted, highest quintile vs. lowest quintile predicted vitamin D levels, model 3, supplemental table 3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels.risk of symptomatic case, 9.0% lower, OR 0.91, p = 0.52, high D levels 7,893, low D levels 7,823, adjusted, highest quintile vs. lowest quintile predicted vitamin D levels, model 3, supplemental table 3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels.risk of case, 52.0% lower, OR 0.48, p = 0.01, high D levels 7,893, low D levels 7,823, adjusted, highest quintile vs. lowest quintile predicted vitamin D levels, model 3, supplemental table 3, multivariable, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels.Ma et al., 12/3/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, study period May 2020 - March 2021, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 30
2021LevelsFatemi et al., Acute and Critical Care, doi:10.4266/acc.2021.00605death, ↓42.0%, p=0.07Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 severity and mortality in Iranian people: a prospective observational studyDetails Prospective study of 248 hospitalized COVID+ patients in Iran with vitamin D levels measured in the previous year and again at admission, showing vitamin D status associated with severity and mortality.Nov 30
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 severity and mortality in Iranian people: a prospective observational studyFatemi et al., Acute and Critical Care, doi:10.4266/acc.2021.00605Prospective study of 248 hospitalized COVID+ patients in Iran with vitamin D levels measured in the previous year and again at admission, showing vitamin D status associated with severity and mortality.risk of death, 42.0% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.07, high D levels 18 of 139 (12.9%), low D levels 25 of 109 (22.9%), NNT 10, OR converted to RR, vitamin D measured prior to COVID-19, multivariate.risk of death, 51.1% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.02, high D levels 13 of 115 (11.3%), low D levels 30 of 133 (22.6%), NNT 8.9, OR converted to RR, vitamin D measured on admission, multivariate.risk of severe case, 37.9% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.007, high D levels 38 of 139 (27.3%), low D levels 48 of 109 (44.0%), NNT 6.0, vitamin D measured prior to COVID-19.risk of severe case, 34.8% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.02, high D levels 31 of 115 (27.0%), low D levels 55 of 133 (41.4%), NNT 6.9, vitamin D measured on admission.Fatemi et al., 11/30/2021, prospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, study period 1 October, 2020 - 31 May, 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 30
2021LevelsKaur et al., Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 32:6death, ↓89.8%, p<0.0001Correlation of Vitamin D Levels with COVID-19 Severity and OutcomeDetails Prospective study of 81 hospitalized COVID+ patients in India, showing low vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality.Nov 30
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCorrelation of Vitamin D Levels with COVID-19 Severity and OutcomeKaur et al., Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 32:6Prospective study of 81 hospitalized COVID+ patients in India, showing low vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality.risk of death, 89.8% lower, RR 0.10, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 5 of 64 (7.8%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 13 of 17 (76.5%), NNT 1.5.risk of mechanical ventilation, 90.3% lower, RR 0.10, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 4 of 64 (6.2%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 11 of 17 (64.7%), NNT 1.7.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Kaur et al., 11/30/2021, prospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 29
2021LevelsRanjbar et al., Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, doi:10.4103/jrms.JRMS_1151_20death, ↓41.9%, p=0.07Serum level of Vitamin D is associated with COVID-19 mortality rate in hospitalized patientsDetails Retrospective 317 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing mortality associated with lower vitamin D levels.Nov 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum level of Vitamin D is associated with COVID-19 mortality rate in hospitalized patientsRanjbar et al., Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, doi:10.4103/jrms.JRMS_1151_20Retrospective 317 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing mortality associated with lower vitamin D levels.risk of death, 41.9% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.07, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 16 of 163 (9.8%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 26 of 154 (16.9%), NNT 14.Ranjbar et al., 11/29/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 27 authors, study period 16 February, 2020 - 21 March, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 24
2021LevelsJenei et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.025COVID-19 mortality is associated with low Vitamin D levels in patients with risk factors and/or advanced ageDetails Retrospective 257 hospitalized patients in Hungary, showing mortality associated with lower vitamin D levels for all patients, for patients >60, and for age-matched patients with risk factors or age >60. The non-age-matched analyses are c..Nov 24
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCOVID-19 mortality is associated with low Vitamin D levels in patients with risk factors and/or advanced ageJenei et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.025Retrospective 257 hospitalized patients in Hungary, showing mortality associated with lower vitamin D levels for all patients, for patients >60, and for age-matched patients with risk factors or age >60. The non-age-matched analyses are confounded by age, with elderly patients more likely to have lower vitamin D levels.Jenei et al., 11/24/2021, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 23
2021LevelsAhmed et al., BioMed Research International, doi:10.1155/2021/1676914Factors Affecting the Incidence, Progression, and Severity of COVID-19 in Type 1 Diabetes MellitusDetails Retrospective type 1 diabetes patients in Saudi Arabia showing that mean vitamin D levels were significantly lower in type 1 diabetes patients with COVID-19 than in type 1 diabetes patients without COVID-19, or in a control group of patie..Nov 23
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsFactors Affecting the Incidence, Progression, and Severity of COVID-19 in Type 1 Diabetes MellitusAhmed et al., BioMed Research International, doi:10.1155/2021/1676914Retrospective type 1 diabetes patients in Saudi Arabia showing that mean vitamin D levels were significantly lower in type 1 diabetes patients with COVID-19 than in type 1 diabetes patients without COVID-19, or in a control group of patients without type 1 diabetes.Ahmed et al., 11/23/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 23
2021LevelsSeven et al., The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.2005564severe case, ↓46.5%, p=0.006Correlation between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity in pregnant women: a cross-sectional studyDetails Prospective study of 403 pregnant COVID+ hospitalized women in Turkey, showing higher risk of severe disease or poor prognostic factors with vitamin D deficiency.Nov 23
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCorrelation between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity in pregnant women: a cross-sectional studySeven et al., The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.2005564Prospective study of 403 pregnant COVID+ hospitalized women in Turkey, showing higher risk of severe disease or poor prognostic factors with vitamin D deficiency.risk of severe disease or poor prognostic factor, 46.5% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.006, cutoff 14.5ng/ml.Seven et al., 11/23/2021, prospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period September 2020 - November 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 21
2021PrEPPEPAhmed et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.21266489 (Preprint)death, ↓10.5%, p=0.28Causal Inference and COVID-19 Nursing Home Patients: Identifying Factors That Reduced Mortality RiskDetails Retrospective causal inference analysis of 4,091 COVID+ long-term care high risk patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with vitamin D, without statistical significance.Nov 21
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCausal Inference and COVID-19 Nursing Home Patients: Identifying Factors That Reduced Mortality RiskAhmed et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.21266489 (Preprint)Retrospective causal inference analysis of 4,091 COVID+ long-term care high risk patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with vitamin D, without statistical significance.risk of death, 10.5% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.28.Ahmed et al., 11/21/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 5 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 21
2021LevelsAsgari et al., Acta Medica Iranica, doi:10.18502/acta.v59i11.7779death, ↓72.5%, p=0.03Vitamin D Insufficiency in Disease Severity and Prognosis of the Patients With SARS Corona Virus-2 InfectionDetails Retrospective 98 moderate/severe hospitalized COVID-19+ patients in Iran, showing significantly increased risk of mortality and severity with vitamin D deficiency. IR.AJAUMS.REC.1399.060.Nov 21
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Insufficiency in Disease Severity and Prognosis of the Patients With SARS Corona Virus-2 InfectionAsgari et al., Acta Medica Iranica, doi:10.18502/acta.v59i11.7779Retrospective 98 moderate/severe hospitalized COVID-19+ patients in Iran, showing significantly increased risk of mortality and severity with vitamin D deficiency. IR.AJAUMS.REC.1399.060.risk of death, 72.5% lower, OR 0.27, p = 0.03, cutoff 25ng/mL, adjusted, RR approximated with OR.risk of progression, 65.6% lower, OR 0.34, p = 0.02, cutoff 25ng/mL, adjusted, RR approximated with OR.Asgari et al., 11/21/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 21 May, 2020 - 4 September, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 15
2021LevelsRamos et al., Global Journal of Health Science, doi:10.5539/gjhs.v14n1p1cases, ↓45.7%, p=0.16Vitamin D, Zinc and Iron in Adult Patients with Covid-19 and Their Action in the Immune Response as BiomarkersDetails Retrospective 13 COVID-19 patients and 7 controls in Brazil, showing higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency for COVID-19 cases, without statistical significance.Nov 15
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D, Zinc and Iron in Adult Patients with Covid-19 and Their Action in the Immune Response as BiomarkersRamos et al., Global Journal of Health Science, doi:10.5539/gjhs.v14n1p1Retrospective 13 COVID-19 patients and 7 controls in Brazil, showing higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency for COVID-19 cases, without statistical significance.risk of case, 45.7% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.16, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 4 of 9 (44.4%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 9 of 11 (81.8%), NNT 2.7.Ramos et al., 11/15/2021, retrospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 14
2021LateBeigmohammadi et al., Trials, doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05795-4death, ↓88.9%, p=0.11The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trialDetails Small RCT 60 ICU patients in Iran, 30 treated with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, showing significant improvement in SOFA score and several inflammatory markers at day 7 with treatment. 5,000 IU vitamin A daily, 600,000 IU vitamin D once, 30..Nov 14
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyThe effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trialBeigmohammadi et al., Trials, doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05795-4Small RCT 60 ICU patients in Iran, 30 treated with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, showing significant improvement in SOFA score and several inflammatory markers at day 7 with treatment.5,000 IU vitamin A daily, 600,000 IU vitamin D once, 300 IU of vitamin E twice a day, 500 mg vitamin C four times a day, and one ampule daily of B vitamins [thiamine nitrate 3.1 mg, sodium riboflavin phosphate 4.9 mg (corresponding to vitamin B2 3.6 mg), nicotinamide 40 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride 4.9 mg (corresponding to vitamin B6 4.0 mg), sodium pantothenate 16.5 mg (corresponding to pantothenic acid 15 mg), sodium ascorbate 113 mg (corresponding to vitamin C 100 mg), biotin 60 μg, folic acid 400 μg, and cyanocobalamin 5 μg]. IRCT20200319046819N [irct.ir].1.irct.ir,https://www.irct.ir/trial/46838.risk of death, 88.9% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.11, treatment 0 of 30 (0.0%), control 4 of 30 (13.3%), NNT 7.5, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.risk of hospitalization >7 days, 41.0% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.25, treatment 4 of 30 (13.3%), control 16 of 30 (53.3%), NNT 2.5, adjusted, OR converted to RR.relative SOFA score @day 7, 45.5% better, RR 0.55, p < 0.001, treatment 30, control 30.Beigmohammadi et al., 11/14/2021, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, dosage 600,000IU single dose, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with vitamins A, B, C, E) - results of individual treatments may vary.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 12
2021LevelsSacristán et al., Transplantation Proceedings, doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.08.060Risk of severe COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipientsDetails Retrospective 63 COVID+ kidney transplant recipients, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels before infection in patients requiring ICU admission.Nov 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsRisk of severe COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipientsSacristán et al., Transplantation Proceedings, doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.08.060Retrospective 63 COVID+ kidney transplant recipients, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels before infection in patients requiring ICU admission.Sacristán et al., 11/12/2021, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 12
2021LevelsGönen et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13114047death, ↓65.8%, p=0.62Rapid and Effective Vitamin D Supplementation May Present Better Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Patients by Altering Serum INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, Cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1Details Retrospective 867 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey, showing worse outcomes with vitamin D deficiency (without statistical significance); followed by a prospective study of 210 patients with vitamin D supplementation for those that..Nov 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsRapid and Effective Vitamin D Supplementation May Present Better Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Patients by Altering Serum INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, Cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1Gönen et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13114047Retrospective 867 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey, showing worse outcomes with vitamin D deficiency (without statistical significance); followed by a prospective study of 210 patients with vitamin D supplementation for those that were deficient, showing significantly lower mortality compared to the retrospective study without treatment.risk of death, 65.8% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.62, high D levels (≥12ng/mL) 1 of 80 (1.2%), low D levels (<12ng/mL) 3 of 82 (3.7%), NNT 42, retrospective study.risk of ICU admission, 16.9% lower, RR 0.83, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥12ng/mL) 4 of 77 (5.2%), low D levels (<12ng/mL) 5 of 80 (6.2%), NNT 95, retrospective study.hospital stay >8 days, 21.1% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.11, high D levels (≥12ng/mL) 40 of 78 (51.3%), low D levels (<12ng/mL) 52 of 80 (65.0%), NNT 7.3, retrospective study.Gönen et al., 11/12/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 20 authors, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 10
2021LevelsAsghar et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0577death, ↓53.1%, p=0.046Evaluation of Vitamin-D Status and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients in PakistanDetails Retrospective 91 hospitalized patients in Pakistan, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with mortality in multivariate Cox regression.Nov 10
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsEvaluation of Vitamin-D Status and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients in PakistanAsghar et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0577Retrospective 91 hospitalized patients in Pakistan, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with mortality in multivariate Cox regression.risk of death, 53.1% lower, HR 0.47, p = 0.046, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 73, low D levels (<10ng/mL) 18, multivariate Cox regression.risk of mechanical ventilation, 19.4% lower, HR 0.81, p = 0.32, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 5 of 73 (6.8%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 6 of 18 (33.3%), NNT 3.8, adjusted, multivariate Cox regression.risk of ICU admission, 32.9% lower, HR 0.67, p = 0.54, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 73, low D levels (<10ng/mL) 18, multivariate Cox regression.Asghar et al., 11/10/2021, retrospective, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 3
2021LevelsGallelli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13113932Vitamin D Serum Levels in Subjects Tested for SARS-CoV-2: What Are the Differences among Acute, Healed, and Negative COVID-19 Patients? A Multicenter Real-Practice StudyDetails Analysis of 117 patients in Italy, showing COVID-19 patients had significantly lower vitamin D levels than control patients.Nov 3
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Serum Levels in Subjects Tested for SARS-CoV-2: What Are the Differences among Acute, Healed, and Negative COVID-19 Patients? A Multicenter Real-Practice StudyGallelli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13113932Analysis of 117 patients in Italy, showing COVID-19 patients had significantly lower vitamin D levels than control patients.Gallelli et al., 11/3/2021, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 2
2021LevelsAtanasovska et al., Redox Report, doi:10.1080/13510002.2021.1999126death, ↓40.7%, p=0.68Vitamin D levels and oxidative stress markers in patients hospitalized with COVID-19Details Retrospective 33 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in North Macedonia, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for severe vs. moderate cases. Oxidative stress was also higher for vitamin D insufficient patients.Nov 2
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D levels and oxidative stress markers in patients hospitalized with COVID-19Atanasovska et al., Redox Report, doi:10.1080/13510002.2021.1999126Retrospective 33 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in North Macedonia, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for severe vs. moderate cases. Oxidative stress was also higher for vitamin D insufficient patients.risk of death, 40.7% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.68, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 2 of 9 (22.2%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 9 of 24 (37.5%), NNT 6.5.risk of severe case, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.13, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 2 of 9 (22.2%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 13 of 24 (54.2%), NNT 3.1.Atanasovska et al., 11/2/2021, retrospective, North Macedonia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 25
2021LateLeal-Martínez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031172 (preprint 10/25/2021)death, ↓85.7%, p=0.03Effect of a Nutritional Support System to Increase Survival and Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Stage III and Comorbidities: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical TrialDetails 80 patient RCT with 40 patients treated with a comprehensive regimen of nutritional support, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. Treatment contained cholecalciferol, vitamin C, zinc, spirulina maxima, folic acid, glutami..Oct 25
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffect of a Nutritional Support System to Increase Survival and Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Stage III and Comorbidities: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical TrialLeal-Martínez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031172 (preprint 10/25/2021)80 patient RCT with 40 patients treated with a comprehensive regimen of nutritional support, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. Treatment contained cholecalciferol, vitamin C, zinc, spirulina maxima, folic acid, glutamine, vegetable protein, selenium, resveratrol, omega-3 fatty acids, l-arginine, magnesium, probiotics, and B-complex IV. Adherence was strictly monitored. NCT04507867.risk of death, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.03, treatment 1 of 40 (2.5%), control 7 of 40 (17.5%), NNT 6.7.risk of mechanical ventilation, 57.1% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.31, treatment 3 of 40 (7.5%), control 7 of 40 (17.5%), NNT 10.0.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:combined treatments may contribute more to the effect seen.Leal-Martínez et al., 10/25/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period 1 September, 2020 - 28 February, 2021, dosage 4,000IU days 1-21, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with comprehensive nutritional support) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04507867.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 22
2021LevelsHurst et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055435death, ↓68.4%, p=0.005Vitamin D insufficiency in COVID-19 and influenza A, and critical illness survivors: a cross-sectional studyDetails Analysis of 259 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the UK, showing a majority of patients had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, which was associated with poor outcomes. Both free and total 25(OH)D were analyzed with consistent results...Oct 22
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D insufficiency in COVID-19 and influenza A, and critical illness survivors: a cross-sectional studyHurst et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055435Analysis of 259 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the UK, showing a majority of patients had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, which was associated with poor outcomes. Both free and total 25(OH)D were analyzed with consistent results. ISRCTN66726260.risk of death, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.005, high D levels 68, low D levels 191, OR converted to RR, >50nmol/l, multivariable, Supplementary Table 2, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.risk of mechanical ventilation, 66.0% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.004, high D levels 6 of 68 (8.8%), low D levels 61 of 191 (31.9%), NNT 4.3, OR converted to RR, >50nmol/l, multivariable, Supplementary Table 2.Hurst et al., 10/22/2021, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 23 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 20
2021LevelsAl-Anouti et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13113680severe case, ↓68.1%, p=0.0007Associations between Genetic Variants in the Vitamin D Metabolism Pathway and Severity of COVID-19 among UAE ResidentsDetails Retrospective 646 COVID-19 patients in the UAE, showing significant associations between genetic determinants of vitamin D metabolism and COVID-19 severity, and an association with vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity. Patients in t..Oct 20
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociations between Genetic Variants in the Vitamin D Metabolism Pathway and Severity of COVID-19 among UAE ResidentsAl-Anouti et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13113680Retrospective 646 COVID-19 patients in the UAE, showing significant associations between genetic determinants of vitamin D metabolism and COVID-19 severity, and an association with vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity. Patients in this study overlap with [AlSafar]. DOH/DQD/2020/538.1.AlSafar et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13051714,COVID-19 Disease Severity and Death in Relation to Vitamin D Status among SARS-CoV-2-Positive UAE Residents,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/5/1714/htm.risk of severe case, 68.1% lower, RR 0.32, p < 0.001, high D levels 56 of 146 (38.4%), low D levels 52 of 142 (36.6%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, <12ng/ml vs. >20ng/ml.Al-Anouti et al., 10/20/2021, retrospective, United Arab Emirates, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 15
2021LevelsRamirez-Sandoval et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.09.006death, ↓31.5%, p<0.0001Very Low Vitamin D Levels are a Strong Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19Details Retrospective 2,908 hospitalized patients in Mexico with vitamin D levels measured on admission, showing significantly lower mortality for patients without vitamin D deficiency.Oct 15
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVery Low Vitamin D Levels are a Strong Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19Ramirez-Sandoval et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.09.006Retrospective 2,908 hospitalized patients in Mexico with vitamin D levels measured on admission, showing significantly lower mortality for patients without vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 31.5% lower, HR 0.68, p < 0.001, high D levels 2,337, low D levels 571, adjusted, >12.5ng/mL, 30 day in-hospital mortality.hospitalization time, 22.2% lower, relative time 0.78, p < 0.001, high D levels 2,337, low D levels 571.Ramirez-Sandoval et al., 10/15/2021, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 13
2021LateMaghbooli et al., Endocrine Practice, doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.09.016death, ↓40.0%, p=0.72Treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) is associated with a reduction in the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio marker of disease severity in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a pilot, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trialDetails RCT 106 hospitalized patients with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml in Iran, 53 treated with calcifediol, showing that treatment was able to correct vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, resulting in improved immune system function. Hospitalizatio..Oct 13
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyTreatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) is associated with a reduction in the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio marker of disease severity in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a pilot, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trialMaghbooli et al., Endocrine Practice, doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.09.016RCT 106 hospitalized patients with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml in Iran, 53 treated with calcifediol, showing that treatment was able to correct vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, resulting in improved immune system function. Hospitalization, ICU duration, ventilation, and mortality was lower with treatment, without reaching statistical significance with the small sample size. The dosage used in this trial was much lower than other trials.risk of death, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.72, treatment 3 of 53 (5.7%), control 5 of 53 (9.4%), NNT 26.risk of mechanical ventilation, 60.0% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 53 (3.8%), control 5 of 53 (9.4%), NNT 18.risk of ICU admission, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.42, treatment 6 of 53 (11.3%), control 10 of 53 (18.9%), NNT 13.ICU time, 36.4% lower, relative time 0.64, p = 0.20, treatment 53, control 53.hospitalization time, 16.7% lower, relative time 0.83, p = 0.10, treatment 53, control 53.Maghbooli et al., 10/13/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, dosage calcifediol 25μg daily, mean daily dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 12
2021LevelsAfaghi et al., The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, doi:10.1620/tjem.255.127death, ↓55.0%, p=0.002Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Vitamin D Deficiency in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center AnalysisDetails Retrospective 646 COVID-19+ hospitalized patients in Iran, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.Oct 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPrevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Vitamin D Deficiency in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center AnalysisAfaghi et al., The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, doi:10.1620/tjem.255.127Retrospective 646 COVID-19+ hospitalized patients in Iran, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.002, high D levels 97 of 537 (18.1%), low D levels 51 of 109 (46.8%), NNT 3.5, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL, multivariate.risk of mechanical ventilation, 55.9% lower, RR 0.44, p < 0.001, high D levels 89 of 537 (16.6%), low D levels 41 of 109 (37.6%), NNT 4.8, >20ng/mL, unadjusted.risk of ICU admission, 34.1% lower, RR 0.66, p < 0.001, high D levels 211 of 537 (39.3%), low D levels 65 of 109 (59.6%), NNT 4.9, >20ng/mL, unadjusted.Afaghi et al., 10/12/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 12
2021PrEP, EarlyWorcel et al., Annals of Palliative Medicine, doi:10.21037/apm-21-1707Low mortality from COVID-19 at a nursing facility in France following a combined preventive and active treatment protocolDetails Report on the relatively low mortality and relatively mild COVID-19 symptoms at a French nursing facility that has adopted several treatments including vitamin D, zinc, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and a multivitamin.Oct 12
2021Details Source PDF PrEP, EarlyPrEP, EarlyLow mortality from COVID-19 at a nursing facility in France following a combined preventive and active treatment protocolWorcel et al., Annals of Palliative Medicine, doi:10.21037/apm-21-1707Report on the relatively low mortality and relatively mild COVID-19 symptoms at a French nursing facility that has adopted several treatments including vitamin D, zinc, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and a multivitamin.Worcel et al., 10/12/2021, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 9
2021LateCaballero-García et al., Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina57101079Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Status in Old Patients Recovering from COVID-19 InfectionDetails Small RCT with 30 patients examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle status in elderly recovering COVID-19 patients, showing serum creatine kinase levels returned to optimal values, however there was no significant diffe..Oct 9
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Status in Old Patients Recovering from COVID-19 InfectionCaballero-García et al., Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina57101079Small RCT with 30 patients examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle status in elderly recovering COVID-19 patients, showing serum creatine kinase levels returned to optimal values, however there was no significant difference in physical test results.Caballero-García et al., 10/9/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 5
2021LevelsMukherjee et al., FEBS Open Bio, doi:10.1002/2211-5463.13309Seasonal UV exposure and vitamin D: Association with the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in EuropeDetails Analysis of UV and temperature levels in 26 European countries, showing that low temperature, UV index, and cloud-free vitamin D UV dose levels are negatively correlated with COVID-19 prevalence. Authors suggest that low UV exposure can a..Oct 5
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSeasonal UV exposure and vitamin D: Association with the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in EuropeMukherjee et al., FEBS Open Bio, doi:10.1002/2211-5463.13309Analysis of UV and temperature levels in 26 European countries, showing that low temperature, UV index, and cloud-free vitamin D UV dose levels are negatively correlated with COVID-19 prevalence. Authors suggest that low UV exposure can affect the required production of vitamin D in the body, which substantially influences the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission and severity.Mukherjee et al., 10/5/2021, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 2
2021LevelsAbdollahzadeh et al., Infection, Genetics and Evolution, doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patientsDetails Analysis of 500 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing associations between specific vitamin D receceptor gene polymorphisms and COVID-19 outcomes.Oct 2
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patientsAbdollahzadeh et al., Infection, Genetics and Evolution, doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098Analysis of 500 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing associations between specific vitamin D receceptor gene polymorphisms and COVID-19 outcomes.Abdollahzadeh et al., 10/2/2021, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 27
2021LateYildiz et al., Bratislava Medical Journal, doi:10.4149/BLL_2021_119death, ↓80.9%, p=0.04The prognostic significance of vitamin D deficiency in patients with COVID-19 pneumoniaDetails Retrospective 207 hospitalized patients in Turkey, 37 with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml treated with a 300,000IU vitamin D, showing lower mortality with treatment.Sep 27
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyThe prognostic significance of vitamin D deficiency in patients with COVID-19 pneumoniaYildiz et al., Bratislava Medical Journal, doi:10.4149/BLL_2021_119Retrospective 207 hospitalized patients in Turkey, 37 with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml treated with a 300,000IU vitamin D, showing lower mortality with treatment.risk of death, 80.9% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.04, treatment 1 of 37 (2.7%), control 24 of 170 (14.1%), NNT 8.8.risk of ICU admission, 94.5% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.13, treatment 0 of 37 (0.0%), control 14 of 170 (8.2%), NNT 12, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.hospitalization time, 9.6% lower, relative time 0.90, p = 0.32, treatment 37, control 170.Yildiz et al., 9/27/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage 300,000IU single dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 25
2021MetaBorsche et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103596 (preprint 9/25/2021) (meta analysis)meta-analysisCOVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDetails Meta analysis of 8 studies with vitamin D levels measured pre-infection or on the day of hospital admission, showing a correlation between the levels and mortality. Authors recommend combining vaccination with vitamin D supplementation to..Sep 25
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaCOVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisBorsche et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103596 (preprint 9/25/2021) (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 8 studies with vitamin D levels measured pre-infection or on the day of hospital admission, showing a correlation between the levels and mortality. Authors recommend combining vaccination with vitamin D supplementation to maintain levels above 50 ng/ml. Authors extrapolate to predict a point of zero mortality, however there is no reason to predict a linear relationship where zero mortality would be reached.Borsche et al., 9/25/2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 24
2021PrEPPEPArroyo-Díaz et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.758347death, ↑12.4%, p=0.59Previous Vitamin D Supplementation and Morbidity and Mortality Outcomes in People Hospitalised for COVID19: A Cross-Sectional StudyDetails Retrospective 1,267 hospitalized patients in Spain, 189 on vitamin D supplementation before admission, showing lower ICU admission with supplementation, and no statistically significant difference for mortality or ventilation.Sep 24
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyPrevious Vitamin D Supplementation and Morbidity and Mortality Outcomes in People Hospitalised for COVID19: A Cross-Sectional StudyArroyo-Díaz et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.758347Retrospective 1,267 hospitalized patients in Spain, 189 on vitamin D supplementation before admission, showing lower ICU admission with supplementation, and no statistically significant difference for mortality or ventilation.risk of death, 12.4% higher, RR 1.12, p = 0.59, treatment 50 of 189 (26.5%), control 167 of 1,078 (15.5%), adjusted, OR converted to RR.risk of mechanical ventilation, 43.3% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.22, treatment 11 of 189 (5.8%), control 113 of 1,078 (10.5%), NNT 21, adjusted, OR converted to RR.risk of ICU admission, 44.2% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.03, treatment 13 of 189 (6.9%), control 133 of 1,078 (12.3%), NNT 18, unadjusted.hospitalization time, 11.8% lower, relative time 0.88, p = 0.20, treatment 189, control 1,078, unadjusted.Arroyo-Díaz et al., 9/24/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 22
2021ReviewCastle et al., Journal of Inflammation Research, doi:10.2147/JIR.S323356 (Review)reviewImplications for Systemic Approaches to COVID-19: Effect Sizes of Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Melatonin, Vitamin D3, and MeditationDetails Review of the effects of COVID-19 on inflammatory markers, and the effects on those markers of standard treatments vs. vitamin D, melatonin, and meditation, showing comparable or superior effects with the non-standard treatments. The stan..Sep 22
2021Details Source PDF ReviewReviewImplications for Systemic Approaches to COVID-19: Effect Sizes of Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Melatonin, Vitamin D3, and MeditationCastle et al., Journal of Inflammation Research, doi:10.2147/JIR.S323356 (Review)Review of the effects of COVID-19 on inflammatory markers, and the effects on those markers of standard treatments vs. vitamin D, melatonin, and meditation, showing comparable or superior effects with the non-standard treatments. The standard treatments in this study were remdesivir and tocilizumab. We note that standard treatments vary widely around the world, for example vitamin D is a standard treatment in many locations.Castle et al., 9/22/2021, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 22
2021LevelsMarino-Ramirez et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.21263865 (Preprint)Vitamin D and socioeconomic deprivation mediate COVID-19 ethnic health disparitiesDetails UK Biobank retrospective showing that vitamin supplements, including vitamin D, mediate the Asian disparity in COVID-19 susceptibility, and vitamin D levels mediate Asian and Black COVID-19 severity disparities. Authors conclude that the ..Sep 22
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D and socioeconomic deprivation mediate COVID-19 ethnic health disparitiesMarino-Ramirez et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.21263865 (Preprint)UK Biobank retrospective showing that vitamin supplements, including vitamin D, mediate the Asian disparity in COVID-19 susceptibility, and vitamin D levels mediate Asian and Black COVID-19 severity disparities. Authors conclude that the results support the use of vitamin D as both a prophylactic and a supplemental therapeutic for COVID-19 in those individuals.Marino-Ramirez et al., 9/22/2021, preprint, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 19
2021LevelsDerakhshanian et al., Food Science & Nutrition, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2591death, ↓44.8%, p=0.046The predictive power of serum vitamin D for poor outcomes in COVID-19 patientsDetails Retrospective 290 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.Sep 19
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe predictive power of serum vitamin D for poor outcomes in COVID-19 patientsDerakhshanian et al., Food Science & Nutrition, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2591Retrospective 290 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 44.8% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.046, high D levels 148, low D levels 142, OR converted to RR, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.risk of mechanical ventilation, 41.7% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.09, high D levels 148, low D levels 142, OR converted to RR, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.risk of ICU admission, 37.3% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.04, high D levels 148, low D levels 142, OR converted to RR, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.Derakhshanian et al., 9/19/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 14
2021LevelsPadhi et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: An observational studyDetails Analysis of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 in Indian states and union territories, showing an inverse correlation of vitamin D levels with SARS-CoV-2 cases and mortality.Sep 14
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: An observational studyPadhi et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001Analysis of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 in Indian states and union territories, showing an inverse correlation of vitamin D levels with SARS-CoV-2 cases and mortality.Padhi et al., 9/14/2021, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 9
2021In VitroPickard et al., PLOS Pathogens, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009840 (In Vitro)In VitroDiscovery of re-purposed drugs that slow SARS-CoV-2 replication in human cellsDetails In Vitro studying identifying 35 compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells and hepatocytes when treated prior to infection, and several compounds that slow replication when treated after infection: vitamin D, amodiaquine, atovaquone..Sep 9
2021Details Source PDF In VitroIn VitroDiscovery of re-purposed drugs that slow SARS-CoV-2 replication in human cellsPickard et al., PLOS Pathogens, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009840 (In Vitro)In Vitro studying identifying 35 compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells and hepatocytes when treated prior to infection, and several compounds that slow replication when treated after infection: vitamin D, amodiaquine, atovaquone, bedaquiline, ebastine, LY2835219, manidipine, and panobinosta. Authors use a nano-luciferase tagged version of the virus to quantify viral load.Pickard et al., 9/9/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 8
2021LateElamir et al., Bone, doi:10.1016/j.bone.2021.116175death, ↓85.7%, p=0.23A Randomized Pilot Study Using Calcitriol in Hospitalized PatientsDetails RCT 50 hospitalized patients in the USA, 25 treated with calcitriol, showing significantly improved oxygenation with treatment. Mortality, intubation, ICU admission, and hospitalization time also favored treatment, while not reaching stat..Sep 8
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyA Randomized Pilot Study Using Calcitriol in Hospitalized PatientsElamir et al., Bone, doi:10.1016/j.bone.2021.116175RCT 50 hospitalized patients in the USA, 25 treated with calcitriol, showing significantly improved oxygenation with treatment. Mortality, intubation, ICU admission, and hospitalization time also favored treatment, while not reaching statistical significance with the very small sample size.risk of death, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.23, treatment 0 of 25 (0.0%), control 3 of 25 (12.0%), NNT 8.3, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.risk of mechanical ventilation, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.48, treatment 0 of 25 (0.0%), control 2 of 25 (8.0%), NNT 12, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.risk of ICU admission, 37.5% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.33, treatment 5 of 25 (20.0%), control 8 of 25 (32.0%), NNT 8.3.hospitalization time, 40.5% lower, relative time 0.60, p = 0.14, treatment 25, control 25.relative Δ SaO2/FiO2, RR 0.14, p = 0.03, treatment 25, control 25, primary outcome.Elamir et al., 9/8/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, dosage calcitriol 0.5μg days 1-14.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 5
2021PrEPPEPLázaro et al., Endocrine Abstracts, doi:10.1530/endoabs.70.EP552 (Preprint)cases, ↓26.8%, p=1.00Vitamin D deficit in type 2 diabetes patients during COVID-19 lockdown with and without supplementationDetails Analysis of 239 consecutive diabetic patients, 97 taking vitamin D supplements, showing significantly higher vitamin D levels in supplemented patients. There was no statistically significant difference in cases based on supplementation, w..Sep 5
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D deficit in type 2 diabetes patients during COVID-19 lockdown with and without supplementationLázaro et al., Endocrine Abstracts, doi:10.1530/endoabs.70.EP552 (Preprint)Analysis of 239 consecutive diabetic patients, 97 taking vitamin D supplements, showing significantly higher vitamin D levels in supplemented patients. There was no statistically significant difference in cases based on supplementation, with only 3 cases total.risk of case, 26.8% lower, RR 0.73, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 97 (1.0%), control 2 of 142 (1.4%), NNT 265.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:very few events, unadjusted results with no group details, minimal details provided.Lázaro et al., 9/5/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, preprint, 9 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 1
2021PrEPPEPBagheri et al., Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, doi:10.18502/jfrh.v14i3.4668 progression, ↓70.9%, p=0.02Supplement Usage Pattern in a Group of COVID- 19 Patients in TehranDetails Retrospective 510 patients in Iran, showing lower risk of severity with vitamin D (statistically significant) and zinc (not statistically significant) supplementation. IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1398.1063.Sep 1
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studySupplement Usage Pattern in a Group of COVID- 19 Patients in TehranBagheri et al., Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, doi:10.18502/jfrh.v14i3.4668 Retrospective 510 patients in Iran, showing lower risk of severity with vitamin D (statistically significant) and zinc (not statistically significant) supplementation. IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1398.1063.risk of progression, 70.9% lower, OR 0.29, p = 0.02, treatment 131, control 379, adjusted, multinomial logistic regression, RR approximated with OR.risk of being in the hospitalized vs. outpatient group, 37.9% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.11, treatment 28 of 131 (21.4%), control 143 of 379 (37.7%), NNT 6.1, adjusted, OR converted to RR, binary logistic regression.Bagheri et al., 9/1/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 1
2021LateSoliman et al., Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare, doi:10.1177/20101058211041405death, ↓63.4%, p=0.21Impact of Vitamin D Therapy on the Progress COVID-19: Six Weeks Follow-Up Study of Vitamin D Deficient Elderly Diabetes PatientsDetails Small RCT with 56 eldery diabetes patients hospitalized in Egypt, 40 treated with cholecalciferol, not showing significant differences.Sep 1
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyImpact of Vitamin D Therapy on the Progress COVID-19: Six Weeks Follow-Up Study of Vitamin D Deficient Elderly Diabetes PatientsSoliman et al., Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare, doi:10.1177/20101058211041405Small RCT with 56 eldery diabetes patients hospitalized in Egypt, 40 treated with cholecalciferol, not showing significant differences.risk of death, 63.4% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.21, treatment 7 of 40 (17.5%), control 3 of 16 (18.8%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, logistic regression.risk of mechanical ventilation, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.56, treatment 14 of 40 (35.0%), control 7 of 16 (43.8%), NNT 11, unadjusted.risk of no recovery, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.56, treatment 14 of 40 (35.0%), control 7 of 16 (43.8%), NNT 11, unadjusted.Soliman et al., 9/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Egypt, Africa, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, dosage 200,000IU single dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 31
2021MetaBen-Eltriki et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1951891 (meta analysis)meta-analysisAssociation between Vitamin D Status and Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Observational StudiesDetails Meta analysis of 24 observational studies with 3,637 participants, showing low vitamin D status associated with a higher risk of death and a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 pneumonia.Aug 31
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaAssociation between Vitamin D Status and Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Observational StudiesBen-Eltriki et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1951891 (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 24 observational studies with 3,637 participants, showing low vitamin D status associated with a higher risk of death and a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 pneumonia.Ben-Eltriki et al., 8/31/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 29
2021LevelsKaronova et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13093021death, ↓77.8%, p=0.006Low 25(OH)D Level Is Associated with Severe Course and Poor Prognosis in COVID-19Details Retrospective 161 hospitalized patients in Russia, showing COVID-19 severity and mortality associated with vitamin D deficiency. Patients in this study may overlap with those in an earlier smaller study from some of the same authors.Aug 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow 25(OH)D Level Is Associated with Severe Course and Poor Prognosis in COVID-19Karonova et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13093021Retrospective 161 hospitalized patients in Russia, showing COVID-19 severity and mortality associated with vitamin D deficiency. Patients in this study may overlap with those in an earlier smaller study from some of the same authors.risk of death, 77.8% lower, RR 0.22, p = 0.006, high D levels 8 of 96 (8.3%), low D levels 10 of 37 (27.0%), NNT 5.3, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >10ng/mL, logistic regression model 2.risk of death, 84.8% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.06, high D levels 1 of 43 (2.3%), low D levels 17 of 90 (18.9%), NNT 6.0, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL, logistic regression model 2.risk of severe case, 67.3% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.005, high D levels 12 of 96 (12.5%), low D levels 13 of 37 (35.1%), NNT 4.4, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >10ng/mL, logistic regression model 2.risk of severe case, 53.2% lower, RR 0.47, p = 0.13, high D levels 4 of 43 (9.3%), low D levels 21 of 90 (23.3%), NNT 7.1, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL, logistic regression model 2.Karonova et al., 8/29/2021, retrospective, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period April 2020 - December 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 28
2021LateAssiri et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.030death, ↑66.5%, p=0.60COVID-19 related treatment and outcomes among COVID-19 ICU patients: A retrospective cohort studyDetails Retrospective 118 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant differences in unadjusted results with zinc, vitamin D, and favipiravir treatment.Aug 28
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyCOVID-19 related treatment and outcomes among COVID-19 ICU patients: A retrospective cohort studyAssiri et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.030Retrospective 118 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant differences in unadjusted results with zinc, vitamin D, and favipiravir treatment.risk of death, 66.5% higher, RR 1.66, p = 0.60, treatment 12 of 90 (13.3%), control 2 of 28 (7.1%), OR converted to RR.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Assiri et al., 8/28/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 27
2021PrEPPEPPecina et al., Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, doi:10.1177/21501327211041206death, ↑70.0%, p=0.52Vitamin D Status and Severe COVID-19 Disease Outcomes in Hospitalized PatientsDetails Retrospective 92 hospitalized patients not showing significant differences in outcomes based on vitamin D status or supplementation.Aug 27
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D Status and Severe COVID-19 Disease Outcomes in Hospitalized PatientsPecina et al., Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, doi:10.1177/21501327211041206Retrospective 92 hospitalized patients not showing significant differences in outcomes based on vitamin D status or supplementation.risk of death, 70.0% higher, OR 1.70, p = 0.52, treatment 29, control 63, supplementation, unadjusted, RR approximated with OR, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of mechanical ventilation, 10.0% higher, OR 1.10, p = 0.89, treatment 29, control 63, supplementation, unadjusted, RR approximated with OR, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of ICU admission, 30.0% higher, OR 1.30, p = 0.61, treatment 29, control 63, supplementation, unadjusted, RR approximated with OR, excluded in exclusion analyses: unadjusted results with no group details.risk of death, 35.9% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.74, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 6 of 77 (7.8%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 1 of 15 (6.7%), cutoff ≥20ng/mL, OR converted to RR, multivariable logistic regression, outcome based on serum levels.risk of mechanical ventilation, 56.9% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.22, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 8 of 15 (53.3%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 4 of 15 (26.7%), cutoff ≥20ng/mL, OR converted to RR, multivariable logistic regression, outcome based on serum levels.risk of ICU admission, 13.1% higher, RR 1.13, p = 0.57, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 54 of 77 (70.1%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 9 of 15 (60.0%), cutoff ≥20ng/mL, OR converted to RR, multivariable logistic regression, outcome based on serum levels.Pecina et al., 8/27/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 26
2021PrEPPEPGolabi et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103368 (preprint 8/26/2021)cases, ↑25.4%, p=0.56The Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional StudyDetails Analysis of vitamin D and zinc levels in 53 PCR+ outpatients and 53 matched controls, showing lower zinc levels in COVID-19 patients, and increased risk of cases and symptoms with vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant difference ..Aug 26
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyThe Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional StudyGolabi et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103368 (preprint 8/26/2021)Analysis of vitamin D and zinc levels in 53 PCR+ outpatients and 53 matched controls, showing lower zinc levels in COVID-19 patients, and increased risk of cases and symptoms with vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant difference in the use of supplements between cases and controls. IR.ABADANUMS.REC.1399.073.risk of case, 25.4% higher, OR 1.25, p = 0.56, treatment 28 of 53 (52.8%) cases,25 of 53 (47.2%) controls, case control OR.Golabi et al., 8/26/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 26
2021LevelsGolabi et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103368 (preprint 8/26/2021)symp., ↓90.0%, p<0.0001The Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional StudyDetails Analysis of vitamin D and zinc levels in 53 PCR+ outpatients and 53 matched controls, showing lower zinc levels in COVID-19 patients, and increased risk of cases and symptoms with vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant difference ..Aug 26
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional StudyGolabi et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103368 (preprint 8/26/2021)Analysis of vitamin D and zinc levels in 53 PCR+ outpatients and 53 matched controls, showing lower zinc levels in COVID-19 patients, and increased risk of cases and symptoms with vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant difference in the use of supplements between cases and controls. IR.ABADANUMS.REC.1399.073.odds of symptoms, 90.0% lower, OR 0.10, p < 0.001, high D levels 34, low D levels 10, >30ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL, GEE regression, RR approximated with OR.odds of symptoms, 81.0% lower, OR 0.19, p = 0.006, high D levels 34, low D levels 9, 20-30ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL, GEE regression, RR approximated with OR.risk of case, 71.7% lower, OR 0.28, p = 0.07, high D levels 34 of 44 (77.3%) cases,36 of 39 (92.3%) controls, NNT 3.5, case control OR, >30ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL.Golabi et al., 8/26/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 25
2021MetaVarikasuvu et al., Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2035217 (meta analysis)meta-analysisCOVID-19 and Vitamin D (Co-VIVID Study): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsDetails Meta analysis of 6 vitamin D treatment RCTs, showing statistically significant improvements for pooled outcomes and PCR positivity, and positive but not statistically significant improvements for mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU adm..Aug 25
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaCOVID-19 and Vitamin D (Co-VIVID Study): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsVarikasuvu et al., Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2035217 (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 6 vitamin D treatment RCTs, showing statistically significant improvements for pooled outcomes and PCR positivity, and positive but not statistically significant improvements for mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, and severity.Varikasuvu et al., 8/25/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 24
2021LevelsParra-Ortega et al., Nutrition Research and Practice, doi:10.4162/nrp.2021.15.S1.S32death, ↓98.7%, p<0.000125-Hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with mortality in patients with critical COVID-19: a prospective observational study in Mexico CityDetails Prospective study of 94 COVID-19 patients in Mexico, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with mortality in multivariate analysis. 84% of patients were vitamin D deficient, and the remaining 16% had insufficient vitamin D levels.Aug 24
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levels25-Hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with mortality in patients with critical COVID-19: a prospective observational study in Mexico CityParra-Ortega et al., Nutrition Research and Practice, doi:10.4162/nrp.2021.15.S1.S32Prospective study of 94 COVID-19 patients in Mexico, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with mortality in multivariate analysis. 84% of patients were vitamin D deficient, and the remaining 16% had insufficient vitamin D levels.risk of death, 98.7% lower, RR 0.01, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥20ng/dL) 0 of 15 (0.0%), low D levels (<20ng/dL) 63 of 79 (79.7%), NNT 1.3, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, unadjusted.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Parra-Ortega et al., 8/24/2021, prospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 20
2021In SilicoSong et al., Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1964601In SilicoVitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives as promising drugs against COVID-19: a computational studyDetails In Silico study suggesting that vitamin D3 and its biologically active hydroxyderivatives can serve as an TMPRSS2 inhibitor, and inhibit ACE2 binding with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD.Aug 20
2021Details Source PDF In SilicoIn SilicoVitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives as promising drugs against COVID-19: a computational studySong et al., Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1964601In Silico study suggesting that vitamin D3 and its biologically active hydroxyderivatives can serve as an TMPRSS2 inhibitor, and inhibit ACE2 binding with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD.Song et al., 8/20/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 18
2021LevelsShakeri et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27277Evaluation of the relationship between serum levels of zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19Details Retrospective 293 hospitalized patients in Iran showing lower levels of zinc, vitamin B12, and vitamin D in patients that died, with statistical significance reached only for zinc.Aug 18
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsEvaluation of the relationship between serum levels of zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19Shakeri et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27277Retrospective 293 hospitalized patients in Iran showing lower levels of zinc, vitamin B12, and vitamin D in patients that died, with statistical significance reached only for zinc.Shakeri et al., 8/18/2021, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 12
2021Levelsdi Filippo et al, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab599death, ↓10.7%, p=1.00Vitamin D levels associate with blood glucose and BMI in COVID-19 patients predicting disease severityDetails Retrospective 88 patients in Italy, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with severe cases, blood glucose, and BMI.Aug 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D levels associate with blood glucose and BMI in COVID-19 patients predicting disease severitydi Filippo et al, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab599Retrospective 88 patients in Italy, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with severe cases, blood glucose, and BMI.risk of death, 10.7% lower, RR 0.89, p = 1.00, high D levels 5 of 28 (17.9%), low D levels 12 of 60 (20.0%), NNT 47, >20ng/mL.risk of ICU admission, 41.6% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.22, high D levels 6 of 28 (21.4%), low D levels 22 of 60 (36.7%), NNT 6.6, >20ng/mL.risk of severe case, 39.6% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.04, high D levels 11 of 28 (39.3%), low D levels 39 of 60 (65.0%), NNT 3.9, >20ng/mL.di Filippo et al., 8/12/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 11
2021PrEPPEPSinaci et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105964severe case, ↓90.0%, p=0.35Impact of vitamin D on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control studyDetails Retrospective 159 COVID-19+ pregnant women in Turkey and 332 healthy pregnant controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19+ patients. 23% of COVID-19 patients where on vitamin D supplementation, while none of the 7 s..Aug 11
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyImpact of vitamin D on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control studySinaci et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105964Retrospective 159 COVID-19+ pregnant women in Turkey and 332 healthy pregnant controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19+ patients. 23% of COVID-19 patients where on vitamin D supplementation, while none of the 7 severe cases were on supplementation.risk of severe case, 90.0% lower, RR 0.10, p = 0.35, treatment 0 of 36 (0.0%), control 7 of 123 (5.7%), NNT 18, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, supplementation.risk of moderate/severe case, 18.8% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.64, treatment 8 of 36 (22.2%), control 23 of 123 (18.7%), supplementation.risk of moderate/severe case, 79.5% lower, RR 0.21, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 8 of 100 (8.0%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 23 of 59 (39.0%), NNT 3.2, cutoff ≥10ng/mL, outcome based on serum levels.risk of case, 59.9% lower, RR 0.40, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 100 of 397 (25.2%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 59 of 94 (62.8%), NNT 2.7, cutoff ≥10ng/mL, outcome based on serum levels.Sinaci et al., 8/11/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 10
2021LevelsAlpcan et al., Epidemiology & Infection, doi:10.1017/S0950268821001825cases, ↓73.0%, p=0.0005Vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19: a report from TurkeyDetails Retrospective 75 COVID-19 hospitalized pediatric patients in Turkey and 80 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Aug 10
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D levels in children with COVID-19: a report from TurkeyAlpcan et al., Epidemiology & Infection, doi:10.1017/S0950268821001825Retrospective 75 COVID-19 hospitalized pediatric patients in Turkey and 80 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.risk of case, 73.0% lower, OR 0.27, p < 0.001, high D levels 42 of 75 (56.0%) cases,66 of 80 (82.5%) controls, NNT 3.2, case control OR, >20ng/mL.Alpcan et al., 8/10/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 5
2021LevelsEden et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000270death, ↓63.9%, p=0.10Nutritional parameters and outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care with COVID-19: a retrospective single-centre service evaluationDetails Retrospective 72 ICU patients in the UK, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, not reaching statistical significance.Aug 5
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsNutritional parameters and outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care with COVID-19: a retrospective single-centre service evaluationEden et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000270Retrospective 72 ICU patients in the UK, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, not reaching statistical significance.risk of death, 63.9% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.10, high D levels (≥25nmol/L) 3 of 26 (11.5%), low D levels (<25nmol/L) 8 of 25 (32.0%), NNT 4.9.risk of death, 92.9% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.18, high D levels (≥50nmol/L) 0 of 8 (0.0%), low D levels (<50nmol/L) 11 of 43 (25.6%), NNT 3.9, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.Eden et al., 8/5/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 5
2021LevelsRibeiro et al., Clinica Chimica Acta, doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.003cases, ↓50.5%, p=0.01Previous vitamin D status and total cholesterol are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infectionDetails Retrospective 1,634 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, showing vitamin D levels <30ng/mL associated with greater odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in patients older than 49 years.Aug 5
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPrevious vitamin D status and total cholesterol are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infectionRibeiro et al., Clinica Chimica Acta, doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.003Retrospective 1,634 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, showing vitamin D levels <30ng/mL associated with greater odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in patients older than 49 years.risk of case, 50.5% lower, OR 0.50, p = 0.01, >30ng/mL, multivariate, RR approximated with OR.Ribeiro et al., 8/5/2021, retrospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 5
2021LevelsNimavat et al., Annals of Medicine and Surgery, doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102661death, ↓50.4%, p=0.17Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19: A case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in IndiaDetails Case control study with 156 PCR+ cases in India and 204 controls, showing more frequent vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients, and an association between lower vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity.Aug 5
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D deficiency and COVID-19: A case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in IndiaNimavat et al., Annals of Medicine and Surgery, doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102661Case control study with 156 PCR+ cases in India and 204 controls, showing more frequent vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients, and an association between lower vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity.risk of death, 50.4% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.17, high D levels 13 of 131 (9.9%), low D levels 5 of 25 (20.0%), NNT 9.9, >10ng/mL, within cases.risk of severe case, 67.6% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.003, high D levels 17 of 131 (13.0%), low D levels 10 of 25 (40.0%), NNT 3.7, >10ng/mL, within cases.Nimavat et al., 8/5/2021, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 4
2021PrEPPEPMohseni et al., Nutrition & Food Science, doi:10.1108/NFS-11-2020-0421cases, ↓12.4%, p=0.09Do body mass index (BMI) and history of nutritional supplementation play a role in the severity of COVID-19? A retrospective studyDetails Retrospective 603 patients in Iran, 192 taking vitamin D supplements, showing no significant difference in COVID-19 cases in unadjusted results. IR.SHOUSHTAR.REC.1399.015.Aug 4
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyDo body mass index (BMI) and history of nutritional supplementation play a role in the severity of COVID-19? A retrospective studyMohseni et al., Nutrition & Food Science, doi:10.1108/NFS-11-2020-0421Retrospective 603 patients in Iran, 192 taking vitamin D supplements, showing no significant difference in COVID-19 cases in unadjusted results. IR.SHOUSHTAR.REC.1399.015.risk of case, 12.4% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.09, treatment 99 of 192 (51.6%), control 242 of 411 (58.9%), NNT 14.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Mohseni et al., 8/4/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 30
2021LevelsMatin et al., Archives of Microbiology, doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02482-5cases, ↓66.1%, p<0.0001The sufficient vitamin D and albumin level have a protective effect on COVID-19 infectionDetails Case control study with 191 COVID-19 patients and 203 healthy controls in Iran, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 infection and severity. 84.4% of COVID-19 patients had vitamin D deficiency.Jul 30
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe sufficient vitamin D and albumin level have a protective effect on COVID-19 infectionMatin et al., Archives of Microbiology, doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02482-5Case control study with 191 COVID-19 patients and 203 healthy controls in Iran, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 infection and severity. 84.4% of COVID-19 patients had vitamin D deficiency.risk of case, 66.1% lower, OR 0.34, p < 0.001, case control OR, >20ng/mL.Matin et al., 7/30/2021, retrospective, case control, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 29
2021LevelsDesai et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab408Vitamin K & D Deficiencies Are Independently Associated With COVID-19 Disease SeverityDetails Case control study with 100 COVID-19+ patients and 50 age and gender matched controls, showing vitamin K and vitamin D levels independently associated with COVID-19 severity.Jul 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin K & D Deficiencies Are Independently Associated With COVID-19 Disease SeverityDesai et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab408Case control study with 100 COVID-19+ patients and 50 age and gender matched controls, showing vitamin K and vitamin D levels independently associated with COVID-19 severity.Desai et al., 7/29/2021, peer-reviewed, median age 55.0, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 29
2021LevelsAl-Salman et al., Nutrition & Food Science, doi:10.1108/NFS-05-2021-0143ICU, ↓44.4%, p=0.03In COVID-19 patients, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in serum is associated with longer viral clearance time and higher risk of intensive care unit admissionDetails Retrospective 450 hospitalized patients in Bahrain, showing increased risk of ICU admission and slower viral clearance with vitamin D deficiency.Jul 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsIn COVID-19 patients, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in serum is associated with longer viral clearance time and higher risk of intensive care unit admissionAl-Salman et al., Nutrition & Food Science, doi:10.1108/NFS-05-2021-0143Retrospective 450 hospitalized patients in Bahrain, showing increased risk of ICU admission and slower viral clearance with vitamin D deficiency.risk of ICU admission, 44.4% lower, OR 0.56, p = 0.03, high D levels (≥50nmol/L) 113, low D levels (<50nmol/L) 337, multinomial regression, RR approximated with OR.Al-Salman et al., 7/29/2021, retrospective, Bahrain, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 29
2021MetaGhasemian et al., The International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14675 (meta analysis)meta-analysisThe Role of Vitamin D in the Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDetails Systematic review and meta analysis of 23 studies, finding significantly higher risk of COVID-19 cases and severity with vitamin D deficiency. Mortality risk was higher with deficiency, but not reaching statistical significance, OR 1.6 [0..Jul 29
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaThe Role of Vitamin D in the Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisGhasemian et al., The International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14675 (meta analysis)Systematic review and meta analysis of 23 studies, finding significantly higher risk of COVID-19 cases and severity with vitamin D deficiency. Mortality risk was higher with deficiency, but not reaching statistical significance, OR 1.6 [0.5-4.4].Ghasemian et al., 7/29/2021, peer-reviewed, 25 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 29
2021Early, PrEPAnnweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:0.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958death, ↓64.2%, p=0.002Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID studyDetails Report on extended results from the GERIA-COVID study, showing significantly lower mortality at 3 months with vitamin D treatment. Results combine prophylaxis and early treatment.Jul 29
2021Details Source PDF Early, PrEPEarly, PrEPVitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID studyAnnweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:0.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958Report on extended results from the GERIA-COVID study, showing significantly lower mortality at 3 months with vitamin D treatment. Results combine prophylaxis and early treatment.risk of death, 64.2% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.002, treatment 16 of 67 (23.9%), control 13 of 28 (46.4%), NNT 4.4, adjusted, OR converted to RR, multiple Cox proportional hazards.Annweiler et al., 7/29/2021, prospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 27
2021In SilicoQayyum et al., Endocrinology and Metabolism, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2021In SilicoVitamin D and lumisterol novel metabolites can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication machinery enzymesDetails In Silico analysis showing that vitamin D and lumisterol metabolites may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRP.Jul 27
2021Details Source PDF In SilicoIn SilicoVitamin D and lumisterol novel metabolites can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication machinery enzymesQayyum et al., Endocrinology and Metabolism, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2021In Silico analysis showing that vitamin D and lumisterol metabolites may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRP.Qayyum et al., 7/27/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 27
2021LevelsCozier et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255132cases, ↓38.6%, p=0.04Lower serum 25(OH)D levels associated with higher risk of COVID-19 infection in U.S. Black womenDetails Prospective study of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in the Black Women's Health Study, showing higher risk of infection for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels were from 3-7 years before infection. Levels at the time of infe..Jul 27
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLower serum 25(OH)D levels associated with higher risk of COVID-19 infection in U.S. Black womenCozier et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255132Prospective study of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in the Black Women's Health Study, showing higher risk of infection for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels were from 3-7 years before infection. Levels at the time of infection may differ, which may reduce the size of the effect observed.risk of case, 38.6% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.04, high D levels 94 of 1,601 (5.9%), low D levels 33 of 373 (8.8%), NNT 34, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL, multivariable.Cozier et al., 7/27/2021, prospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 27
2021PrEPPEPIsrael et al., Epidemiology and Global Health Microbiology and Infectious Disease, doi:10.7554/eLife.68165hosp., ↓13.1%, p=0.003Identification of drugs associated with reduced severity of COVID-19: A case-control study in a large populationDetails Case control study examining medication usage with a healthcare database in Israel, showing lower risk of hospitalization with vitamin D (defined as being picked up within 35 days prior to PCR+). Other patients may have acquired vitamin D..Jul 27
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyIdentification of drugs associated with reduced severity of COVID-19: A case-control study in a large populationIsrael et al., Epidemiology and Global Health Microbiology and Infectious Disease, doi:10.7554/eLife.68165Case control study examining medication usage with a healthcare database in Israel, showing lower risk of hospitalization with vitamin D (defined as being picked up within 35 days prior to PCR+). Other patients may have acquired vitamin D supplements outside of the healthcare system.risk of hospitalization, 13.1% lower, OR 0.87, p = 0.003, treatment 737 of 6,953 (10.6%) cases,1,669 of 13,906 (12.0%) controls, NNT 33, case control OR, PCR+, cohort 2.Israel et al., 7/27/2021, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 26
2021PrEPPEPJimenez et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13082559death, ↓50.1%, p=0.02Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients with COVID-19, the Effect of Paricalcitol or CalcimimeticsDetails Retrospective 288 hemodialysis patients in Spain, 137 with existing vitamin D treatments (94 with paricalcitol), showing lower mortality with treatment. There was no significant difference in outcomes based on serum levels, however author..Jul 26
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyMortality in Hemodialysis Patients with COVID-19, the Effect of Paricalcitol or CalcimimeticsJimenez et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13082559Retrospective 288 hemodialysis patients in Spain, 137 with existing vitamin D treatments (94 with paricalcitol), showing lower mortality with treatment. There was no significant difference in outcomes based on serum levels, however authors do not separate patients that received vitamin D treatment.risk of death, 50.1% lower, HR 0.50, p = 0.02, treatment 16 of 94 (17.0%), control 65 of 191 (34.0%), NNT 5.9, adjusted, paricalcitol treatment, multivariate Cox regression.risk of death, 50.7% lower, HR 0.49, p = 0.003, all vitamin D derivatives, univariate.risk of death, 7.7% higher, OR 1.08, p = 0.81, high D levels 50, low D levels 110, >30 vs. <20ng/ml, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels, excluded in exclusion analyses: many patients received vitamin D treatment.risk of mechanical ventilation, 47.5% lower, OR 0.53, p = 0.56, high D levels 50, low D levels 110, >30 vs. <20ng/ml, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels, excluded in exclusion analyses: many patients received vitamin D treatment.risk of ICU admission, 12.2% lower, OR 0.88, p = 0.87, high D levels 50, low D levels 110, >30 vs. <20ng/ml, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels, excluded in exclusion analyses: many patients received vitamin D treatment.risk of hospitalization, 0.8% lower, OR 0.99, p = 0.98, high D levels 50, low D levels 110, >30 vs. <20ng/ml, RR approximated with OR, outcome based on serum levels, excluded in exclusion analyses: many patients received vitamin D treatment.Jimenez et al., 7/26/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, study period 12 March, 2020 - 21 May, 2020, dosage paricalcitol 0.9μg weekly.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 23
2021LateGüven et al, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00984-5death, ↓24.8%, p=0.32The effect of high-dose parenteral vitamin D3 on COVID-19-related inhospital mortality in critical COVID-19 patients during intensive care unit admission: an observational cohort studyDetails Retrospective 175 ICU patients, 113 treated with a single dose of 300,000IU intramuscular cholecalciferol, showing lower mortality with treatment, but not reaching statistical significance. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several ..Jul 23
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyThe effect of high-dose parenteral vitamin D3 on COVID-19-related inhospital mortality in critical COVID-19 patients during intensive care unit admission: an observational cohort studyGüven et al, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00984-5Retrospective 175 ICU patients, 113 treated with a single dose of 300,000IU intramuscular cholecalciferol, showing lower mortality with treatment, but not reaching statistical significance. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more successful, especially with this very late stage usage.risk of death, 24.8% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.32, treatment 43 of 113 (38.1%), control 30 of 62 (48.4%), NNT 9.7, OR converted to RR.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:very late stage, ICU patients.Güven et al., 7/23/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, dosage 300,000IU single dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 17
2021PrEPPEPOristrell et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01639-9death, ↑1.0%, p=0.91Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: a population-based, cohort studyDetails Retrospective study of cholecalciferol and calcitriol supplementation in Catalonia showing a small but significant lower risk of cases with cholecalciferol, but no significant difference for mortality, or for calcitriol supplementation. S..Jul 17
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: a population-based, cohort studyOristrell et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01639-9Retrospective study of cholecalciferol and calcitriol supplementation in Catalonia showing a small but significant lower risk of cases with cholecalciferol, but no significant difference for mortality, or for calcitriol supplementation. Significant benefit was found for cases, severity, and mortality in patients achieving serum vitamin D levels ≥30ng/ml.risk of death, 1.0% higher, RR 1.01, p = 0.91, calcifediol, univariate.risk of death, 4.0% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.37, cholecalciferol, univariate.risk of case, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.65, NNT 3499, calcifediol, univariate.risk of case, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.004, cholecalciferol, multivariate.Oristrell et al., 7/17/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage varies (calcifediol).Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 9
2021EarlyRabail et al., Food Science & Nutrition, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2458Nutritional and lifestyle changes required for minimizing the recovery period in home quarantined COVID-19 patients of Punjab, PakistanDetails Survey of 80 recovered COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing faster recovery with vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc supplementation.Jul 9
2021Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyNutritional and lifestyle changes required for minimizing the recovery period in home quarantined COVID-19 patients of Punjab, PakistanRabail et al., Food Science & Nutrition, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2458Survey of 80 recovered COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing faster recovery with vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc supplementation.Rabail et al., 7/9/2021, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, survey, 11 authors, study period November 2020 - February 2021.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 7
2021LevelsGonzález-Estevez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph18147266symp. case, ↓25.0%, p=0.04Association of Food Intake Quality with Vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients from Mexico: A Cross-Sectional StudyDetails Retrospective survey analysis of 40 COVID+ patients in Mexico, showing higher risk of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency. Higher food intake quality and intense physical activity were associated with vitamin D sufficiency. Insufficient in..Jul 7
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Food Intake Quality with Vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients from Mexico: A Cross-Sectional StudyGonzález-Estevez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph18147266Retrospective survey analysis of 40 COVID+ patients in Mexico, showing higher risk of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency. Higher food intake quality and intense physical activity were associated with vitamin D sufficiency. Insufficient intake of several micronutrients was common.risk of symptomatic case, 25.0% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.04, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 6 of 8 (75.0%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 32 of 32 (100.0%), NNT 4.0.González-Estevez et al., 7/7/2021, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 6
2021PrEPPEPMargolin et al., Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1177/2515690X211026193cases, ↓94.4%, p=0.00320-Week Study of Clinical Outcomes of Over-the-Counter COVID-19 Prophylaxis and TreatmentDetails Retrospective 113 outpatients, 53 (patient choice) treated with zinc, quercetin, vitamin C/D/E, l-lysine, and quina, showing lower cases with treatment. Results are subject to selection bias and limited information on the groups is provid..Jul 6
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis study20-Week Study of Clinical Outcomes of Over-the-Counter COVID-19 Prophylaxis and TreatmentMargolin et al., Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1177/2515690X211026193Retrospective 113 outpatients, 53 (patient choice) treated with zinc, quercetin, vitamin C/D/E, l-lysine, and quina, showing lower cases with treatment. Results are subject to selection bias and limited information on the groups is provided. See [journals.sagepub.com].1.journals.sagepub.com,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2515690X211058417.risk of case, 94.4% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.003, treatment 0 of 53 (0.0%), control 9 of 60 (15.0%), NNT 6.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.risk of COVID-19 or flu-like illness, 81.1% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.01, treatment 2 of 53 (3.8%), control 12 of 60 (20.0%), NNT 6.2.Margolin et al., 7/6/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with zinc, quercetin, vitamin C/E, l-lysine, and quina) - results of individual treatments may vary.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 1
2021LevelsBianconi et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111408death, ↓17.5%, p=0.58Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its prognostic impact on patients hospitalized with COVID-19Details Prospective study of 200 hospitalized patients in Italy, showing 80% of patients had vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant differences in outcomes based on vitamin D levels. There was also no significant difference in vitamin D l..Jul 1
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPrevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its prognostic impact on patients hospitalized with COVID-19Bianconi et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111408Prospective study of 200 hospitalized patients in Italy, showing 80% of patients had vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant differences in outcomes based on vitamin D levels. There was also no significant difference in vitamin D levels when compared with sepsis patients.risk of death, 17.5% lower, HR 0.82, p = 0.58, high D levels (≥12ng/ml) 94, low D levels (<12ng/ml) 106, model 3, Table S2, Cox proportional hazards.risk of death, 13.9% lower, HR 0.86, p = 0.73, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 40, low D levels (<20ng/ml) 160, model 3, Table S2, Cox proportional hazards.risk of death/ICU, 15.9% lower, HR 0.84, p = 0.53, high D levels (≥12ng/ml) 94, low D levels (<12ng/ml) 106, model 3, Cox proportional hazards.risk of death/ICU, 10.9% lower, HR 0.89, p = 0.73, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 40, low D levels (<20ng/ml) 160, model 3, Cox proportional hazards.Bianconi et al., 7/1/2021, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 24
2021LateSabico et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13072170death, ↑192.1%, p=1.00Effects of a 2-Week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Recovery of Symptoms in Patients with Mild to Moderate Covid-19: A Randomized Clinical TrialDetails Small RCT of 69 hospitalized patients comparing 1,000IU and 5,000IU daily cholecalciferol, showing faster recovery with the higher dose (statistically significant only for cough and ageusia).Jun 24
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffects of a 2-Week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Recovery of Symptoms in Patients with Mild to Moderate Covid-19: A Randomized Clinical TrialSabico et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13072170Small RCT of 69 hospitalized patients comparing 1,000IU and 5,000IU daily cholecalciferol, showing faster recovery with the higher dose (statistically significant only for cough and ageusia).risk of death, 192.1% higher, RR 2.92, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 38 (2.6%), control 0 of 35 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event.risk of ICU admission, 38.9% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.66, treatment 2 of 36 (5.6%), control 3 of 33 (9.1%), NNT 28.time to discharge, 14.3% lower, relative time 0.86, p = 0.14, treatment 36, control 33.recovery time, 14.1% lower, relative time 0.86, p = 0.97, treatment 36, control 33, fever.recovery time, 20.5% lower, relative time 0.79, p = 0.24, treatment 36, control 33, dyspnea.Sabico et al., 6/24/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, study period 29 July, 2020 - 22 November, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 24
2021MetaPal et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01614-4 (meta analysis)meta-analysisVitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysisDetails Meta analysis of 13 vitamin D treatment studies, showing significantly lower ICU admission/mortality with treatment.Jun 24
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaVitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysisPal et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01614-4 (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 13 vitamin D treatment studies, showing significantly lower ICU admission/mortality with treatment.Pal et al., 6/24/2021, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 24
2021LevelsBeigmohammadi et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19Details Retrospective 60 ICU patients in Iran, showing that lower levels of vitamin D, magnesium, and zinc were significantly associated with higher APACHE scores (P = 0.001, 0.028, and <0.001, respectively) and higher lung involvement (P = 0.002..Jun 24
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19Beigmohammadi et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400Retrospective 60 ICU patients in Iran, showing that lower levels of vitamin D, magnesium, and zinc were significantly associated with higher APACHE scores (P = 0.001, 0.028, and <0.001, respectively) and higher lung involvement (P = 0.002, 0.045, and <0.001, respectively).Beigmohammadi et al., 6/24/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 22
2021LevelsZelzer et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13072129death, ↓46.4%, p=0.08Vitamin D Metabolites and Clinical Outcome in Hospitalized COVID-19 PatientsDetails Retrospective 148 patients in Austria, showing no statistically significant differences in vitamin D levels and metabolites for mortality or respiratory support.Jun 22
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Metabolites and Clinical Outcome in Hospitalized COVID-19 PatientsZelzer et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13072129Retrospective 148 patients in Austria, showing no statistically significant differences in vitamin D levels and metabolites for mortality or respiratory support.risk of death, 46.4% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.08, high D levels 24 of 121 (19.8%), low D levels 10 of 27 (37.0%), NNT 5.8, >30nmol/L.Zelzer et al., 6/22/2021, retrospective, Austria, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 17
2021LevelsJude et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab439hosp., ↓71.6%, p<0.0001Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher hospitalisation risk from COVID-19: a retrospective case-control studyDetails Retrospective 80,670 people in the UK with vitamin D levels measured within the last 12 months, showing higher risk of hospitalization with low vitamin D levels.Jun 17
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D deficiency is associated with higher hospitalisation risk from COVID-19: a retrospective case-control studyJude et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab439Retrospective 80,670 people in the UK with vitamin D levels measured within the last 12 months, showing higher risk of hospitalization with low vitamin D levels.risk of hospitalization, 71.6% lower, RR 0.28, p < 0.001, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >25 nmol/L, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.risk of hospitalization, 57.9% lower, RR 0.42, p < 0.001, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >50 nmol/L, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.Jude et al., 6/17/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 14
2021PrEPPEPCampi et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7severe case, ↓88.4%, p<0.0001Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective study in ItalyDetails Prospective study of 103 hospitalized patients in Italy, showing very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and increased severity for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D supplementation was significantly less common for cases.Jun 14
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective study in ItalyCampi et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7Prospective study of 103 hospitalized patients in Italy, showing very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and increased severity for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D supplementation was significantly less common for cases.risk of severe case, 88.4% lower, OR 0.12, p < 0.001, treatment 31 of 103 (30.1%) cases,41 of 52 (78.8%) controls, NNT 2.3, case control OR, vitamin D supplementation, hospitalized patients vs. controls, excluded in exclusion analyses: significant unadjusted differences between groups.risk of death for severe patients, 24.3% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.53, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 6 of 39 (15.4%), low D levels (<20ng/ml) 13 of 64 (20.3%), NNT 20, cutoff ≥20ng/ml, hospitalized patients, outcome based on serum levels.risk of ICU for severe patients, 53.1% lower, RR 0.47, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 12 of 39 (30.8%), low D levels (<20ng/ml) 42 of 64 (65.6%), NNT 2.9, cutoff ≥20ng/ml, hospitalized patients, outcome based on serum levels.Campi et al., 6/14/2021, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 7
2021LevelsDror et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263069 (preprint 6/7/2021)severe case, ↓84.8%, p=0.001Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illnessDetails Retrospective 253 hospitalized patients in Israel showing higher mortality and higher risk of severe cases with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels were measured 14 to 730 days before the COVID-19 test. Adjusted results are only provid..Jun 7
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illnessDror et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263069 (preprint 6/7/2021)Retrospective 253 hospitalized patients in Israel showing higher mortality and higher risk of severe cases with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels were measured 14 to 730 days before the COVID-19 test. Adjusted results are only provided for severity.risk of severe or critical case, 84.8% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.001, high D levels 109 of 120 (90.8%), low D levels 76 of 133 (57.1%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >40ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL, multivariable.Dror et al., 6/7/2021, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 6
2021LevelsDiaz-Curiel, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105928ICU, ↓73.2%, p=0.02The relationship between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patientsDetails Retrospective 1,549 patients in Spain showing that the frequency of vitamin D deficiency was higher in admitted patients compared to the overall Spanish population, and that vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased risk of ICU a..Jun 6
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe relationship between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patientsDiaz-Curiel, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105928Retrospective 1,549 patients in Spain showing that the frequency of vitamin D deficiency was higher in admitted patients compared to the overall Spanish population, and that vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased risk of ICU admission amongst admitted patients. Adjusted vitamin D levels were lower in deceased patients, but statistical significance was not reached (authors provide only average levels, they do not provide mortality analysis based on deficiency).risk of ICU admission, 73.2% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.02, high D levels 3 of 214 (1.4%), low D levels 91 of 1,017 (8.9%), OR converted to RR, >30ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL.Diaz-Curiel et al., 6/6/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 4
2021LevelsKotur et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.689419Association of Vitamin D, Zinc and Selenium Related Genetic Variants With COVID-19 Disease SeverityDetails Analysis of variants in genes significant for the status of vitamin D in 120 Serbian COVID-19 patients, showing that vitamin D related genetic variants DHCR7/NADSYN rs12785878 and CYP2R1 rs10741657 were associated with severe COVID-19 in ..Jun 4
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Vitamin D, Zinc and Selenium Related Genetic Variants With COVID-19 Disease SeverityKotur et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.689419Analysis of variants in genes significant for the status of vitamin D in 120 Serbian COVID-19 patients, showing that vitamin D related genetic variants DHCR7/NADSYN rs12785878 and CYP2R1 rs10741657 were associated with severe COVID-19 in adults.Kotur et al., 6/4/2021, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 2
2021PrEPPEPFasano et al., Movement Disorders, doi:10.1002/mds.28176cases, ↓42.0%, p=0.048COVID-19 in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Living in Lombardy, ItalyDetails Retrospective phone survey of 1,486 Parkinson's disease patients in Italy, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin D supplementation. This paper also presents a case control study of PD patients and family member control patients.Jun 2
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCOVID-19 in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Living in Lombardy, ItalyFasano et al., Movement Disorders, doi:10.1002/mds.28176Retrospective phone survey of 1,486 Parkinson's disease patients in Italy, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin D supplementation. This paper also presents a case control study of PD patients and family member control patients.risk of case, 42.0% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.048, treatment 13 of 329 (4.0%), control 92 of 1,157 (8.0%), NNT 25, OR converted to RR.Fasano et al., 6/2/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 1
2021LevelsButler-Laporte et al., PLOS Medicine, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003605Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: A Mendelian randomization studyDetails Mendelian randomization study not finding significant differences in COVID-19 outcomes based on vitamin D level. This study does not compare patients with deficiency/insuffiency/sufficiency, only providing ORs for increase in D levels. Au..Jun 1
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: A Mendelian randomization studyButler-Laporte et al., PLOS Medicine, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003605Mendelian randomization study not finding significant differences in COVID-19 outcomes based on vitamin D level. This study does not compare patients with deficiency/insuffiency/sufficiency, only providing ORs for increase in D levels. Authors note that their results do not apply to individuals with vitamin D deficiency.Authors cite only 2 of the 25 vitamin D treatment studies (2 of 5 RCTs) at the time, including the only study reporting a negative effect. Authors indicate that they believe [Murai] was a significant result, however that study used cholecalciferol with very late stage patients. In practice, calcifediol/calcitrol would be used due to the long delay in conversion of cholecalciferol, hence the study is not informative of either normal late stage treatment, or earlier treatment. That authors believe the study is important suggests a strong bias.Mendelian randomization studies compare the estimated effect of SNPsassociated with variation in vitamin D levels on the health outcomes in largenumbers of patients. For more background on Mendelian randomization studiesand their limitations see[nature.com].For reasons why Mendelian randomization may fail in this case,see[nutrition.bmj.com].Authors suggest that it may come down to the use of 25(OH)D concentration inserum as a less than ideal proxy for vitamin D status of cells involved in theimmune response. For most other purposes, it may not matter much that unbound(free) 25(OH)D is the better predictor of vitamin D deficiency and theresulting unfavourable outcomes. But for the MR analysis, the geneticinstrument is strongly dominated by variation in the GC gene which modulatesthe concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in blood and therebyindirectly the concentrations of 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Thus,the common GC alleles rs4588A and rs7041T are both associated with much lowerthan average vitamin D concentrations. In contrast, directly measured unbound(free) vitamin D concentrations are minimally affected by these alleles, if atall.[Grant] suggest that the primary reasons for Mendelienrandomization failure include that the total SNP-induced variation in 25(OH)Dhas often been less than assay variance, and that genome-wide associationstudies of SNP effects have been made on the full range of 25(OH)D levels,while the data is non-linear with a significant percentage in the low and highplateaus of the outcome relationships.1.Grant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030639,A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal Health,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/639/pdf.2.Murai et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26848 (preprint 11/17),Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial,https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776738.3.nature.com,https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03754-3.4.nutrition.bmj.com,https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/../03/22/bmjnph-2021-000265.full.pdf.Butler-Laporte et al., 6/1/2021, peer-reviewed, 16 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 31
2021LevelsPimental et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.021death, ↓29.4%, p=1.00Low vitamin D levels and increased neutrophil in patients admitted at ICU with COVID-19Details Retrospective 25 ICU patients in Brazil, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. There appears to be a typo in the mortality percentage for vitamin D deficiency (20% is not valid for the group size..May 31
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow vitamin D levels and increased neutrophil in patients admitted at ICU with COVID-19Pimental et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.021Retrospective 25 ICU patients in Brazil, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. There appears to be a typo in the mortality percentage for vitamin D deficiency (20% is not valid for the group size of 8).risk of death, 29.4% lower, RR 0.71, p = 1.00, high D levels 3 of 17 (17.6%), low D levels 2 of 8 (25.0%), NNT 14, >20ng/mL.Pimental et al., 5/31/2021, retrospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 29
2021LevelsSooriyaarachchi et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.011Impact of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19Details Analysis of vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 cases and deaths in 47 countries, showing vitamin D deficiency significantly associated with mortality.May 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsImpact of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19Sooriyaarachchi et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.011Analysis of vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 cases and deaths in 47 countries, showing vitamin D deficiency significantly associated with mortality.Sooriyaarachchi et al., 5/29/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 28
2021EarlySánchez-Zuno, J. Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm10112378severe case, ↓89.4%, p=0.04Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients from Western Mexico: Clinical Correlation and Effect of Its SupplementationDetails Very small 42 PCR+ outpatient RCT in Mexico, 22 treated with vitamin D. Most patients had insufficient vitamin D levels, there were more symptoms in those with insufficient levels, and there were less cases with fever or with >3 symptoms ..May 28
2021Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyVitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients from Western Mexico: Clinical Correlation and Effect of Its SupplementationSánchez-Zuno, J. Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm10112378Very small 42 PCR+ outpatient RCT in Mexico, 22 treated with vitamin D. Most patients had insufficient vitamin D levels, there were more symptoms in those with insufficient levels, and there were less cases with fever or with >3 symptoms at day 14 for treatment with vitamin D.risk of severe case, 89.4% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.04, treatment 0 of 22 (0.0%), control 4 of 20 (20.0%), NNT 5.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, risk of >3 symptoms at day 14.risk of no recovery, 80.8% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.22, treatment 0 of 22 (0.0%), control 2 of 20 (10.0%), NNT 10.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, risk of fever at day 14, Table S1.Sánchez-Zuno et al., 5/28/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, dosage 10,000IU days 1-14.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 28
2021LevelsGalaznik et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology, doi:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.6589 (Preprint)cases, ↓35.1%, p=0.01Assessment of vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 diagnosis in patients with breast or prostate cancer using electronic medical recordsDetails Retrospective 16,287 breast cancer and 14,919 prostate cancer showing increased risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin D deficiency.May 28
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssessment of vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 diagnosis in patients with breast or prostate cancer using electronic medical recordsGalaznik et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology, doi:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.6589 (Preprint)Retrospective 16,287 breast cancer and 14,919 prostate cancer showing increased risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin D deficiency.risk of case, 35.1% lower, OR 0.65, p = 0.01, high D levels 13,903, low D levels 2,384, adjusted, breast cancer patients, logistic regression, RR approximated with OR.risk of case, 32.4% lower, OR 0.68, p = 0.045, high D levels 13,601, low D levels 1,318, adjusted, prostate cancer patients, logistic regression, RR approximated with OR.Galaznik et al., 5/28/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 26
2021In SilicoAl-Mazaideh et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i29B31603In SilicoVitamin D is a New Promising Inhibitor to the Main Protease (Mpro) of COVID-19 by Molecular DockingDetails In Silico study showing vitamin D binding with Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Among the compounds tested, vitamin D had the highest potential interaction in terms of total H-bond, van der Waal, torsional, and desolvation energy. Authors recommend ad..May 26
2021Details Source PDF In SilicoIn SilicoVitamin D is a New Promising Inhibitor to the Main Protease (Mpro) of COVID-19 by Molecular DockingAl-Mazaideh et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i29B31603In Silico study showing vitamin D binding with Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Among the compounds tested, vitamin D had the highest potential interaction in terms of total H-bond, van der Waal, torsional, and desolvation energy. Authors recommend adding vitamin D to COVID-19 treatment protocols.Al-Mazaideh et al., 5/26/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 25
2021LevelsPapadimitriou et al., World J. Virology, doi:10.5501/wjv.v10.i3.111]Association between population vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 related serious-critical illness and deaths: An ecological integrative approachDetails Country analysis showing negative correlations between population vitamin D level and severe cases and death (but not with cases overall). Authors conclude that higher vitamin D levels may protect from severe cases and death, even more so..May 25
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation between population vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 related serious-critical illness and deaths: An ecological integrative approachPapadimitriou et al., World J. Virology, doi:10.5501/wjv.v10.i3.111]Country analysis showing negative correlations between population vitamin D level and severe cases and death (but not with cases overall). Authors conclude that higher vitamin D levels may protect from severe cases and death, even more so in the elderly.Papadimitriou et al., 5/25/2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 22
2021EarlyAsimi et al., Endocrine Abstracts, doi:10.1530/endoabs.73.PEP14.2 (Preprint)ventilation, ↓97.4%, p<0.0001Selenium, zinc, and vitamin D supplementation affect the clinical course of COVID-19 infection in Hashimoto’s thyroiditisDetails Retrospective 356 Hashimoto's thyroiditis outpatients, 270 taking vitamin D, zinc, and selenium, showing significantly lower hospitalization with treatment. Authors adjust for age, gender, BMI, and smoking status, reporting statistically ..May 22
2021Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studySelenium, zinc, and vitamin D supplementation affect the clinical course of COVID-19 infection in Hashimoto’s thyroiditisAsimi et al., Endocrine Abstracts, doi:10.1530/endoabs.73.PEP14.2 (Preprint)Retrospective 356 Hashimoto's thyroiditis outpatients, 270 taking vitamin D, zinc, and selenium, showing significantly lower hospitalization with treatment. Authors adjust for age, gender, BMI, and smoking status, reporting statistically significant associations with p<0.001 for hospitalization and mechanical ventilation, however they do not report the adjusted risks.risk of mechanical ventilation, 97.4% lower, RR 0.03, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 270 (0.0%), control 9 of 86 (10.5%), NNT 9.6, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, unadjusted.risk of hospitalization, 99.0% lower, RR 0.010, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 270 (0.0%), control 24 of 86 (27.9%), NNT 3.6, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, unadjusted.risk of severe case, 99.5% lower, RR 0.005, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 270 (0.0%), control 51 of 86 (59.3%), NNT 1.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, unadjusted.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:excessive unadjusted differences between groups.Asimi et al., 5/22/2021, retrospective, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe, preprint, 3 authors, dosage 2,000IU daily, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with zinc and selenium) - results of individual treatments may vary.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 21
2021LevelsReis et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab151death, ↓23.0%, p=0.82Influence of vitamin D status on hospital length of stay and prognosis in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: a multicenter prospective cohort studyDetails Prospective study of 220 hospitalized patients in Brazil, showing no significant differences based on vitamin D levels. There was a trend (p=0.057) towards longer hospital stay for patients with levels <10ng/mL.May 21
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsInfluence of vitamin D status on hospital length of stay and prognosis in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: a multicenter prospective cohort studyReis et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab151Prospective study of 220 hospitalized patients in Brazil, showing no significant differences based on vitamin D levels. There was a trend (p=0.057) towards longer hospital stay for patients with levels <10ng/mL.risk of death, 23.0% lower, HR 0.77, p = 0.82, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 198, low D levels (<10ng/mL) 16, model 2, Cox proportional hazards.risk of mechanical ventilation, 45.0% higher, HR 1.45, p = 0.77, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 198, low D levels (<10ng/mL) 16, adjusted, model 2, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.risk of no hospital discharge, 33.3% lower, HR 0.67, p = 0.18, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 198, low D levels (<10ng/mL) 16, adjusted, model 2, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.hospitalization time, 22.2% lower, relative time 0.78, p = 0.06, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 191, low D levels (<10ng/mL) 15, model 2.Reis et al., 5/21/2021, prospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 19 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 21
2021LateAlcala-Diaz et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13061760death, ↓80.8%, p=0.04Calcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort StudyDetails Retrospective 537 patients in Spain, 79 treated with calcifediol, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. The treated group had a higher risk of comorbidity, whereas the control group had lower O2 saturation, higher CURB‐65,..May 21
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyCalcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort StudyAlcala-Diaz et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13061760Retrospective 537 patients in Spain, 79 treated with calcifediol, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. The treated group had a higher risk of comorbidity, whereas the control group had lower O2 saturation, higher CURB‐65, and higher ARDS (serverity measures were included in the multivariate analysis).risk of death, 80.8% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.04, treatment 4 of 79 (5.1%), control 90 of 458 (19.7%), NNT 6.9, adjusted, OR converted to RR, day 30, multivariate logistic regression.Alcala-Diaz et al., 5/21/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, dosage calcifediol 0.5mg day 1, 0.27mg day 3, 0.27mg day 7, 0.27mg day 14, 0.27mg day 21, 0.27mg day 28.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 19
2021LevelsAlSafar et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13051714death, ↓59.3%, p=0.048COVID-19 Disease Severity and Death in Relation to Vitamin D Status among SARS-CoV-2-Positive UAE ResidentsDetails Retrospective 464 patients in United Arab Emirates showing low D levels at first hospital visit associated with higher COVID-19 severity and mortality.May 19
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCOVID-19 Disease Severity and Death in Relation to Vitamin D Status among SARS-CoV-2-Positive UAE ResidentsAlSafar et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13051714Retrospective 464 patients in United Arab Emirates showing low D levels at first hospital visit associated with higher COVID-19 severity and mortality.risk of death, 59.3% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.048, high D levels 16 of 337 (4.7%), low D levels 10 of 127 (7.9%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >=12ng/mL.risk of severe case, 33.2% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.005, high D levels 337, low D levels 127, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >=12ng/mL.AlSafar et al., 5/19/2021, retrospective, United Arab Emirates, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 19
2021LevelsLi et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11634cases, ↓8.6%, p=0.24Assessment of the Association of Vitamin D Level With SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity Among Working-Age AdultsDetails Cohort study of 18,148 patients in the USA showing low vitamin D associated with COVID-19 PCR+ status before adjustments but not after. Authors state that "low vitamin D levels were not independently associated with the risk of..May 19
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssessment of the Association of Vitamin D Level With SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity Among Working-Age AdultsLi et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11634Cohort study of 18,148 patients in the USA showing low vitamin D associated with COVID-19 PCR+ status before adjustments but not after.Authors state that "low vitamin D levels were not independently associated with the
risk of seropositivity", however there is significant correlation between some adjustment variables and vitamin D levels in the logistic regression that prevent drawing this conclusion [statisticsbyjim.com]. Details of the logistic regression in the matched sample set are not provided.Authors analyze only 20ng/mL and 30ng/mL cutoff points, other studies use 10ng/mL (or 12), where more significant differences are typically seen.1.statisticsbyjim.com,https://statisticsbyjim.com/regres..llinearity-in-regression-analysis/.risk of case, 8.6% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.24, high D levels 610 of 13,650 (4.5%), low D levels 290 of 4,498 (6.4%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL, Figure 2.risk of case, 12.4% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.07, high D levels 289 of 7,272 (4.0%), low D levels 611 of 10,876 (5.6%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >30ng/mL, Figure 2.Li et al., 5/19/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 18
2021LevelsDavoudi et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06168-7death, ↑12.3%, p=1.00Lack of association between vitamin D insufficiency and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infectionDetails Retrospective 153 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in outcomes based on vitamin D levels. Adjusted results are only provided for vitamin D as a continuous variable.May 18
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLack of association between vitamin D insufficiency and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infectionDavoudi et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06168-7Retrospective 153 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in outcomes based on vitamin D levels. Adjusted results are only provided for vitamin D as a continuous variable.risk of death, 12.3% higher, RR 1.12, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 2 of 57 (3.5%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 3 of 96 (3.1%).risk of mechanical ventilation, 15.8% lower, RR 0.84, p = 1.00, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 1 of 57 (1.8%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 2 of 96 (2.1%), NNT 304.risk of ICU admission, 27.8% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.74, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 3 of 57 (5.3%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 7 of 96 (7.3%), NNT 49.risk of severe case, 68.4% higher, RR 1.68, p = 0.30, high D levels (≥30ng/mL) 9 of 57 (15.8%), low D levels (<30ng/mL) 9 of 96 (9.4%).Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:excessive unadjusted differences between groups.Davoudi et al., 5/18/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period February 2020 - March 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 18
2021PrEPPEPDudley et al., BJPsych Bulletin, doi:10.1192/bjb.2021.55symp. case, ↓22.4%, p=0.65Revisiting vitamin D status and supplementation for in-patients with intellectual and developmental disability in the North of England, UKDetails Retrospective 64 patients with intellectual and developmental disability in the UK, showing no sigificant difference in COVID-19 status with vitamin D supplementation. Only 6 patients were not on vitamin D supplementation.May 18
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyRevisiting vitamin D status and supplementation for in-patients with intellectual and developmental disability in the North of England, UKDudley et al., BJPsych Bulletin, doi:10.1192/bjb.2021.55Retrospective 64 patients with intellectual and developmental disability in the UK, showing no sigificant difference in COVID-19 status with vitamin D supplementation. Only 6 patients were not on vitamin D supplementation.risk of symptomatic case, 22.4% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.65, treatment 15 of 58 (25.9%), control 2 of 6 (33.3%), NNT 13, positive test.Dudley et al., 5/18/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage 800IU daily.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 8
2021LevelsSavitri et al., Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25:6symp. case, ↓88.0%, p<0.0001Comparison between Vitamin D Level of Asymptomatic Confirmed Covid-19 Patients with Symptomatic Confirmed Covid-19 Patients in MakassarDetails Retrospective 42 PCR+ patients in Indonesia, showing significantly higher risk of symptomatic cases with vitamin D deficiency.May 8
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsComparison between Vitamin D Level of Asymptomatic Confirmed Covid-19 Patients with Symptomatic Confirmed Covid-19 Patients in MakassarSavitri et al., Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25:6Retrospective 42 PCR+ patients in Indonesia, showing significantly higher risk of symptomatic cases with vitamin D deficiency.risk of symptomatic case, 88.0% lower, RR 0.12, p < 0.001, high D levels 3 of 25 (12.0%), low D levels 17 of 17 (100.0%), NNT 1.1, >20ng/ml.Savitri et al., 5/8/2021, retrospective, Indonesia, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 7
2021LevelsBychinin et al., Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.17816/clinpract64976death, ↓36.2%, p=0.03Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unitDetails Retrospective 103 COVID-19 ICU patients in Russia, showing higher mortality with low vitamin D levels in unadjusted results.May 7
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPrevalence of hypovitaminosis D in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unitBychinin et al., Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.17816/clinpract64976Retrospective 103 COVID-19 ICU patients in Russia, showing higher mortality with low vitamin D levels in unadjusted results.risk of death, 36.2% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.03, high D levels (≥10ng/mL) 16 of 38 (42.1%), low D levels (<10ng/mL) 31 of 47 (66.0%), NNT 4.2.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:excessive unadjusted differences between groups.Bychinin et al., 5/7/2021, retrospective, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 3
2021PrEPPEPLevitus et al., Journal of the Endocrine Society, doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.567severe case, ↓30.8%, p=0.25The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Severe COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients With Vitamin D InsufficiencyDetails Retrospective 129 hospitalized patients with vitamin D levels measured within 90 days prior to admission, showing lower, but not statistically significant, risk of severe cases with vitamin D supplementation among patients with levels <20..May 3
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyThe Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Severe COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients With Vitamin D InsufficiencyLevitus et al., Journal of the Endocrine Society, doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.567Retrospective 129 hospitalized patients with vitamin D levels measured within 90 days prior to admission, showing lower, but not statistically significant, risk of severe cases with vitamin D supplementation among patients with levels <20ng/mL or <12ng/mL. For <30ng/mL, lower (but not statistically significant) risk was seen overall but not for ≥50,000IU (the sample size is not given, it may be extremely small for this case). Only minimal details for <30ng/mL are provided, and no details for <20ng/mL or <12ng/mL are provided. The potential effect of supplementation on the risk of a case severe enough for hospitalization is not included.risk of severe case, 30.8% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.25, treatment 65, control 64, OR converted to RR, ≥1,000IU, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.risk of severe case, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.15, treatment 65, control 64, OR converted to RR, ≥5,000IU, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.risk of severe case, no change, RR 1.00, p = 0.92, treatment 65, control 64, OR converted to RR, ≥50,000IU, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.Levitus et al., 5/3/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 30
2021LateElhadi et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251085death, ↓23.4%, p=0.29Epidemiology, outcomes, and utilization of intensive care unit resources for critically ill COVID-19 patients in Libya: A prospective multi-center cohort studyDetails Prospective study of 465 COVID-19 ICU patients in Libya showing no significant differences with treatment.Apr 30
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEpidemiology, outcomes, and utilization of intensive care unit resources for critically ill COVID-19 patients in Libya: A prospective multi-center cohort studyElhadi et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251085Prospective study of 465 COVID-19 ICU patients in Libya showing no significant differences with treatment.risk of death, 23.4% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.29, treatment 7 of 15 (46.7%), control 274 of 450 (60.9%), NNT 7.0.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Elhadi et al., 4/30/2021, prospective, Libya, Africa, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, study period 29 May, 2020 - 30 December, 2020, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 30
2021LevelsAzadeh et al., J. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci. 31:195Serum Vitamin D Concentrations in CoVID19 PatientsDetails Retrospective 80 COVID-19 patients in Iran and 70 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Apr 30
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum Vitamin D Concentrations in CoVID19 PatientsAzadeh et al., J. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci. 31:195Retrospective 80 COVID-19 patients in Iran and 70 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Azadeh et al., 4/30/2021, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 29
2021PrEPPEPLoucera et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02701-5 (preprint 4/29/21)death, ↓33.0%, p=0.009Real world evidence of calcifediol or vitamin D prescription and mortality rate of COVID-19 in a retrospective cohort of hospitalized Andalusian patientsDetails Retrospective 15,968 hospitalized patients in Spain showing a significant reduction in mortality associated with the prescription of vitamin D, especially calcifediol, within 15-30 days prior to hospitalization.Apr 29
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyReal world evidence of calcifediol or vitamin D prescription and mortality rate of COVID-19 in a retrospective cohort of hospitalized Andalusian patientsLoucera et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02701-5 (preprint 4/29/21)Retrospective 15,968 hospitalized patients in Spain showing a significant reduction in mortality associated with the prescription of vitamin D, especially calcifediol, within 15-30 days prior to hospitalization.risk of death, 33.0% lower, HR 0.67, p = 0.009, treatment 374, control 374, calcifediol, <15 days before hospitalization, Cox model with inverse propensity weighting.risk of death, 27.0% lower, HR 0.73, p = 0.02, treatment 439, control 439, calcifediol, <30 days before hospitalization, Cox model with inverse propensity weighting.risk of death, 25.0% lower, HR 0.75, p = 0.005, treatment 570, control 570, cholecalciferol, <15 days before hospitalization, Cox model with inverse propensity weighting.risk of death, 12.0% lower, HR 0.88, p = 0.11, treatment 802, control 802, cholecalciferol, <30 days before hospitalization, Cox model with inverse propensity weighting.Loucera et al., 4/29/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, dosage varies (calcifediol).Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 26
2021LevelsAl-Daghri et al., Journal of Translational Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02838-xVitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control studyDetails Case control study with 220 adults showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in PCR+ patients.Apr 26
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control studyAl-Daghri et al., Journal of Translational Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02838-xCase control study with 220 adults showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in PCR+ patients.Al-Daghri et al., 4/26/2021, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 18
2021LevelsElham et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.040Serum vitamin D, calcium, and zinc levels in patients with COVID-19Details Case control study with 93 hospitalized patients in Iran and 186 control patients, showing significantly lower vitamin D, zinc, and calcium levels in cases. IR.SHOUSHTAR.REC.1399.017.Apr 18
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum vitamin D, calcium, and zinc levels in patients with COVID-19Elham et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.040Case control study with 93 hospitalized patients in Iran and 186 control patients, showing significantly lower vitamin D, zinc, and calcium levels in cases. IR.SHOUSHTAR.REC.1399.017.Elham et al., 4/18/2021, retrospective, case control, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 17
2021ReviewShah Alam et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107686 (Review)reviewThe role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An updateDetails Review of vitamin D for COVID-19 noting that infections are likely to be more prevalent in the winter season; clinical trials show vitamin D as a potential therapeutic agent; vitamin D is beneficial against COVID-19 by reducing inflammato..Apr 17
2021Details Source PDF ReviewReviewThe role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An updateShah Alam et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107686 (Review)Review of vitamin D for COVID-19 noting that infections are likely to be more prevalent in the winter season; clinical trials show vitamin D as a potential therapeutic agent; vitamin D is beneficial against COVID-19 by reducing inflammatory response; vitamin D boosts immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection; and vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality.Shah Alam et al., 4/17/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 8
2021PrEPPEPAbdulateef et al., Open Medicine, doi:10.1515/med-2021-0273hosp., ↓40.9%, p=0.30COVID-19 severity in relation to sociodemographics and vitamin D useDetails Survey of 428 recovered COVID-19 patients in Iraq, showing fewer hospital visits for patients on prophylactic vitamin C or D. Hospitalization was lower for those on vitamin C, D, or zinc, without statistical significance.Apr 8
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCOVID-19 severity in relation to sociodemographics and vitamin D useAbdulateef et al., Open Medicine, doi:10.1515/med-2021-0273Survey of 428 recovered COVID-19 patients in Iraq, showing fewer hospital visits for patients on prophylactic vitamin C or D. Hospitalization was lower for those on vitamin C, D, or zinc, without statistical significance.risk of hospitalization, 40.9% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.30, treatment 6 of 127 (4.7%), control 24 of 300 (8.0%), NNT 31, unadjusted.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Abdulateef et al., 4/8/2021, retrospective, Iraq, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period July 2020 - August 2020, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 6
2021PrEPPEPOristrell et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050509 (preprint 4/6/21)death, ↓43.0%, p=0.001Association of Calcitriol Supplementation with Reduced COVID-19 Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-based StudyDetails Retrospective study of calcitriol supplementation with chronic kidney disease patients in Catalonia showing lower cases, severe cases, and mortality with supplementation. A dose-response relationship was found for severe cases and mortali..Apr 6
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyAssociation of Calcitriol Supplementation with Reduced COVID-19 Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-based StudyOristrell et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050509 (preprint 4/6/21)Retrospective study of calcitriol supplementation with chronic kidney disease patients in Catalonia showing lower cases, severe cases, and mortality with supplementation. A dose-response relationship was found for severe cases and mortality.risk of death, 43.0% lower, HR 0.57, p = 0.001, treatment 2,296, control 3,407, multivariate, patients with CKD stages 4-5.risk of severe case, 43.0% lower, HR 0.57, p < 0.001, treatment 2,296, control 3,407, multivariate, patients with CKD stages 4-5.risk of case, 22.0% lower, HR 0.78, p = 0.01, treatment 163 of 2,296 (7.1%), control 326 of 3,407 (9.6%), NNT 40, multivariate, patients with CKD stages 4-5.Oristrell et al., 4/6/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage calcitriol 0.3μg daily, mean daily dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 5
2021LevelsÜnsal et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01566-9death, ↓80.6%, p=0.23Retrospective analysis of vitamin D status on ınflammatory markers and course of the disease in patients with COVID-19 infectionDetails Retrospective 56 patients in Turkey showing greater need for oxygen therapy and higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, and significantly lower risk of pneumonia with vitamin D supplementation.Apr 5
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsRetrospective analysis of vitamin D status on ınflammatory markers and course of the disease in patients with COVID-19 infectionÜnsal et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01566-9Retrospective 56 patients in Turkey showing greater need for oxygen therapy and higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, and significantly lower risk of pneumonia with vitamin D supplementation.risk of death, 80.6% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.23, high D levels 0 of 29 (0.0%), low D levels 2 of 27 (7.4%), NNT 14, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, >=20ng/mL.risk of oxygen therapy, 73.4% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.07, high D levels 2 of 29 (6.9%), low D levels 7 of 27 (25.9%), NNT 5.3, >=20ng/mL.Ünsal et al., 4/5/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 2
2021LevelsLivingston et al., Int. J. Clinical Practive, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14166cases, ↓50.9%, p=0.02Detectable respiratory SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA is associated with low vitamin D levels and high social deprivationDetails Retrospective 104 consecutive patients tested for COVID-19 in a hospital in the UK, showing lower vitamin D and higher social deprivation associated with COVID-19 positive results.Apr 2
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsDetectable respiratory SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA is associated with low vitamin D levels and high social deprivationLivingston et al., Int. J. Clinical Practive, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14166Retrospective 104 consecutive patients tested for COVID-19 in a hospital in the UK, showing lower vitamin D and higher social deprivation associated with COVID-19 positive results.risk of case, 50.9% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.02, high D levels 16 of 52 (30.8%), low D levels 31 of 52 (59.6%), NNT 3.5, OR converted to RR, >34.4nmol/L.Livingston et al., 4/2/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 31
2021LevelsBayramoğlu et al., European Journal of Pediatrics, doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04030-1severe case, ↓69.5%, p=0.03The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: single-center experience from a pandemic hospitalDetails Retrospective 103 pediatric hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and clinical severity.Mar 31
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: single-center experience from a pandemic hospitalBayramoğlu et al., European Journal of Pediatrics, doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04030-1Retrospective 103 pediatric hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and clinical severity.risk of moderate/severe case, 69.5% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.03, high D levels 10 of 60 (16.7%), low D levels 24 of 43 (55.8%), NNT 2.6, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >12 ng/mL, multivariate logistic regression.Bayramoğlu et al., 3/31/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 30
2021PrEPPEPHolt et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487cases, ↓6.8%, p=0.53Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK)Details Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and inhaled corticosteroids; and higher risk with metformin and vitamin C. Statistica..Mar 30
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyRisk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK)Holt et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and inhaled corticosteroids; and higher risk with metformin and vitamin C. Statistical significance was not reached for any of these. Except for vitamin D, the results for treatments we follow were only adjusted for age, sex, duration of participation, and test frequency. NCT04330599. COVIDENCE UK.risk of case, 6.8% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.53, treatment 141 of 5,640 (2.5%), control 305 of 9,587 (3.2%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, fully adjusted, group sizes approximated.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:significant unadjusted confounding possible.Holt et al., 3/30/2021, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, study period 1 May, 2020 - 5 February, 2021, dosage not specified, trial NCT04330599.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 29
2021MetaAkbar et al., Front. Nutr. 8:660420, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.660420 (meta analysis)meta-analysisLow Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D) Level Is Associated With Susceptibility to COVID-19, Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDetails Systematic review and meta analysis showing that low vitamin D levels was associated with COVID-19 cases, severity, and mortality.Mar 29
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaLow Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D) Level Is Associated With Susceptibility to COVID-19, Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisAkbar et al., Front. Nutr. 8:660420, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.660420 (meta analysis)Systematic review and meta analysis showing that low vitamin D levels was associated with COVID-19 cases, severity, and mortality.Akbar et al., 3/29/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 27
2021LevelsGaudio et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph18073491cases, ↓79.3%, p<0.0001Vitamin D Levels Are Reduced at the Time of Hospital Admission in Sicilian SARS-CoV-2-Positive PatientsDetails Retrospective 50 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Italy with vitamin D levels measured on admission, and 100 matched control patients, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D levels were also lower in..Mar 27
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Levels Are Reduced at the Time of Hospital Admission in Sicilian SARS-CoV-2-Positive PatientsGaudio et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph18073491Retrospective 50 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Italy with vitamin D levels measured on admission, and 100 matched control patients, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D levels were also lower in COVID-19 patients with severe cases, without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.08, details not provided).risk of case, 79.3% lower, OR 0.21, p < 0.001, high D levels 27 of 50 (54.0%) cases,85 of 100 (85.0%) controls, NNT 2.7, case control OR.Gaudio et al., 3/27/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 27
2021LevelsFreitas et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.21254032 (Preprint)death, ↓41.2%, p=0.02Vitamin D-related polymorphisms and vitamin D levels as risk biomarkers of COVID-19 infection severityDetails Analysis of 491 hospitalized patients in Portugal showing that polymorphisms in the vitamin D binding protein encoded by the GC gene are related to COVID-19 severity (p = 0.005). There was an association between vitamin D polygenic risk s..Mar 27
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D-related polymorphisms and vitamin D levels as risk biomarkers of COVID-19 infection severityFreitas et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.21254032 (Preprint)Analysis of 491 hospitalized patients in Portugal showing that polymorphisms in the vitamin D binding protein encoded by the GC gene are related to COVID-19 severity (p = 0.005). There was an association between vitamin D polygenic risk score and vitamin D levels (p = 0.042), and between vitamin D levels and mortality (p = 1.5e-4). Authors conclude that a genetic susceptibility for vitamin D deficiency may explain higher severity in COVID-19.risk of death, 41.2% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.02, high D levels 23 of 179 (12.8%), low D levels 68 of 311 (21.9%), NNT 11, >20ng/mL.Freitas et al., 3/27/2021, retrospective, Portugal, Europe, preprint, 36 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 26
2021MetaPetrelli et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105883 (meta analysis)meta-analysisTherapeutic and prognostic role of vitamin D for COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studiesDetails Meta analysis showing vitamin D deficiency associated with higher risk of COVID-19, worse severity, and higher mortality. Supplementation with vitamin D reduced the risk of severe cases and mortality.Mar 26
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaTherapeutic and prognostic role of vitamin D for COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studiesPetrelli et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105883 (meta analysis)Meta analysis showing vitamin D deficiency associated with higher risk of COVID-19, worse severity, and higher mortality.Supplementation with vitamin D reduced the risk of severe cases and mortality.Petrelli et al., 3/26/2021, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 22
2021ReviewKohlmeier et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000265 (Review)reviewWhen Mendelian randomisation failsDetails Analysis of why Mendelian randomization may fail in vitamin D studies. Authors suggest that it may come down to the use of 25(OH)D concentration in serum as a less than ideal proxy for vitamin D status of cells involved in the immune resp..Mar 22
2021Details Source PDF ReviewReviewWhen Mendelian randomisation failsKohlmeier et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000265 (Review)Analysis of why Mendelian randomization may fail in vitamin D studies. Authors suggest that it may come down to the use of 25(OH)D concentration in serum as a less than ideal proxy for vitamin D status of cells involved in the immune response. For most other purposes, it may not matter much that unbound (free) 25(OH)D is the better predictor of vitamin D deficiency and the resulting unfavourable outcomes. But for the MR analysis, the genetic instrument is strongly dominated by variation in the GC gene which modulates the concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in blood and thereby indirectly the concentrations of 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Thus, the common GC alleles rs4588A and rs7041T are both associated with much lower than average vitamin D concentrations. In contrast, directly measured unbound (free) vitamin D concentrations are minimally affected by these alleles, if at all.Kohlmeier et al., 3/22/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 19
2021LevelsMeltzer et al., JAMA Netw Open., doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4117cases, ↓34.6%, p=0.11Association of Vitamin D Levels, Race/Ethnicity, and Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test ResultsDetails Retrospective 4,638 individuals with vitamin D levels within 1 year before COVID-19 testing, showing higher risk of COVID-19 PCR+ for vitamin D deficient individuals, and lower (but not statistically significant) cases for individuals usi..Mar 19
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Vitamin D Levels, Race/Ethnicity, and Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test ResultsMeltzer et al., JAMA Netw Open., doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4117Retrospective 4,638 individuals with vitamin D levels within 1 year before COVID-19 testing, showing higher risk of COVID-19 PCR+ for vitamin D deficient individuals, and lower (but not statistically significant) cases for individuals using vitamin D supplementation.risk of case, 34.6% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.11, high D levels 61 of 1,097 (5.6%), low D levels 118 of 1,251 (9.4%), NNT 26, adjusted, >40ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL, Table 2, Model 2.Meltzer et al., 3/19/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 14
2021LevelsVanegas-Cedillo, medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.21253490death, ↓52.6%, p=0.006Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Increased COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Independent of Whole-Body and Visceral AdiposityDetails Retrospective 551 moderate to severe COVID-19 patients in Mexico showing vitamin D ≤12ng/mL independently associated with COVID-19 mortality. No association was found between vitamin D levels and the need for intubation. Vitamin D deficie..Mar 14
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Increased COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Independent of Whole-Body and Visceral AdiposityVanegas-Cedillo, medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.21253490Retrospective 551 moderate to severe COVID-19 patients in Mexico showing vitamin D ≤12ng/mL independently associated with COVID-19 mortality. No association was found between vitamin D levels and the need for intubation. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in women and patients with type 2 diabetes.risk of death, 52.6% lower, RR 0.47, p = 0.006, high D levels (≥12ng/mL) 95 of 494 (19.2%), low D levels (<12ng/mL) 21 of 57 (36.8%), NNT 5.7, adjusted.Vanegas-Cedillo et al., 3/14/2021, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 13
2021LevelsJayawardena et al., Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countriesDetails Analysis of Asian countries finding that prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and lower vitamin D levels were associated with COVID-19 infection and mortality. Positive correlations were observed for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with ..Mar 13
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsImpact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countriesJayawardena et al., Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006Analysis of Asian countries finding that prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and lower vitamin D levels were associated with COVID-19 infection and mortality.Positive correlations were observed for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection (r = 0.76, p = 0.002) and mortality (r = 0.65, p = 0.03), after predicting with confounding factors. Mean vitamin D level had a significant negative correlation with COVID-19 infection (r = 0.77; p = 0.04) and mortality (r = 0.80, p = 0.03) when combining with confounders.Jayawardena et al., 3/13/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 12
2021LevelsAhmad et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.21253361 (Preprint)death, ↓53.6%, p=0.03Mean Vitamin D levels in 19 European Countries & COVID-19 Mortality over 10 monthsDetails Retrospective 19 European countries showing countries with mean vitamin D levels > 50nmol/L have a 2.2 times lower risk of mortality (p = 0.032) compared to those with mean levels < 50 nmol/L.Mar 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsMean Vitamin D levels in 19 European Countries & COVID-19 Mortality over 10 monthsAhmad et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.21253361 (Preprint)Retrospective 19 European countries showing countries with mean vitamin D levels > 50nmol/L have a 2.2 times lower risk of mortality (p = 0.032) compared to those with mean levels < 50 nmol/L.risk of death, 53.6% lower, RR 0.46, p = 0.03, >50nmol/L.Ahmad et al., 3/12/2021, preprint, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 9
2021MetaNikniaz et al., Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.34172/PS.2021.13death, ↓73.6%, p=0.008The impact of vitamin D supplementation on mortality rate and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysisDetails Meta analysis of 4 supplementation studies, finding that vitamin D supplementation "seems to decrease the mortality rate, the severity of the disease, and serum levels of the inflammatory markers". Mortality odds ratio OR 0.264,..Mar 9
2021Details Source PDF MetaMetaThe impact of vitamin D supplementation on mortality rate and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysisNikniaz et al., Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.34172/PS.2021.13Meta analysis of 4 supplementation studies, finding that vitamin D supplementation "seems to decrease the mortality rate, the severity of the disease, and serum levels of the inflammatory markers". Mortality odds ratio OR 0.264, p = 0.008.risk of death, 73.6% lower, OR 0.26, p = 0.008, RR approximated with OR.Nikniaz et al., 3/9/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 8
2021LevelsCharoenngam et al., Endocrine Practice, doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.02.013death, ↓34.1%, p=0.26Association of vitamin D status with hospital morbidity and mortality in adult hospitalized COVID-19 patientsDetails Retrospective 287 hospitalized patients in the USA showing significantly lower mortality with vitamin D sufficiency in elderly patients and patients without obesity; and lower mortality for all patients but not reaching statistical signif..Mar 8
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of vitamin D status with hospital morbidity and mortality in adult hospitalized COVID-19 patientsCharoenngam et al., Endocrine Practice, doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.02.013Retrospective 287 hospitalized patients in the USA showing significantly lower mortality with vitamin D sufficiency in elderly patients and patients without obesity; and lower mortality for all patients but not reaching statistical signifance.risk of death, 34.1% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.26, high D levels 12 of 100 (12.0%), low D levels 29 of 187 (15.5%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >=30ng/mL.risk of mechanical ventilation, 37.2% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.17, high D levels 14 of 100 (14.0%), low D levels 34 of 187 (18.2%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >=30ng/mL.risk of ICU admission, 23.1% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.28, high D levels 25 of 100 (25.0%), low D levels 56 of 187 (29.9%), NNT 20, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >=30ng/mL.risk of death, 58.1% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.05, high D levels 7 of 57 (12.3%), low D levels 25 of 79 (31.6%), NNT 5.2, adjusted, OR converted to RR, >65 years old, >=30ng/mL.Charoenngam et al., 3/8/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 7
2021LateNotz et al., Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.001Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill COVID-19 ARDS patientsDetails Retrospective 26 ICU patients showing that the majority of patients had vitamin D deficiency. There was no statistically significant association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and clinical course, however low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitami..Mar 7
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyVitamin D deficiency in critically ill COVID-19 ARDS patientsNotz et al., Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.001Retrospective 26 ICU patients showing that the majority of patients had vitamin D deficiency. There was no statistically significant association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and clinical course, however low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and a worse APACHE II score. Clinical outcomes based on baseline vitamin D status are not provided.Notz et al., 3/7/2021, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 5
2021LevelsKralj et al., Critical Case Reports, doi:10.1002/ccr3.4010Vitamin D and COVID‐19 in an immunocompromised patient with multiple comorbidities—A Case ReportDetails Case report of a high-risk immunocompromised patient with multiple comorbidities that had a mild case of COVID-19. The patient had UVB phototherapy three months earlier and had normal vitamin D levels (92.2 nmol/L, normal range 50-125).Mar 5
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D and COVID‐19 in an immunocompromised patient with multiple comorbidities—A Case ReportKralj et al., Critical Case Reports, doi:10.1002/ccr3.4010Case report of a high-risk immunocompromised patient with multiple comorbidities that had a mild case of COVID-19. The patient had UVB phototherapy three months earlier and had normal vitamin D levels (92.2 nmol/L, normal range 50-125).Kralj et al., 3/5/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 5
2021LateMazziotti et al., J Endocrinol. Invest., doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01535-2death, ↓19.0%, p=0.49Vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in hospitalized patients with COVID-19Details Retrospective 348 hospitalized patients in Italy showing vitamin D deficiency associated with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Vitamin D supplementation during hospitalization was not significantly associated with mortality or ventila..Mar 5
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyVitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in hospitalized patients with COVID-19Mazziotti et al., J Endocrinol. Invest., doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01535-2Retrospective 348 hospitalized patients in Italy showing vitamin D deficiency associated with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Vitamin D supplementation during hospitalization was not significantly associated with mortality or ventilation.risk of death, 19.0% lower, OR 0.81, p = 0.49, treatment 116, control 232, supplementation, RR approximated with OR.risk of mechanical ventilation, 67.0% higher, OR 1.67, p = 0.08, treatment 116, control 232, supplementation, RR approximated with OR.risk of death, 2.4% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.91, high D levels 187, low D levels 161, OR converted to RR, >12ng/mL, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence, outcome based on serum levels.risk of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, 37.0% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.006, high D levels 72 of 187 (38.5%), low D levels 97 of 161 (60.2%), NNT 4.6, OR converted to RR, >12ng/mL, outcome based on serum levels.Mazziotti et al., 3/5/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 4
2021PrEPPEPUllah et al., Pancreatology, doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.10.005death, ↑42.1%, p=0.34COVID-19 in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in East London: a single-centre cohort studyDetails Retrospective 15,440 patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the United Kingdom, 226 with confirmed COVID-19, showing higher risk with vitamin D supplementation. Results are likely confounded by impaired vitamin D processin..Mar 4
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCOVID-19 in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in East London: a single-centre cohort studyUllah et al., Pancreatology, doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.10.005Retrospective 15,440 patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the United Kingdom, 226 with confirmed COVID-19, showing higher risk with vitamin D supplementation. Results are likely confounded by impaired vitamin D processing and propensity to prescribe supplementation based on specifics of each patient's disease and vitamin D levels. Adjustments used broad age ranges, likely adding to residual confounding.risk of death, 42.1% higher, RR 1.42, p = 0.34, treatment 21 of 64 (32.8%), control 26 of 135 (19.3%), adjusted, OR converted to RR.risk of case, 146.0% higher, RR 2.46, p < 0.001, treatment 69 of 2,168 (3.2%), control 139 of 12,681 (1.1%), adjusted, OR converted to RR.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:significant unadjusted confounding possible.Ullah et al., 3/4/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 4
2021LevelsLohia et al., American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00517.2020death, ↓14.7%, p=0.56Exploring the link between vitamin D and clinical outcomes in COVID-19Details Retrospective 270 patients with vitamin D levels measured in the last year, showing no significant difference in outcomes based on vitamin D levels or vitamin D supplementation.Mar 4
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsExploring the link between vitamin D and clinical outcomes in COVID-19Lohia et al., American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00517.2020Retrospective 270 patients with vitamin D levels measured in the last year, showing no significant difference in outcomes based on vitamin D levels or vitamin D supplementation.risk of death, 14.7% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.56, high D levels 88, low D levels 95, OR converted to RR, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence, >30 ng/mL vs. <20 ng/mL, >30 ng/mL group size approximated.risk of mechanical ventilation, 18.9% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.48, high D levels 88, low D levels 95, OR converted to RR, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence, >30 ng/mL vs. <20 ng/mL, >30 ng/mL group size approximated.risk of ICU admission, 28.5% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.17, high D levels 88, low D levels 95, OR converted to RR, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence, >30 ng/mL vs. <20 ng/mL, >30 ng/mL group size approximated.Lohia et al., 3/4/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMar 3
2021LevelsRicci et al., Respiratory Research, doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3death, ↓87.6%, p=0.07Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patientsDetails Retrospective 52 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing that vitamin D deficiency is associated with compromised inflammatory responses and higher pulmonary involvement. Vitamin D deficient patients also showed higher mortality, although ..Mar 3
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCirculating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patientsRicci et al., Respiratory Research, doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3Retrospective 52 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing that vitamin D deficiency is associated with compromised inflammatory responses and higher pulmonary involvement. Vitamin D deficient patients also showed higher mortality, although not quite reaching statistical significance with the small sample size.risk of death, 87.6% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.07, high D levels 0 of 30 (0.0%), low D levels 3 of 22 (13.6%), NNT 7.3, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, >10 ng/mL.Ricci et al., 3/3/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 28
2021LateKaren et al., International Journal of Progressive Science and Technologies, doi:10.52155/ijpsat.v27.2.3269Vitamin D Associated Peculiarities in Women with Mild Covid-19 and Effect of Calcifediol on the Level of Vitamin D and Possibly, on Disease Outcome - Prospective Pilot StudyDetails Prospective study of 30 female COVID-19 patients, all treated with calcifediol on admission, showing significantly increased vitamin D levels with treatment. There was no mortality.Feb 28
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyVitamin D Associated Peculiarities in Women with Mild Covid-19 and Effect of Calcifediol on the Level of Vitamin D and Possibly, on Disease Outcome - Prospective Pilot StudyKaren et al., International Journal of Progressive Science and Technologies, doi:10.52155/ijpsat.v27.2.3269Prospective study of 30 female COVID-19 patients, all treated with calcifediol on admission, showing significantly increased vitamin D levels with treatment. There was no mortality.Karen et al., 2/28/2021, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 24
2021PrEPPEPSulli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13030717 cases, ↓75.6%, p=0.0002Vitamin D and Lung Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 PatientsDetails Retrospective 65 elderly COVID-19 patients and 65 matched controls, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with more severe lung involvement, longer disease duration, and higher mortality. Vitamin D supplementation was less common in t..Feb 24
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D and Lung Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 PatientsSulli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13030717 Retrospective 65 elderly COVID-19 patients and 65 matched controls, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with more severe lung involvement, longer disease duration, and higher mortality. Vitamin D supplementation was less common in the COVID-19 group compared to the control group.risk of case, 75.6% lower, OR 0.24, p < 0.001, treatment 22 of 65 (33.8%) cases,44 of 65 (67.7%) controls, NNT 3.0, case control OR, vitamin D supplementation.Sulli et al., 2/24/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 23
2021LateLakkireddy et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90189-4 (preprint 2/23/21)death, ↓60.9%, p=0.27Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 diseaseDetails RCT 44 treatment and 43 control patients with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml, showing significant reduction in inflammatory markers with treatment of 60,000IU vitamin D per day for 8 days (10 days for BMI >25). Death and ICU admission was lowe..Feb 23
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyImpact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 diseaseLakkireddy et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90189-4 (preprint 2/23/21)RCT 44 treatment and 43 control patients with vitamin D levels <30ng/ml, showing significant reduction in inflammatory markers with treatment of 60,000IU vitamin D per day for 8 days (10 days for BMI >25). Death and ICU admission was lower in the treatment group but not statistically significant.This study was retracted due to incorrect claims from an anti-treatment researcher. For discussion see [vdmeta.com].1.vdmeta.com,https://vdmeta.com/#gmlakkireddy.risk of death, 60.9% lower, RR 0.39, p = 0.27, treatment 2 of 44 (4.5%), control 5 of 43 (11.6%), NNT 14.risk of ICU admission, 21.8% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.74, treatment 4 of 44 (9.1%), control 5 of 43 (11.6%), NNT 39.hospitalization time, 7.1% lower, relative time 0.93, p = 0.90, treatment 44, control 43.Lakkireddy et al., 2/23/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, mean age 45.5, 9 authors, dosage 60,000IU days 1-8, 8 or 10 days depending on BMI.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 19
2021LevelsGavioli et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1869626death, ↑4.7%, p=0.83An Evaluation of Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Patients with COVID-19 in New York CityDetails Retrospective 437 mostly serious condition (85% hospitalized) patients in New York, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with increased likelihood of oxygen support, but no association with mortality and hospitalization. Multivariate a..Feb 19
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAn Evaluation of Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Patients with COVID-19 in New York CityGavioli et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1869626Retrospective 437 mostly serious condition (85% hospitalized) patients in New York, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with increased likelihood of oxygen support, but no association with mortality and hospitalization. Multivariate analysis excluded variables with p > 0.2 in univariate analysis. Adjustment for factors correlated with vitamin D may obscure the effect of vitamin D levels.risk of death, 4.7% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.83, high D levels 80 of 260 (30.8%), low D levels 52 of 177 (29.4%), >20ng/ml.risk of death, 44.8% lower, RR 0.55, p < 0.001, high D levels 102 of 376 (27.1%), low D levels 30 of 61 (49.2%), NNT 4.5, >10ng/ml.risk of oxygen therapy, 55.2% lower, RR 0.45, p < 0.001, high D levels 127 of 260 (48.8%), low D levels 116 of 177 (65.5%), NNT 6.0, adjusted, >20ng/ml, multivariate.risk of hospitalization, 3.6% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.41, high D levels 218 of 260 (83.8%), low D levels 154 of 177 (87.0%), NNT 32, >20ng/ml.Gavioli et al., 2/19/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 18
2021LevelsInfante et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1877580death, ↓54.8%, p=0.046Low Vitamin D Status at Admission as a Risk Factor for Poor Survival in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: An Italian Retrospective StudyDetails Retrospective 137 hospitalized patients in Italy. All patients had low vitamin D levels, and lower levels were associated with higher mortality. In multivariate logistic regression, vitamin D levels were significantly inversely associated..Feb 18
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow Vitamin D Status at Admission as a Risk Factor for Poor Survival in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: An Italian Retrospective StudyInfante et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1877580Retrospective 137 hospitalized patients in Italy. All patients had low vitamin D levels, and lower levels were associated with higher mortality.In multivariate logistic regression, vitamin D levels were significantly inversely associated with mortality (OR 0.91 [0.85-0.98] p=0.01).risk of death, 54.8% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.046, high D levels 4 of 19 (21.1%), low D levels 55 of 118 (46.6%), NNT 3.9, >20ng/mL.Infante et al., 2/18/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 17
2021EarlyBurahee et al., SICOT-J, doi:10.1051/sicotj/2021001death, ↓93.3%, p=0.01Older patients with proximal femur fractures and SARS-CoV-2 infection – An observational studyDetails Small retrospective study of 29 hip fracture patients in the UK, 14 with COVID-19. All COVID-19 patients were treated with vitamin D except for 2 where testing and supplementation was missed due to a clerical error. The two COVID-19 patie..Feb 17
2021Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyOlder patients with proximal femur fractures and SARS-CoV-2 infection – An observational studyBurahee et al., SICOT-J, doi:10.1051/sicotj/2021001Small retrospective study of 29 hip fracture patients in the UK, 14 with COVID-19. All COVID-19 patients were treated with vitamin D except for 2 where testing and supplementation was missed due to a clerical error. The two COVID-19 patients that died were the two that did not receive vitamin D supplementation.risk of death, 93.3% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.01, treatment 0 of 12 (0.0%), control 2 of 2 (100.0%), NNT 1.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.Burahee et al., 2/17/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage 100,000IU days 1-4, additional 200000IU over four weeks if serum level insufficient.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 12
2021LevelsBasaran et al., Bratislava Medical Journal, doi:10.4149/bll_2021_034severe case, ↓68.6%, p=0.005The relationship between vitamin D and the severity of COVID-19Details Prospective study of 204 patients with COVID-19-like pneumonia in Turkey, 42 outpatients (mild cases), and 162 inpatients (serious cases), showing significantly higher risk of severe cases with vitamin D deficiency.Feb 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe relationship between vitamin D and the severity of COVID-19Basaran et al., Bratislava Medical Journal, doi:10.4149/bll_2021_034Prospective study of 204 patients with COVID-19-like pneumonia in Turkey, 42 outpatients (mild cases), and 162 inpatients (serious cases), showing significantly higher risk of severe cases with vitamin D deficiency.risk of severe case, 68.6% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.005, high D levels 82 of 119 (68.9%), low D levels 80 of 85 (94.1%), NNT 4.0, OR converted to RR, >10μg/L, per standard deviation increase in levels.Basaran et al., 2/12/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 12
2021LevelsSusianti et al., Journal of Medical Biochemistry, doi:10.5937/jomb0-30228 death, ↓91.5%, p=0.32Low levels of vitamin D were associated with coagulopathy among hospitalized coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients: A single-centered study in IndonesiaDetails Retrospective 50 hospitalized PCR+ patients in Indonesia showing ICU admission, mortality, ISTH DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) score>=5, and increased D-dimer significantly associated with lower vitamin D levels.Feb 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow levels of vitamin D were associated with coagulopathy among hospitalized coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients: A single-centered study in IndonesiaSusianti et al., Journal of Medical Biochemistry, doi:10.5937/jomb0-30228 Retrospective 50 hospitalized PCR+ patients in Indonesia showing ICU admission, mortality, ISTH DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) score>=5, and increased D-dimer significantly associated with lower vitamin D levels.risk of death, 91.5% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.32, high D levels 0 of 8 (0.0%), low D levels 9 of 42 (21.4%), NNT 4.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, >49.92 nmol/L.risk of ICU admission, 90.5% lower, RR 0.10, p = 0.32, high D levels 0 of 8 (0.0%), low D levels 8 of 42 (19.0%), NNT 5.2, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, >49.92 nmol/L.risk of progression, 81.5% lower, OR 0.19, p = 0.04, high D levels 8, low D levels 42, ISTH DIC>=5, >49.92 nmol/L, bivariate, RR approximated with OR.risk of progression, 44.4% lower, OR 0.56, p = 0.03, high D levels 8, low D levels 42, increased D-dimer >2 mg/L, >49.92 nmol/L, multivariate, RR approximated with OR.Susianti et al., 2/12/2021, retrospective, Indonesia, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 9
2021PrEPPEPHancock et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3779211 (Preprint)Case Cluster of RT-PCR COVID-19 Positive Patients with an Unexpected Benign Clinical Course With Vitamin D, Melatonin, Vitamin C, and Viscum AlbumDetails Case series of 24 COVID-19 patients (12 confirmed PCR+) treated with vitamin D, vitamin C, and melatonin, showing positive outcomes with no patient having worse than a mild case, including 7 high risk patients.Feb 9
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCase Cluster of RT-PCR COVID-19 Positive Patients with an Unexpected Benign Clinical Course With Vitamin D, Melatonin, Vitamin C, and Viscum AlbumHancock et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3779211 (Preprint)Case series of 24 COVID-19 patients (12 confirmed PCR+) treated with vitamin D, vitamin C, and melatonin, showing positive outcomes with no patient having worse than a mild case, including 7 high risk patients.Hancock et al., 2/9/2021, preprint, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 8
2021LevelsErsöz et al., International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14078The association between micronutrient and hemogram values and prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients: A single-center experience from TurkeyDetails Retrospective 310 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey, showing patients that were admitted to the ICU, intubated, or died had lower vitamin D levels compared to those that were not (statistically significant for ICU admission).Feb 8
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe association between micronutrient and hemogram values and prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients: A single-center experience from TurkeyErsöz et al., International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14078Retrospective 310 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey, showing patients that were admitted to the ICU, intubated, or died had lower vitamin D levels compared to those that were not (statistically significant for ICU admission).Ersöz et al., 2/8/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 3
2021LevelsYadav et al., Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, doi:10.1007/s12291-020-00950-1Association of Vitamin D Status with COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in the Asia Pacific region: A Cross-Sectional StudyDetails Analysis of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 in 37 Asia Pacific countries, finding a significant association with the number of cases/million (r =  −0.394, p = 0.016) and a weak association with the number of deaths/ million (r =  −0.280, p ..Feb 3
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Vitamin D Status with COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in the Asia Pacific region: A Cross-Sectional StudyYadav et al., Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, doi:10.1007/s12291-020-00950-1Analysis of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 in 37 Asia Pacific countries, finding a significant association with the number of cases/million (r =  −0.394, p = 0.016) and a weak association with the number of deaths/ million (r =  −0.280, p = 0.093).Yadav et al., 2/3/2021, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 2
2021LevelsSöbü et al., The Journal of Current Pediatrics, doi:10.4274/jcp.2021.0002Vitamin D Levels of COVID-19 Positive Sypmtomatic Pediatric CasesDetails Retrospective 30 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients and 82 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Feb 2
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Levels of COVID-19 Positive Sypmtomatic Pediatric CasesSöbü et al., The Journal of Current Pediatrics, doi:10.4274/jcp.2021.0002Retrospective 30 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients and 82 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.Söbü et al., 2/2/2021, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFeb 1
2021LevelsPatchen et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000255severe case, ↓2.0%, p=0.11Genetically predicted serum vitamin D and COVID-19: a Mendelian randomization studyDetails UK Biobank Mendelian randomization study not finding significant differences in COVID-19 risk. The number of people predicted to have vitamin D deficiency does not appear to be provided. Feb 1
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsGenetically predicted serum vitamin D and COVID-19: a Mendelian randomization studyPatchen et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000255UK Biobank Mendelian randomization study not finding significant differences in COVID-19 risk. The number of people predicted to have vitamin D deficiency does not appear to be provided.Mendelian randomization studies compare the estimated effect of SNPsassociated with variation in vitamin D levels on the health outcomes in largenumbers of patients. For more background on Mendelian randomization studiesand their limitations see[nature.com].For reasons why Mendelian randomization may fail in this case,see[nutrition.bmj.com].Authors suggest that it may come down to the use of 25(OH)D concentration inserum as a less than ideal proxy for vitamin D status of cells involved in theimmune response. For most other purposes, it may not matter much that unbound(free) 25(OH)D is the better predictor of vitamin D deficiency and theresulting unfavourable outcomes. But for the MR analysis, the geneticinstrument is strongly dominated by variation in the GC gene which modulatesthe concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in blood and therebyindirectly the concentrations of 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Thus,the common GC alleles rs4588A and rs7041T are both associated with much lowerthan average vitamin D concentrations. In contrast, directly measured unbound(free) vitamin D concentrations are minimally affected by these alleles, if atall.[Grant] suggest that the primary reasons for Mendelienrandomization failure include that the total SNP-induced variation in 25(OH)Dhas often been less than assay variance, and that genome-wide associationstudies of SNP effects have been made on the full range of 25(OH)D levels,while the data is non-linear with a significant percentage in the low and highplateaus of the outcome relationships.1.Grant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030639,A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal Health,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/639/pdf.2.nature.com,https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03754-3.3.nutrition.bmj.com,https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/../03/22/bmjnph-2021-000265.full.pdf.risk of severe case, 2.0% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.11, OR converted to RR, >50nmol/L, baseline risk approximated with overall risk.risk of hospitalization, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, OR converted to RR, >50nmol/L, baseline risk approximated with overall risk.risk of case, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, OR converted to RR, >50nmol/L, baseline risk approximated with overall risk.Patchen et al., 2/1/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 31
2021LevelsNadiger et al., Critical Care Medicine, doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000726440.30551.47Vitamin D Levels in Children With COVID-19 Admitted to the PICUDetails Retrospective 14 pediatric COVID-19 ICU patients showing that the majority were vitamin D deficient.Jan 31
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Levels in Children With COVID-19 Admitted to the PICUNadiger et al., Critical Care Medicine, doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000726440.30551.47Retrospective 14 pediatric COVID-19 ICU patients showing that the majority were vitamin D deficient.Nadiger et al., 1/31/2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 29
2021LevelsDemir et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.26832severe case, ↓89.3%, p<0.001Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID‐19 positivity and the severity of the diseaseDetails Retrospective cohort study of 487 patients finding that lower vitamin D levels is associated with more severe cases as measured by affected lung segments and increased hospitalization time for COVID-19 positive patients, and that lower vi..Jan 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID‐19 positivity and the severity of the diseaseDemir et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.26832Retrospective cohort study of 487 patients finding that lower vitamin D levels is associated with more severe cases as measured by affected lung segments and increased hospitalization time for COVID-19 positive patients, and that lower vitamin D levels increases COVID-19 PCR+ cases.risk of severe case, 89.3% lower, RR 0.11, p < 0.001, high D levels 13, low D levels 99, ratio of the mean number of affected lung segments, >30ng/ml vs. <=10ng/mL.hospitalization time, 87.1% lower, relative time 0.13, p < 0.001, high D levels 13, low D levels 99, >30ng/ml vs. <=10ng/mL.risk of case, 24.2% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.18, high D levels 13 of 31 (41.9%), low D levels 99 of 179 (55.3%), NNT 7.5, >30ng/ml vs. <=10ng/mL.Demir et al., 1/29/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 29
2021PrEPPEPMa et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa381cases, ↓30.0%, p=0.03Habitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK BiobankDetails Retrospective 8,297 adults from the UK Biobank showing the habitual use of vitamin D supplements significantly associated with lower risk of COVID-19 cases. Note that the information on vitamin D supplement use was collected a median of 1..Jan 29
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyHabitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK BiobankMa et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa381Retrospective 8,297 adults from the UK Biobank showing the habitual use of vitamin D supplements significantly associated with lower risk of COVID-19 cases. Note that the information on vitamin D supplement use was collected a median of 10 years before the COVID-19 tests, so usage may have changed significantly.risk of case, 30.0% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.03, treatment 49 of 363 (13.5%), control 1,329 of 7,934 (16.8%), adjusted, OR converted to RR.Ma et al., 1/29/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 29
2021LevelsBakaloudi et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111441A critical update on the role of mild and serious vitamin D deficiency prevalence and the COVID-19 epidemic in EuropeDetails Analysis of vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 cases and mortality in European countries showing significant correlation between mortality and prevalence of both mild vitamin D deficiency (r = 0.634, p = 0.003) and severe vitamin D deficie..Jan 29
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsA critical update on the role of mild and serious vitamin D deficiency prevalence and the COVID-19 epidemic in EuropeBakaloudi et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111441Analysis of vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 cases and mortality in European countries showing significant correlation between mortality and prevalence of both mild vitamin D deficiency (r = 0.634, p = 0.003) and severe vitamin D deficiency (r = 0.538, p = 0.021).Bakaloudi et al., 1/29/2021, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 28
2021ReviewBrenner, H., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13020411 (Review)reviewVitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 Infections and Deaths—Accumulating Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies Calls for Immediate ActionDetails Summary of epidemiological and intervention studies for vitamin D supplementation. Author concludes that despite limitations, evidence strongly supports widespread supplementation, in particular for high-risk populations, as well as high-..Jan 28
2021Details Source PDF ReviewReviewVitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 Infections and Deaths—Accumulating Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies Calls for Immediate ActionBrenner, H., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13020411 (Review)Summary of epidemiological and intervention studies for vitamin D supplementation. Author concludes that despite limitations, evidence strongly supports widespread supplementation, in particular for high-risk populations, as well as high-dose supplementation for those infected.Brenner et al., 1/28/2021, peer-reviewed, 1 author.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 25
2021LevelsTehrani et al., Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.014death, ↓47.5%, p=0.07Evaluation of vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients referred to Labafinejad hospital in Tehran and its relationship with disease severity and mortalityDetails Retrospective 205 patients in Iran, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, not quite reaching statistical significance.Jan 25
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsEvaluation of vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients referred to Labafinejad hospital in Tehran and its relationship with disease severity and mortalityTehrani et al., Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.014Retrospective 205 patients in Iran, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, not quite reaching statistical significance.risk of death, 47.5% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.07, high D levels 34 of 180 (18.9%), low D levels 9 of 25 (36.0%), NNT 5.8, >10ng/ml.Tehrani et al., 1/25/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 25
2021LevelsBarassi et al., Panminerva Med., doi:10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04277-4death, ↓64.9%, p=0.44Vitamin D in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients with non-invasive ventilation supportDetails Retrospective 118 consecutive hospitalized PCR+ patients in Italy showing higher ventilation and mortality with vitamin D deficiency.Jan 25
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients with non-invasive ventilation supportBarassi et al., Panminerva Med., doi:10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04277-4Retrospective 118 consecutive hospitalized PCR+ patients in Italy showing higher ventilation and mortality with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 64.9% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.44, high D levels 1 of 31 (3.2%), low D levels 8 of 87 (9.2%), NNT 17, >20ng/mL.risk of mechanical ventilation, 64.9% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.15, high D levels 2 of 31 (6.5%), low D levels 16 of 87 (18.4%), NNT 8.4, >20ng/mL.Barassi et al., 1/25/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 22
2021LateNogués et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab405death, ↓79.0%, p=0.001Calcifediol Treatment and COVID-19-Related OutcomesDetails Quasi-randomized trial with 930 hospitalized patients, 447 treated with calcifediol, showing significantly lower ICU admission and death with treatment. Note that the randomization in this trial is by ward. Authors report that patients we..Jan 22
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyCalcifediol Treatment and COVID-19-Related OutcomesNogués et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab405Quasi-randomized trial with 930 hospitalized patients, 447 treated with calcifediol, showing significantly lower ICU admission and death with treatment. Note that the randomization in this trial is by ward. Authors report that patients were allocated to empty beds available at admission time regardless of patient conditions, and that staff in all wards followed the same protocol.The earlier preprint for this article was censored by the Lancet. The Lancet reportedly requested a review from a Twitter user that posted negative comments [github.com]. The review provides useful feedback for the authors to improve the reporting of the cluster nature of the RCT, and to explain the delay in registration, however it is highly unusual to censor a preprint in this way. Authors responded to the issues raised here: [pubpeer.com]1.github.com,https://github.com/aurora-mareviv/..0(red)_THELANCETID-D-21-00211.docx.2.pubpeer.com,https://pubpeer.com/publications/DAF3DFA9C4DE6D1B7047E91B1766F0#11.risk of death, 79.0% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.001, treatment 21 of 447 (4.7%), control 62 of 391 (15.9%), NNT 9.0, adjusted, ITT.risk of death, 48.0% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.001, treatment 500, control 338, adjusted, including patients treated later.risk of ICU admission, 87.0% lower, RR 0.13, p < 0.001, treatment 20 of 447 (4.5%), control 82 of 391 (21.0%), NNT 6.1, adjusted, ITT.Nogués et al., 1/22/2021, prospective quasi-randomized (ward), Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, dosage calcifediol 0.5mg day 1, 0.27mg day 3, 0.27mg day 7, 0.27mg day 15, 0.27mg day 30.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 21
2021LevelsWalrand, S., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81419-wAutumn COVID-19 surge dates in Europe correlated to latitudes, not to temperature-humidity, pointing to vitamin D as contributing factorDetails Analysis of the increase in COVID-19 cases in European countries, showing no correlation with temperature, but a significant correlation with country latitude. Since UV radiation decreases earlier for higher latitudes, this supports the t..Jan 21
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAutumn COVID-19 surge dates in Europe correlated to latitudes, not to temperature-humidity, pointing to vitamin D as contributing factorWalrand, S., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81419-wAnalysis of the increase in COVID-19 cases in European countries, showing no correlation with temperature, but a significant correlation with country latitude. Since UV radiation decreases earlier for higher latitudes, this supports the theory that low vitamin D levels increases COVID-19 risk.Author recommends that vitamin D supplementation be considered to reduce pandemic severity during the winter, noting that UV levels in Europe and Northern USA will not return to a level above that of October until the end of March.Walrand et al., 1/21/2021, peer-reviewed, 1 author.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 19
2021LevelsOrchard et al., Clin Chem Lab Med, doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1567ICU, ↓58.8%, p=0.001Vitamin-D levels and intensive care unit outcomes of a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patientsDetails Retrospective 165 hospitalized patients with known vitamin D levels, showing an associated between vitamin D deficiency and ICU admission. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes for ICU patients. It's uncle..Jan 19
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin-D levels and intensive care unit outcomes of a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patientsOrchard et al., Clin Chem Lab Med, doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1567Retrospective 165 hospitalized patients with known vitamin D levels, showing an associated between vitamin D deficiency and ICU admission. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes for ICU patients. It's unclear why authors do not provide clinical outcomes for all patients rather than ICU only.risk of ICU admission, 58.8% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.001, high D levels 9 of 40 (22.5%), low D levels 41 of 75 (54.7%), NNT 3.1, all hospitalized patients, >50 nmol/L.risk of death, 24.1% lower, RR 0.76, p = 1.00, high D levels 1 of 9 (11.1%), low D levels 6 of 41 (14.6%), NNT 28, ICU patients only, >50 nmol/L.risk of mechanical ventilation, 8.9% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.70, high D levels 6 of 9 (66.7%), low D levels 30 of 41 (73.2%), NNT 15, ICU patients only, >50 nmol/L.Orchard et al., 1/19/2021, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 18
2021PrEPPEPVasheghani et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97017-9 (preprint 1/18/2021) (Preprint)death, ↓30.4%, p=0.45The relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19 disease and its mortalityDetails Retrospective 508 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran showing lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation (not reaching statistical significance), and an association between lower vitamin D levels and disease severity, ICU admission..Jan 18
2021Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyThe relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19 disease and its mortalityVasheghani et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97017-9 (preprint 1/18/2021) (Preprint)Retrospective 508 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran showing lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation (not reaching statistical significance), and an association between lower vitamin D levels and disease severity, ICU admission, and increased mortality. Details of supplementation are not provided. The multivariate result for vitamin D deficiency is in the preprint, the journal version only contains the multivariate result for serum level.risk of death, 30.4% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.45, treatment 7 of 88 (8.0%), control 48 of 420 (11.4%), NNT 29, vitamin D supplementation.risk of ICU admission, 63.8% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.009, treatment 13 of 185 (7.0%), control 53 of 323 (16.4%), NNT 11, adjusted, vitamin D levels >30ng/mL.Vasheghani et al., 1/18/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, preprint, 6 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 16
2021LevelsHutchings et al., Endocrine, doi:/10.1007/s12020-020-02597-7Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 have low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin DDetails Retrospective 330 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Armenia, showing significantly higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<12ng/mL) compared to health controls (45% vs. 13%).Jan 16
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPatients hospitalized with COVID-19 have low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin DHutchings et al., Endocrine, doi:/10.1007/s12020-020-02597-7Retrospective 330 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Armenia, showing significantly higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<12ng/mL) compared to health controls (45% vs. 13%).Hutchings et al., 1/16/2021, retrospective, Armenia, Asia, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 14
2021LateGiannini et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13010219death/ICU, ↓36.6%, p=0.13Effectiveness of In-Hospital Cholecalciferol Use on Clinical Outcomes in Comorbid COVID-19 Patients: A Hypothesis-Generating StudyDetails Retrospective 91 hospitalized patients, 36 treated with high-dose cholecalciferol, showing lower combined death/ICU admission with treatment. Authors also analyze the relationship with comorbidity burden, finding that the positive effect ..Jan 14
2021Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffectiveness of In-Hospital Cholecalciferol Use on Clinical Outcomes in Comorbid COVID-19 Patients: A Hypothesis-Generating StudyGiannini et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13010219Retrospective 91 hospitalized patients, 36 treated with high-dose cholecalciferol, showing lower combined death/ICU admission with treatment.Authors also analyze the relationship with comorbidity burden, finding that the positive effect of high-dose cholecalciferol on the combined endpoint was significantly amplified with increasing comorbidity burden.risk of death/ICU, 36.6% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.13, treatment 14 of 36 (38.9%), control 29 of 55 (52.7%), NNT 7.2, OR converted to RR.Giannini et al., 1/14/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, dosage 200,000IU days 1-2.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 12
2021LevelsBennouar et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1856013death, ↓85.5%, p=0.002Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19Details Prospective study of 120 severe cases of COVID-19 in Algeria finding low vitamin D and low calcium both associated with increased mortality.Jan 12
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19Bennouar et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1856013Prospective study of 120 severe cases of COVID-19 in Algeria finding low vitamin D and low calcium both associated with increased mortality.risk of death, 85.5% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.002, high D levels 4 of 30 (13.3%), low D levels 15 of 32 (46.9%), NNT 3.0, adjusted, >30μg/l vs. <10μg/l, proportional Cox regression.risk of death, 63.0% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.10, high D levels 4 of 30 (13.3%), low D levels 14 of 35 (40.0%), NNT 3.7, adjusted, >30μg/l vs. 10-19μg/l, proportional Cox regression.risk of death, 23.1% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.73, high D levels 4 of 30 (13.3%), low D levels 4 of 23 (17.4%), NNT 25, adjusted, >30μg/l vs. 20-29μg/l, proportional Cox regression.Bennouar et al., 1/12/2021, prospective, Algeria, Africa, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 11
2021LevelsLi et al., Aging and Disease, doi:10.14336/AD.2020.1108severe case, ↓36.2%, p<0.0001Metabolic Healthy Obesity, Vitamin D Status, and Risk of COVID-19Details UK Biobank retrospective 353,299 patients showing that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are associated with increased COVID-19 risk. This study also analyzes metabolic/obesity phenotypes and the combination with vitamin D status.Jan 11
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsMetabolic Healthy Obesity, Vitamin D Status, and Risk of COVID-19Li et al., Aging and Disease, doi:10.14336/AD.2020.1108UK Biobank retrospective 353,299 patients showing that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are associated with increased COVID-19 risk. This study also analyzes metabolic/obesity phenotypes and the combination with vitamin D status.risk of severe case, 36.2% lower, RR 0.64, p < 0.001, NNT 932, OR converted to RR, >25nmol/L.risk of hospitalization, 28.8% lower, RR 0.71, p < 0.001, NNT 261, OR converted to RR, >25nmol/L.risk of case, 29.5% lower, RR 0.71, p < 0.001, NNT 823, OR converted to RR, >25nmol/L.Li et al., 1/11/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 9
2021LevelsAngelidi et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.01.001death, ↓88.0%, p=0.01Vitamin D Status is Associated With In-hospital Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation: A Cohort of COVID-19 Hospitalized PatientsDetails Retrospective 144 patients in the USA showing significantly lower mortality for vitamin D levels >=30ng/mL.Jan 9
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Status is Associated With In-hospital Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation: A Cohort of COVID-19 Hospitalized PatientsAngelidi et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.01.001Retrospective 144 patients in the USA showing significantly lower mortality for vitamin D levels >=30ng/mL.risk of death, 88.0% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.01, high D levels 6 of 65 (9.2%), low D levels 20 of 79 (25.3%), NNT 6.2, adjusted, >30ng/mL, supplementary table 2, multivariable logistic regression model 5.Angelidi et al., 1/9/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 7
2021LevelsPal et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.590805High Prevalence of Hypocalcemia in Non-severe COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control StudyDetails Retrospective 72 non-severe COVID-19 patients in India, showing very high levels of vitamin D deficiency (70 of 72 patients).Jan 7
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsHigh Prevalence of Hypocalcemia in Non-severe COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control StudyPal et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.590805Retrospective 72 non-severe COVID-19 patients in India, showing very high levels of vitamin D deficiency (70 of 72 patients).Pal et al., 1/7/2021, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJan 7
2021LevelsAmin et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000151progression, ↑32.3%, p=0.20No evidence that vitamin D is able to prevent or affect the severity of COVID-19 in individuals with European ancestry: a Mendelian randomisation study of open dataDetails Analysis of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases and severity based on genetic predisposition to higher vitamin D levels or lower vitamin D deficiency, finding no significant association. Jan 7
2021Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsNo evidence that vitamin D is able to prevent or affect the severity of COVID-19 in individuals with European ancestry: a Mendelian randomisation study of open dataAmin et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000151Analysis of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases and severity based on genetic predisposition to higher vitamin D levels or lower vitamin D deficiency, finding no significant association.Mendelian randomization studies compare the estimated effect of SNPsassociated with variation in vitamin D levels on the health outcomes in largenumbers of patients. For more background on Mendelian randomization studiesand their limitations see[nature.com].For reasons why Mendelian randomization may fail in this case,see[nutrition.bmj.com].Authors suggest that it may come down to the use of 25(OH)D concentration inserum as a less than ideal proxy for vitamin D status of cells involved in theimmune response. For most other purposes, it may not matter much that unbound(free) 25(OH)D is the better predictor of vitamin D deficiency and theresulting unfavourable outcomes. But for the MR analysis, the geneticinstrument is strongly dominated by variation in the GC gene which modulatesthe concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in blood and therebyindirectly the concentrations of 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Thus,the common GC alleles rs4588A and rs7041T are both associated with much lowerthan average vitamin D concentrations. In contrast, directly measured unbound(free) vitamin D concentrations are minimally affected by these alleles, if atall.[Grant] suggest that the primary reasons for Mendelienrandomization failure include that the total SNP-induced variation in 25(OH)Dhas often been less than assay variance, and that genome-wide associationstudies of SNP effects have been made on the full range of 25(OH)D levels,while the data is non-linear with a significant percentage in the low and highplateaus of the outcome relationships.1.Grant et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030639,A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal Health,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/639/pdf.2.nature.com,https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03754-3.3.nutrition.bmj.com,https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/../03/22/bmjnph-2021-000265.full.pdf.COVID-19 severity, 32.3% higher, RR 1.32, p = 0.20, high D levels 140,898, low D levels 35,079, OR converted to RR, >=50nmol/L vs. <25nmol/L, MR Egger, baseline risk approximated with overall risk.risk of case, 7.6% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.14, high D levels 140,898, low D levels 35,079, OR converted to RR, >=50nmol/L vs. <25nmol/L, MR Egger, baseline risk approximated with overall risk.Amin et al., 1/7/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 31
2020LevelsAnsari et al., Pakistan J. Med. Heal. Sci., 14:4death, ↓86.0%, p=0.02Frequency of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and its Association with Mortality in Patients with Corona virus DiseaseDetails Prospective study of 125 severe COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing significantly higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.Dec 31
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsFrequency of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and its Association with Mortality in Patients with Corona virus DiseaseAnsari et al., Pakistan J. Med. Heal. Sci., 14:4Prospective study of 125 severe COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing significantly higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 86.0% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.02, high D levels (≥25nmol/L) 2 of 68 (2.9%), low D levels (<25nmol/L) 12 of 57 (21.1%), NNT 5.5.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Ansari et al., 12/31/2020, prospective, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 31 August, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 31
2020LevelsKaronova et al., Infectology, doi:10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-3-21-27death, ↓79.4%, p=0.11Serum 25(oH)D level in patients with CoVID-19Details Retrospective 80 COVID-19 patients showing low vitamin D levels associated with severity and mortality.Dec 31
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum 25(oH)D level in patients with CoVID-19Karonova et al., Infectology, doi:10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-3-21-27Retrospective 80 COVID-19 patients showing low vitamin D levels associated with severity and mortality.risk of death, 79.4% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.11, high D levels 1 of 23 (4.3%), low D levels 12 of 57 (21.1%), NNT 6.0, OR converted to RR, >20ng/ml.risk of severe case, 71.1% lower, RR 0.29, p = 0.07, high D levels 3 of 23 (13.0%), low D levels 22 of 57 (38.6%), NNT 3.9, OR converted to RR, >20ng/ml.Karonova et al., 12/31/2020, retrospective, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 30
2020LevelsSzeto et al., Endocrine Research, doi:10.1080/07435800.2020.1867162death, ↑5.6%, p=1.00Vitamin D Status and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized PatientsDetails Retrospective 93 hospitalized patients with vitamin D levels 1-365 days before admission, not showing significant differences with vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels may vary significantly throughout the year creat..Dec 30
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Status and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized PatientsSzeto et al., Endocrine Research, doi:10.1080/07435800.2020.1867162Retrospective 93 hospitalized patients with vitamin D levels 1-365 days before admission, not showing significant differences with vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels may vary significantly throughout the year creating a major cofounder that authors do not adjust for.risk of death, 5.6% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, high D levels 14 of 58 (24.1%), low D levels 8 of 35 (22.9%).risk of mechanical ventilation, 39.7% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.21, high D levels 10 of 58 (17.2%), low D levels 10 of 35 (28.6%), NNT 8.8.risk of no hospital discharge, 26.7% higher, RR 1.27, p = 0.50, high D levels 21 of 58 (36.2%), low D levels 10 of 35 (28.6%).Szeto et al., 12/30/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 30
2020ReviewMcCullough et al., Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, doi:10.31083/j.rcm.2020.04.264 (Review)reviewMultifaceted highly targeted sequential multidrug treatment of early ambulatory high-risk SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)Details Review urging early treatment of COVID-19 with sequential multidrug treatment that has been shown to be safe and effective. Proposed treatment includes zinc, vitamin D & C, quercetin, and depending on age, comorbidities, and symptoms may ..Dec 30
2020Details Source PDF ReviewReviewMultifaceted highly targeted sequential multidrug treatment of early ambulatory high-risk SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)McCullough et al., Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, doi:10.31083/j.rcm.2020.04.264 (Review)Review urging early treatment of COVID-19 with sequential multidrug treatment that has been shown to be safe and effective. Proposed treatment includes zinc, vitamin D & C, quercetin, and depending on age, comorbidities, and symptoms may include >=2 of HCQ, ivermectin, favipiravir; AZM/DOXY; corticosteroids; colchicine; bamlanivimab; aspirin; LMWH; and supplemental oxygen.McCullough et al., 12/30/2020, peer-reviewed, 58 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 28
2020LateJevalikar et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85809-y (preprint 12/28)death, ↓82.0%, p=0.12Lack of association of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with disease severity and mortality in Indian patients hospitalized for COVID-19Details Prospective study of 410 hospitalized patients in India showing lower mortality and ICU admission with cholecalciferol treatment, although not statistically significant with the small number of cases. The median total dose was 60000IU. No..Dec 28
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyLack of association of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with disease severity and mortality in Indian patients hospitalized for COVID-19Jevalikar et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85809-y (preprint 12/28)Prospective study of 410 hospitalized patients in India showing lower mortality and ICU admission with cholecalciferol treatment, although not statistically significant with the small number of cases. The median total dose was 60000IU.No significant difference was found for outcomes based on baseline vitamin D deficiency, however this analysis does not appear to account for the deficient patients that were treated with vitamin D.risk of death, 82.0% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.12, treatment 1 of 128 (0.8%), control 3 of 69 (4.3%), NNT 28.risk of ICU admission, 33.7% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.29, treatment 16 of 128 (12.5%), control 13 of 69 (18.8%), NNT 16.risk of oxygen therapy, 31.7% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.06, treatment 38 of 128 (29.7%), control 30 of 69 (43.5%), NNT 7.3.Jevalikar et al., 12/28/2020, prospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage 60,000IU single dose, median total dose.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 26
2020LateSistanizad et al., European Journal of Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101271death, ↓63.5%, p=0.004High dose vitamin D improves total serum antioxidant capacity and ICU outcome in critically ill patients - a randomized, double-blind clinical trialDetails RCT of 30 ventilated ICU patients showing lower mortality with vitamin D treatment, RR 0.36, p = 0.004. Authors do not indicate why the patients were hospitalized or if any of the patients were COVID-19 patients. 300,000 IU intramuscular ..Dec 26
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyHigh dose vitamin D improves total serum antioxidant capacity and ICU outcome in critically ill patients - a randomized, double-blind clinical trialSistanizad et al., European Journal of Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101271RCT of 30 ventilated ICU patients showing lower mortality with vitamin D treatment, RR 0.36, p = 0.004. Authors do not indicate why the patients were hospitalized or if any of the patients were COVID-19 patients. 300,000 IU intramuscular vitamin D was used.risk of death, 63.5% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.004, treatment 5 of 16 (31.2%), control 12 of 14 (85.7%), NNT 1.8.Sistanizad et al., 12/26/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage 300,000IU single dose, intramuscular.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 22
2020PrEPPEPCangiano et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.202307death, ↓70.0%, p=0.04Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic testsDetails 70% lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation. Analysis of 98 PCR+ nursing home residents in Italy, mean age 90, vitamin D supplementation RR 0.30, p = 0.04. The paper provides the p value for regression but not the effect size. Trea..Dec 22
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyMortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic testsCangiano et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.20230770% lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation. Analysis of 98 PCR+ nursing home residents in Italy, mean age 90, vitamin D supplementation RR 0.30, p = 0.04. The paper provides the p value for regression but not the effect size. Treatment was 2x per month 25000IU.risk of death, 70.0% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.04, treatment 3 of 20 (15.0%), control 39 of 78 (50.0%), NNT 2.9.Cangiano et al., 12/22/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, dosage 25,000IU 2x per month.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 12
2020LevelsAbdollahi et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.26726cases, ↓53.9%, p=0.001The Association Between the Level of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D, Obesity, and underlying Diseases with the risk of Developing COVID‐19 Infection: A case‐control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, IranDetails Case control study with 201 patients and 201 matched controls in Iran showing vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19.Dec 12
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsThe Association Between the Level of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D, Obesity, and underlying Diseases with the risk of Developing COVID‐19 Infection: A case‐control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, IranAbdollahi et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.26726Case control study with 201 patients and 201 matched controls in Iran showing vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19.risk of case, 53.9% lower, RR 0.46, p = 0.001, high D levels 108, low D levels 294, >30ng/ml.Abdollahi et al., 12/12/2020, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 11
2020LateLing et el., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12123799death, ↓79.8%, p<0.001High-Dose Cholecalciferol Booster Therapy is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational StudyDetails 80% lower mortality with cholecalciferol booster therapy. Retrospective 986 hospitalized patients in the UK finding that cholecalciferol booster therapy, regardless of baseline serum levels, was associated with a reduced risk of mortality..Dec 11
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyHigh-Dose Cholecalciferol Booster Therapy is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational StudyLing et el., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu1212379980% lower mortality with cholecalciferol booster therapy. Retrospective 986 hospitalized patients in the UK finding that cholecalciferol booster therapy, regardless of baseline serum levels, was associated with a reduced risk of mortality in acute COVID-19 inpatients.Primary cohort of 444 patients, adjusted mortality odds ratio aOR 0.13, p < 0.001.
Validation cohort of 541 patients, adjusted mortality odds ratio aOR 0.38, p = 0.018.risk of death, 79.8% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 73, control 253, OR converted to RR, primary cohort.risk of death, 55.5% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.02, treatment 80, control 443, OR converted to RR, validation cohort.Ling et al., 12/11/2020, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage 40,000IU weekly, regimen varied with 77% receiving a total of 40,000IU/week.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 10
2020LateRosenthal et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058death, ↓11.0%, p=0.005Risk Factors Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in a US National Sample of Patients With COVID-19Details Retrospective database analysis of 64,781 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with vitamin C or vitamin D (authors do not distinguish between the two), and higher mortality with zinc and HCQ, statistically significan..Dec 10
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyRisk Factors Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in a US National Sample of Patients With COVID-19Rosenthal et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058Retrospective database analysis of 64,781 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with vitamin C or vitamin D (authors do not distinguish between the two), and higher mortality with zinc and HCQ, statistically significant for zinc. Authors excluded hospital-based outpatient visits, without explanation. Confounding by indication is likely, adjustments do not appear to include any information on COVID-19 severity at baseline.risk of death, 11.0% lower, OR 0.89, p = 0.005, adjusted, vitamin C or vitamin D, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.Excluded in meta analysis: results are only provided for use of one or more treatments within a class of treatments, results for each treatment are not provided, confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.Rosenthal et al., 12/10/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 10
2020NewsVitaminDForAll (News)newsOver 100 Scientists, Doctors, & Leading Authorities Call For Increased Vitamin D Use To Combat COVID-19Details Over 100 scientists and doctors call for efforts to increase vitamin D levels. Recommendations include reaching 75 nmol/L serum levels, 2000-4000IU daily supplementation (in the absence of testing), and measurement and treatment in hospit..Dec 10
2020Details Source PDF NewsNewsOver 100 Scientists, Doctors, & Leading Authorities Call For Increased Vitamin D Use To Combat COVID-19VitaminDForAll (News)Over 100 scientists and doctors call for efforts to increase vitamin D levels. Recommendations include reaching 75 nmol/L serum levels, 2000-4000IU daily supplementation (in the absence of testing), and measurement and treatment in hospitalized patients.VitaminDForAll et al., 12/10/2020, preprint, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 9
2020LevelsVassiliou et al., Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2020.11.011Vitamin D deficiency correlates with a reduced number of natural killer cells in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumoniaDetails Observational study of 29 ICU patients and 10 non-ICU patients showing vitamin D levels positively correlated with cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK-T cells, and regulatory T cells.Dec 9
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D deficiency correlates with a reduced number of natural killer cells in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumoniaVassiliou et al., Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2020.11.011Observational study of 29 ICU patients and 10 non-ICU patients showing vitamin D levels positively correlated with cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK-T cells, and regulatory T cells.Vassiliou et al., 12/9/2020, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 9
2020LevelsVassiliou et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12123773death, ↓90.9%, p=0.04Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on Admission to the Intensive Care Unit May Predispose COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients to a Higher 28-Day Mortality Risk: A Pilot Study on a Greek ICU CohortDetails Small prospective study of 30 ICU patients, showing higher mortality risk for low vitamin D levels. When divided into two groups at the median level, there was 5 of 15 deaths for the low vitamin D group compared to 0 of 15 in the high vit..Dec 9
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on Admission to the Intensive Care Unit May Predispose COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients to a Higher 28-Day Mortality Risk: A Pilot Study on a Greek ICU CohortVassiliou et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12123773Small prospective study of 30 ICU patients, showing higher mortality risk for low vitamin D levels. When divided into two groups at the median level, there was 5 of 15 deaths for the low vitamin D group compared to 0 of 15 in the high vitamin D group.risk of death, 90.9% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.04, high D levels 0 of 15 (0.0%), low D levels 5 of 15 (33.3%), NNT 3.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, >15.2ng/mL.Vassiliou et al., 12/9/2020, prospective, Greece, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 5
2020LevelsAlguwaihes et al., Cardiovascular Diabetology, doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01184-4death, ↓85.7%, p=0.007Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective studyDetails Retrospective 439 diabetic hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia showing lower mortality with vitamin D >12.5 nmol/L, adjusted hazard ratio aHR 0.14, p = 0.007.Dec 5
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsDiabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective studyAlguwaihes et al., Cardiovascular Diabetology, doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01184-4Retrospective 439 diabetic hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia showing lower mortality with vitamin D >12.5 nmol/L, adjusted hazard ratio aHR 0.14, p = 0.007.risk of death, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.007, high D levels 111, low D levels 328, >12.5 nmol/L.Alguwaihes et al., 12/5/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsDec 4
2020LevelsKatz el al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111106cases, ↓78.4%, p<0.001Increased risk for Covid-19 in patients with Vitamin D deficiencyDetails Retrospective database analysis showing patients with vitamin D deficiency were 4.6 times more likely to be COVID-19 positive, p<0.001.Dec 4
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsIncreased risk for Covid-19 in patients with Vitamin D deficiencyKatz el al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111106Retrospective database analysis showing patients with vitamin D deficiency were 4.6 times more likely to be COVID-19 positive, p<0.001.risk of case, 78.4% lower, RR 0.22, p < 0.001, high D levels 85 of 101,175 (0.1%), low D levels 87 of 31,950 (0.3%), NNT 531, adjusted.Katz et al., 12/4/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 30
2020PrEPPEPLouca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20)cases, ↓7.5%, p=0.0007Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study appDetails Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing vitamin D usage associated with lower incidence of COVID-19. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of bias..Nov 30
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyModest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study appLouca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20)Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing vitamin D usage associated with lower incidence of COVID-19. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of biases could affect the results, for example users of the app may not be representative of the general population, and people experiencing symptoms may be more likely to install and use the app.risk of case, 7.5% lower, RR 0.92, p < 0.001, OR converted to RR, United Kingdom, all adjustment model.Louca et al., 11/30/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 49.6, 26 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 25
2020LevelsDe Smet et al., American Journal of Clinical Pathology, doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252death, ↓70.1%, p=0.02Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and MortalityDetails Retrospective 186 hospitalized patients in Belgium showing that 59% of patients were vitamin D deficient, and that non-vitamin D deficient patients had significantly lower mortality risk, RR 0.26, p = 0.015.Nov 25
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSerum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and MortalityDe Smet et al., American Journal of Clinical Pathology, doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252Retrospective 186 hospitalized patients in Belgium showing that 59% of patients were vitamin D deficient, and that non-vitamin D deficient patients had significantly lower mortality risk, RR 0.26, p = 0.015.risk of death, 70.1% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.02, high D levels 7 of 77 (9.1%), low D levels 20 of 109 (18.3%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL.De Smet et al., 11/25/2020, retrospective, Belgium, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 19
2020LevelsJain et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77093-zdeath, ↓85.2%, p=0.001Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markersDetails Prospective study of 91 asymptomatic and 63 ICU patients showing significantly higher vitamin D deficiency in the ICU patients (97% vs. 33%).Nov 19
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAnalysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markersJain et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77093-zProspective study of 91 asymptomatic and 63 ICU patients showing significantly higher vitamin D deficiency in the ICU patients (97% vs. 33%).risk of death, 85.2% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.001, high D levels 2 of 64 (3.1%), low D levels 19 of 90 (21.1%), NNT 5.6, >20ng/mL.risk of ICU admission, 95.4% lower, RR 0.05, p < 0.001, high D levels 2 of 64 (3.1%), low D levels 61 of 90 (67.8%), NNT 1.5, >20ng/mL.Jain et al., 11/19/2020, prospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 17
2020LateMurai et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26848 (preprint 11/17)death, ↑48.7%, p=0.43Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical TrialDetails Very late stage (mean 10 days from symptom onset, 90% on oxygen at baseline) vitamin D supplementation RCT not showing significant differences. Ethnicity was poorly matched between arms, and diabetes was 41% in the treatment arm vs. 29% i..Nov 17
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical TrialMurai et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26848 (preprint 11/17)Very late stage (mean 10 days from symptom onset, 90% on oxygen at baseline) vitamin D supplementation RCT not showing significant differences.Ethnicity was poorly matched between arms, and diabetes was 41% in the treatment arm vs. 29% in the control arm. Baseline ventilation was 15% in the treatment arm vs. 12% control. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more successful, especially with this very late stage usage.risk of death, 48.7% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.43, treatment 9 of 119 (7.6%), control 6 of 118 (5.1%).risk of mechanical ventilation, 47.5% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.09, treatment 9 of 119 (7.6%), control 17 of 118 (14.4%), NNT 15.risk of ICU admission, 24.6% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.30, treatment 19 of 119 (16.0%), control 25 of 118 (21.2%), NNT 19.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline, very late stage study using cholecalciferol instead of calcifediol or calcitriol.Murai et al., 11/17/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, average treatment delay 10.2 days, dosage 200,000IU single dose, trial NCT04449718.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 13
2020LevelsLuo et al., The Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa332progression, ↓63.0%, p=0.01Vitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese PeopleDetails Retrospective 335 patients in China compared to 560 matched controls showing significanlty lower risk of severe COVID-19 with vitamin D sufficiency (>=30 nmol/L) OR 0.37, p = 0.014.Nov 13
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese PeopleLuo et al., The Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa332Retrospective 335 patients in China compared to 560 matched controls showing significanlty lower risk of severe COVID-19 with vitamin D sufficiency (>=30 nmol/L) OR 0.37, p = 0.014.risk of progression, 63.0% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.01, high D levels 335, low D levels 560, >30nmol/L.Luo et al., 11/13/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, median age 56.0, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 12
2020MetaJungreis et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.20222638 (Preprint)Mathematical analysis of Córdoba calcifediol trial suggests strong role for Vitamin D in reducing ICU admissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patientsDetails Analysis of Castillo et al. confirming efficacy of calcifediol treatment. Authors find that issues related to imperfect blinding and comorbidities can not explain the result found. See for a response to issues raised on this analysis.Nov 12
2020Details Source PDF MetaMetaMathematical analysis of Córdoba calcifediol trial suggests strong role for Vitamin D in reducing ICU admissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patientsJungreis et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.20222638 (Preprint)Analysis of Castillo et al. confirming efficacy of calcifediol treatment. Authors find that issues related to imperfect blinding and comorbidities can not explain the result found.See [compbio.mit.edu] for a response to issues raised on this analysis.1.compbio.mit.edu,http://compbio.mit.edu/calcifediol..criticism_of_Calcifediol_paper.pdf.Jungreis et al., 11/12/2020, preprint, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 12
2020LateRastogi et al., Postgraduate Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065viral+, ↓52.6%, p=0.02Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study)Details 53% reduction in PCR+ with high-dose cholecalciferol supplementation. RCT with 16 treatment patients and 24 control patients. 25(OH)D levels at day 14 were 52 ng/ml vs. 15 ng/ml in the intervention and control group.Nov 12
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyShort term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study)Rastogi et al., Postgraduate Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-13906553% reduction in PCR+ with high-dose cholecalciferol supplementation. RCT with 16 treatment patients and 24 control patients. 25(OH)D levels at day 14 were 52 ng/ml vs. 15 ng/ml in the intervention and control group.risk of no viral clearance, 52.6% lower, RR 0.47, p = 0.02, treatment 6 of 16 (37.5%), control 19 of 24 (79.2%), NNT 2.4.Rastogi et al., 11/12/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage 60,000IU days 1-7.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 11
2020PrEPPEPCereda et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111055death, ↑73.0%, p=0.14Vitamin D supplementation and outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, ItalyDetails Retrospective 105 Parkinson's disease patients, 92 caregivers, and 127 hospital inpatients, showing higher, but not statistically significant mortality and hospitalization with treatment. Supplementation was defined as >=25,000IU/month fo..Nov 11
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D supplementation and outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, ItalyCereda et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111055Retrospective 105 Parkinson's disease patients, 92 caregivers, and 127 hospital inpatients, showing higher, but not statistically significant mortality and hospitalization with treatment. Supplementation was defined as >=25,000IU/month for at least 3 months.risk of death, 73.0% higher, RR 1.73, p = 0.14, treatment 7 of 18 (38.9%), control 40 of 152 (26.3%), OR converted to RR, >=25,000IU/month for at least 3 months.risk of hospitalization, 17.3% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.68, treatment 7 of 27 (25.9%), control 36 of 170 (21.2%), OR converted to RR.Cereda et al., 11/11/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 68.8, 7 authors, dosage varies.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 9
2020LevelsWalk et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.20227512 (Preprint)death/int., ↑0.4%, p=1.00Vitamin D - contrary to vitamin K - does not associate with clinical outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsDetails Small retrospective study of 135 patients not finding a significant difference in vitamin D status. Patients with good outcomes had a median of 45.0 nmol/L versus 37.7 nmol/L for bad outcomes, p = 0.85. Authors found that vitamin D suffic..Nov 9
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D - contrary to vitamin K - does not associate with clinical outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsWalk et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.20227512 (Preprint)Small retrospective study of 135 patients not finding a significant difference in vitamin D status. Patients with good outcomes had a median of 45.0 nmol/L versus 37.7 nmol/L for bad outcomes, p = 0.85.Authors found that vitamin D sufficient persons had accelerated elastic fiber degradation, they hypothesize pro-calcification effects during COVID-19 and that vitamin K might compensate for this.risk of death/intubation, 0.4% higher, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, high D levels 48 of 110 (43.6%), low D levels 10 of 23 (43.5%), >25nmol/L.Walk et al., 11/9/2020, retrospective, Netherlands, Europe, preprint, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 2
2020PrEPPEPAnnweiler et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12113377death, ↓93.0%, p=0.02Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental StudyDetails Retrospective study finding that regular bolus vitamin D supplementation was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival in frail elderly. For those receiving regular supplementation: Adjusted mortality hazard ratio with supp..Nov 2
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental StudyAnnweiler et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12113377Retrospective study finding that regular bolus vitamin D supplementation was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival in frail elderly.For those receiving regular supplementation:Adjusted mortality hazard ratio with supplementation HR 0.07, p = 0.017.
Risk of severe COVID-19 with supplementation OR 0.08, p = 0.033.For supplementation started after COVID-19 diagnosis:Adjusted mortality hazard ratio HR 0.37, p = 0.28.
Risk of severe COVID-19 with supplementation OR 0.46, p = 0.4.risk of death, 93.0% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.02, treatment 2 of 29 (6.9%), control 10 of 32 (31.2%), NNT 4.1, adjusted, regular bolus supplementation.Annweiler et al., 11/2/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 88.0, 7 authors, dosage 50,000IU monthly, dose varies - 50,000 IU/month, or 80,000IU/100,000IU every 2–3 months.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNov 1
2020LevelsCereda et al., Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.055death, ↑120.0%, p=0.04Vitamin D 25OH deficiency in COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospitalDetails Prospective cohort study of 129 adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients finding patients with vitamin D levels >20ng/mL had increased mortality after adjustment. This study does not account for the risk of having a serious enough case to be..Nov 1
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D 25OH deficiency in COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospitalCereda et al., Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.055Prospective cohort study of 129 adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients finding patients with vitamin D levels >20ng/mL had increased mortality after adjustment. This study does not account for the risk of having a serious enough case to be hospitalized, and adjustments for factors correlated with vitamin D levels could obscure a potential association with vitamin D levels.risk of death, 120.0% higher, RR 2.20, p = 0.04, high D levels 10 of 30 (33.3%), low D levels 24 of 99 (24.2%), OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL.risk of ICU admission, 86.7% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.59, high D levels 0 of 30 (0.0%), low D levels 5 of 99 (5.1%), NNT 20, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.Cereda et al., 11/1/2020, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 31
2020LateOhaegbulam et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001222Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Case SeriesDetails Small case study of 4 vitamin D deficient patients with 2 patients treated with cholecalciferol 1000 IU daily and two patients treated with ergocalciferol 50,000 IU daily for 5 days (high dose), showing that patients receiving high dose t..Oct 31
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyVitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Case SeriesOhaegbulam et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001222Small case study of 4 vitamin D deficient patients with 2 patients treated with cholecalciferol 1000 IU daily and two patients treated with ergocalciferol 50,000 IU daily for 5 days (high dose), showing that patients receiving high dose therapy had improved clinical recovery, with shorter lengths of stay, lower oxygen requirements, and a reduction in inflammatory marker status.Ohaegbulam et al., 10/31/2020, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 31
2020ReviewMercola et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:11, 3361, doi:10.3390/nu12113361 (Review)reviewEvidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its SeverityDetails Review of vitamin D and COVID-19 concluding that the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window.Oct 31
2020Details Source PDF ReviewReviewEvidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its SeverityMercola et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:11, 3361, doi:10.3390/nu12113361 (Review)Review of vitamin D and COVID-19 concluding that the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window.Mercola et al., 10/31/2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 30
2020LevelsAbrishami et al., European Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02411-0death, ↓75.9%, p=0.04Possible association of vitamin D status with lung involvement and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective studyDetails Retrospective 73 hospitalized patients showing the probability of death in patients with vitamin D deficiency (< 25ng/mL) was 34.6% compared with 6.4% in patients with sufficient vitamin D levels.Oct 30
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsPossible association of vitamin D status with lung involvement and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective studyAbrishami et al., European Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02411-0Retrospective 73 hospitalized patients showing the probability of death in patients with vitamin D deficiency (< 25ng/mL) was 34.6% compared with 6.4% in patients with sufficient vitamin D levels.risk of death, 75.9% lower, RR 0.24, p = 0.04, high D levels (≥25ng/mL) 3 of 47 (6.4%), low D levels (<25ng/mL) 9 of 26 (34.6%), NNT 3.5, adjusted, Cox model 2.Abrishami et al., 10/30/2020, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.2, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 27
2020LevelsHernández et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa733death/ICU, ↓83.0%, p<0.0001Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 InfectionDetails Retrospective 216 COVID-19 patients and 197 population controls, showing vitamin D deficiency in 82.2% of COVID-19 cases and 47.2% of population-based controls (P < .0001). Authors note: "We did not find any relationship between vita..Oct 27
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 InfectionHernández et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa733Retrospective 216 COVID-19 patients and 197 population controls, showing vitamin D deficiency in 82.2% of COVID-19 cases and 47.2% of population-based controls (P < .0001). Authors note: "We did not find any relationship between vitamin D concentrations or vitamin deficiency and the severity of the disease". While no association was found within hospitalized patients, there is an association with hospitalization, and hospitalization is an indication of COVID-19 severity.19 of the COVID-19 patients were taking vitamin D supplements, showing lower ventilation and ICU admission, but no significant difference in mortality.risk of combined death/ICU/ventilation, 83.0% lower, RR 0.17, p < 0.001, high D levels 35, low D levels 162, >= 20ng/mL risk of hospitalization * risk of death/ICU/ventilation | hospitalization.risk of combined death/ICU/ventilation if hospitalized, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.86, high D levels 35, low D levels 162, >= 20ng/mL risk of death/ICU/ventilation | hospitalization.risk of hospitalization, 80.6% lower, RR 0.19, p < 0.001, >= 20ng/mL.risk of death, 3.7% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, high D levels 2 of 19 (10.5%), low D levels 20 of 197 (10.2%), supplementation.risk of mechanical ventilation, 75.9% lower, RR 0.24, p = 0.13, high D levels 1 of 19 (5.3%), low D levels 43 of 197 (21.8%), NNT 6.0, supplementation.risk of ICU admission, 79.3% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.05, high D levels 1 of 19 (5.3%), low D levels 50 of 197 (25.4%), NNT 5.0, supplementation.hospitalization time, 33.3% lower, relative time 0.67, p = 0.11, high D levels 19, low D levels 197, supplementation.Hernández et al., 10/27/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 60.9, 12 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 26
2020LevelsTomasa-Irriguible et al., Metabolites, doi:10.3390/metabo11090565 (preprint 10/26/2020)ventilation, ↓35.0%, p=0.21Low Levels of Few Micronutrients May Impact COVID-19 Disease Progression: An Observational Study on the First WaveDetails Retrospective 120 hospitalized patients in Spain showing no significant differences for vitamin D deficiency.Oct 26
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow Levels of Few Micronutrients May Impact COVID-19 Disease Progression: An Observational Study on the First WaveTomasa-Irriguible et al., Metabolites, doi:10.3390/metabo11090565 (preprint 10/26/2020)Retrospective 120 hospitalized patients in Spain showing no significant differences for vitamin D deficiency.risk of mechanical ventilation, 35.0% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.21, high D levels 15 of 27 (55.6%), low D levels 18 of 78 (23.1%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, ≥20 ng/mL, bivariate logistic regression.risk of ICU admission, 16.9% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.58, high D levels 11 of 27 (40.7%), low D levels 17 of 78 (21.8%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, ≥20 ng/mL, bivariate logistic regression.Tomasa-Irriguible et al., 10/26/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 24
2020PrEPPEPSainz-Amo et al., Journal of Neurology, doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10272-0severe case, ↓32.7%, p=0.45COVID-19 in Parkinson’s disease: what holds the key?Details Case control study with 39 COVID+ and 172 COVID- Parkinson's disease patients in Spain, showing positive and severe cases being less likely to use vitamin D supplementation compared to negative or mild/negative cases respectively. These d..Oct 24
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCOVID-19 in Parkinson’s disease: what holds the key?Sainz-Amo et al., Journal of Neurology, doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10272-0Case control study with 39 COVID+ and 172 COVID- Parkinson's disease patients in Spain, showing positive and severe cases being less likely to use vitamin D supplementation compared to negative or mild/negative cases respectively. These differences were not statistically significant.risk of severe case, 32.7% lower, OR 0.67, p = 0.45, treatment 5 of 29 (17.2%) cases,43 of 182 (23.6%) controls, NNT 23, case control OR.risk of case, 43.7% lower, OR 0.56, p = 0.23, treatment 6 of 39 (15.4%) cases,42 of 172 (24.4%) controls, NNT 13, case control OR.Sainz-Amo et al., 10/24/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 74.5, 13 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 21
2020ReviewBasha et al., Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.10.005 (Review)reviewIs the shielding effect of cholecalciferol in SARS CoV-2 infection dependable? An evidence based unravelingDetails Review of vitamin D for COVID-19, concluding that the available evidence is very suggestive of protective and preventive effect of vitamin D. Authors note that strict lockdown (longer time indoors and home quarantine) may increase the ris..Oct 21
2020Details Source PDF ReviewReviewIs the shielding effect of cholecalciferol in SARS CoV-2 infection dependable? An evidence based unravelingBasha et al., Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.10.005 (Review)Review of vitamin D for COVID-19, concluding that the available evidence is very suggestive of protective and preventive effect of vitamin D. Authors note that strict lockdown (longer time indoors and home quarantine) may increase the risk of developing vitamin D deficiency. They suggest it is the duty of governments to strengthen recommendations regarding nutritional supplementation (especially vitamin D and C), particularly under quarantine and lockdown times.Basha et al., 10/21/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 21
2020LevelsMacaya et al., Nutr. Hosp., doi:10.20960/nh.03193severe case, ↓55.0%, p=0.07Interaction between age and vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 infectionDetails Retrospective 80 hospitalized patients in Spain showing higher risk of severe COVID-19 with vitamin D deficiency.Oct 21
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsInteraction between age and vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 infectionMacaya et al., Nutr. Hosp., doi:10.20960/nh.03193Retrospective 80 hospitalized patients in Spain showing higher risk of severe COVID-19 with vitamin D deficiency.risk of severe case, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.07, high D levels 11 of 35 (31.4%), low D levels 20 of 45 (44.4%), NNT 7.7, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL.Macaya et al., 10/21/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 20
2020PrEPPEPBlanch-Rubió et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.104117cases, ↓8.0%, p=0.68Influence of anti-osteoporosis treatments on the incidence of COVID-19 in patients with non-inflammatory rheumatic conditionsDetails Retrospective 2,102 rheumatology patients in Spain showing no significant difference in cases with vitamin D supplementation. Details of vitamin D supplementation are not providied - other patients may have also independently taken vitami..Oct 20
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyInfluence of anti-osteoporosis treatments on the incidence of COVID-19 in patients with non-inflammatory rheumatic conditionsBlanch-Rubió et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.104117Retrospective 2,102 rheumatology patients in Spain showing no significant difference in cases with vitamin D supplementation. Details of vitamin D supplementation are not providied - other patients may have also independently taken vitamin D.risk of case, 8.0% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.68, treatment 62 of 1,303 (4.8%), control 47 of 799 (5.9%), adjusted.Blanch-Rubió et al., 10/20/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 66.4, 10 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 13
2020Early, PrEPAnnweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771death, ↓89.0%, p=0.002Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental studyDetails Vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with 68% lower mortality and less severe COVID-19 in frail elderly. Retrospective 66 French nursing home residents, mean age 87.7, 9 control patients, and 57 that re..Oct 13
2020Details Source PDF Early, PrEPEarly, PrEPVitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental studyAnnweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771Vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with 68% lower mortality and less severe COVID-19 in frail elderly.Retrospective 66 French nursing home residents, mean age 87.7, 9 control patients, and 57 that received an oral bolus of 80,000 IU vitamin D3 either in the week following the suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19, or during the previous month. 17.5% mortality in the treatment group and 55.6% in the control group.risk of death, 89.0% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.002, treatment 10 of 57 (17.5%), control 5 of 9 (55.6%), NNT 2.6, adjusted.Annweiler et al., 10/13/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 87.7, 6 authors, dosage 80,000IU single dose, 80,000IU either in the week following the suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19, or during the previous month.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 13
2020LevelsYe et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.182600hosp., ↓93.4%, p=0.03Does Serum Vitamin D Level Affect COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity? A Case-Control StudyDetails Case control study in China comparing 62 patients with 80 healthy controls showing vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for COVID-19, especially for severe/critical cases.Oct 13
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsDoes Serum Vitamin D Level Affect COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity? A Case-Control StudyYe et al., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.182600Case control study in China comparing 62 patients with 80 healthy controls showing vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for COVID-19, especially for severe/critical cases.risk of severe/critical COVID-19, 93.4% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.03, high D levels 2 of 36 (5.6%), low D levels 8 of 26 (30.8%), NNT 4.0, adjusted, >50nmol/L.Ye et al., 10/13/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 6
2020LevelsFaniyi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.20206706 (Preprint)seropositive, ↓28.8%, p=0.003Vitamin D status and seroconversion for COVID-19 in UK healthcare workers who isolated for COVID-19 like symptoms during the 2020 pandemicDetails Analysis of vitamin D status and anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies in UK healthcare workers finding that Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for COVID-19 seroconversion.Oct 6
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D status and seroconversion for COVID-19 in UK healthcare workers who isolated for COVID-19 like symptoms during the 2020 pandemicFaniyi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.20206706 (Preprint)Analysis of vitamin D status and anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies in UK healthcare workers finding that Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor
for COVID-19 seroconversion.risk of seropositive, 28.8% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.003, high D levels 170 of 331 (51.4%), low D levels 44 of 61 (72.1%), NNT 4.8, >30nmol/L.Faniyi et al., 10/6/2020, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 5
2020LevelsYılmaz et al., Pediatric Pulmonology, doi:10.1002/ppul.25106 severe case, ↓73.4%, p=1.00Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children?Details Retrospective 40 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients and 45 healthy controls showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 patients (13.1 vs. 34.8µg/L), and that, within the hospitalized patients, there was more moderate ..Oct 5
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsIs vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children?Yılmaz et al., Pediatric Pulmonology, doi:10.1002/ppul.25106 Retrospective 40 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients and 45 healthy controls showing significantly lower vitamin D levels for COVID-19 patients (13.1 vs. 34.8µg/L), and that, within the hospitalized patients, there was more moderate and severe cases for patients with low vitamin D levels (non-statistically significant due to the small numbers).risk of severe case, 73.4% lower, RR 0.27, p = 1.00, high D levels 0 of 11 (0.0%), low D levels 2 of 29 (6.9%), NNT 14, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, >20ng/ml.risk of moderate or severe case, 41.4% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.69, high D levels 2 of 11 (18.2%), low D levels 9 of 29 (31.0%), NNT 7.8, >20ng/ml.Yılmaz et al., 10/5/2020, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsOct 5
2020LevelsKarahan et al., J. Nutr. Health Aging, doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1479-0death, ↓82.5%, p<0.0001Impact of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Level on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in TurkeyDetails Retrospective 149 COVID-19 patients, 69.1% with vitamin D deficiency, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with higher mortality.Oct 5
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsImpact of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Level on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in TurkeyKarahan et al., J. Nutr. Health Aging, doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1479-0Retrospective 149 COVID-19 patients, 69.1% with vitamin D deficiency, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with higher mortality.risk of death, 82.5% lower, RR 0.17, p < 0.001, high D levels 5 of 46 (10.9%), low D levels 64 of 103 (62.1%), NNT 2.0, >20nmol/L.Karahan et al., 10/5/2020, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 30
2020LevelsKerget el al., Tuberk Toraks, doi:10.5578/tt.70027Evaluation of the relationship of serum vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients with clinical course and prognosisDetails Prospective study of 88 hospitalized PCR+ COVID-19 patients and 20 asymptomatic PCR- medical personnel, showing lower vitamin D levels correlated with COVID-19 and with the development of ARDS and MAS.Sep 30
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsEvaluation of the relationship of serum vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients with clinical course and prognosisKerget el al., Tuberk Toraks, doi:10.5578/tt.70027Prospective study of 88 hospitalized PCR+ COVID-19 patients and 20 asymptomatic PCR- medical personnel, showing lower vitamin D levels correlated with COVID-19 and with the development of ARDS and MAS.Kerget et al., 9/30/2020, prospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 29
2020LevelsPepkowitz et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-83262/v1 (Preprint)ICU, ↓55.8%, p=0.01Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Increased COVID-19 Severity: Prospective Screening of At-Risk Groups is Medically IndicatedDetails Retrospective 37 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing higher risk of ICU admission with vitamin D deficiency.Sep 29
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Increased COVID-19 Severity: Prospective Screening of At-Risk Groups is Medically IndicatedPepkowitz et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-83262/v1 (Preprint)Retrospective 37 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing higher risk of ICU admission with vitamin D deficiency.risk of ICU admission, 55.8% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.01, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 9 of 24 (37.5%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 11 of 13 (84.6%), NNT 2.1.Pepkowitz et al., 9/29/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 8
2020PrEPPEPGalmés et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic FrameworkDetails Ecological study of European countries analyzing 10 vitamins and minerals endorsed by the European Food Safety Authority as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function: vitamins D..Sep 8
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyCurrent State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic FrameworkGalmés et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738Ecological study of European countries analyzing 10 vitamins and minerals endorsed by the European Food Safety Authority as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function: vitamins D, A, C, B6, B9, B12, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium.Intake levels of all 10 showed an inverse correlation with the relative mortality rate, while all except vitamin B6 and selenium showed an inverse correlation with incidence and mortality. Most individual correlations did not reach statistical significance. Authors note greater association in populations genetically predisposed towards lower micronutrient status.Galmés et al., 9/8/2020, retrospective, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 25
2020LevelsMaghbooli et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239799death, ↓51.7%, p=0.08Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infectionDetails Retrospective 235 hospitalized patients showing a significant association between vitamin D sufficiency and reduction in clinical severity. For patients over 40, mortality was 9.7% with 25(OH)D levels >30ng/mL, versus 20% for <30ng/mL. A ..Sep 25
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infectionMaghbooli et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239799Retrospective 235 hospitalized patients showing a significant association between vitamin D sufficiency and reduction in clinical severity.For patients over 40, mortality was 9.7% with 25(OH)D levels >30ng/mL, versus 20% for <30ng/mL.A significant reduction in serum CRP, an inflammatory marker, along with increased lymphocytes percentage suggest that vitamin D sufficiency may help modulate the immune response possibly by reducing the risk for cytokine storm in response to this viral infection.risk of death, 51.7% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.08, high D levels 7 of 72 (9.7%), low D levels 27 of 134 (20.1%), NNT 9.6, age >40.risk of mechanical ventilation, 31.6% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.49, high D levels 6 of 77 (7.8%), low D levels 18 of 158 (11.4%), NNT 28.risk of ICU admission, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.33, high D levels 11 of 77 (14.3%), low D levels 33 of 158 (20.9%), NNT 15, >30nmol/L.Maghbooli et al., 9/25/2020, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 17
2020LevelsKaufman et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239252cases, ↓53.0%, p<0.001SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levelsDetails Analysis of 191,779 patients in the US finding COVID-19 positivity strongly and inversely associated with circulating 25(OH)D levels. The relationship persists across latitudes, races/ethnicities, gender, and age ranges. COVID-19 adjusted..Sep 17
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsSARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levelsKaufman et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239252Analysis of 191,779 patients in the US finding COVID-19 positivity strongly and inversely associated with circulating 25(OH)D levels. The relationship persists across latitudes, races/ethnicities, gender, and age ranges.COVID-19 adjusted odds ratio OR 0.984 per ng/mL increment, p<0.001). The decrease in positivity rate appeared to plateau as values approached 55 ng/mL.Patients with high D levels (>55 ng/mL) compared to patients with very low D levels (<20 ng/mL) have a much lower risk of COVID-19 cases, with unadjusted RR 0.47, p<0.001.risk of case, 53.0% lower, RR 0.47, p < 0.001, high D levels 12,321, low D levels 39,190, >55 ng/mL vs. <20 ng/mL.Kaufman et al., 9/17/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, median age 54.0, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 10
2020LevelsRadujkovic et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:9, 2757, doi:10.3390/nu12092757death, ↓93.2%, p=0.001Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 PatientsDetails Observational study 185 patients in Germany shows an association between vitamin D status and severity and mortality. Adjusted hazard ratio of vitamin D sufficiency for combined mechanical ventilation and death was HR 0.16, p < 0.001, and..Sep 10
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 PatientsRadujkovic et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:9, 2757, doi:10.3390/nu12092757Observational study 185 patients in Germany shows an association between vitamin D status and severity and mortality. Adjusted hazard ratio of vitamin D sufficiency for combined mechanical ventilation and death was HR 0.16, p < 0.001, and for death HR 0.068, p < 0.001.risk of death, 93.2% lower, HR 0.07, p = 0.001, high D levels 144, low D levels 12, >30nmol/L.risk of death/intubation, 84.0% lower, HR 0.16, p < 0.001, high D levels 144, low D levels 12, >30nmol/L.Radujkovic et al., 9/10/2020, prospective, Germany, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 10
2020LevelsIsrael et al., Internal and Emergency Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02902-wsevere case, ↓33.9%, p=0.0001Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: a retrospective case–control studyDetails Retrospective 41,757 PCR+ patients in Israel and 417,570 matched contols, showing an inverse correlation between vitamin D levels and the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and of severe disease in those infected. COM-0046–20.Sep 10
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: a retrospective case–control studyIsrael et al., Internal and Emergency Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02902-wRetrospective 41,757 PCR+ patients in Israel and 417,570 matched contols, showing an inverse correlation between vitamin D levels and the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and of severe disease in those infected. COM-0046–20.risk of severe case, 33.9% lower, OR 0.66, p < 0.001, high D levels 423 of 1,036 (40.8%) cases,509 of 934 (54.5%) controls, NNT 7.3, adjusted, case control OR, >75 nmol/L vs. <30 nmol/L, multivariable.risk of case, 19.7% lower, OR 0.80, p < 0.001, high D levels 6,152 of 15,892 (38.7%) cases,73,810 of 159,193 (46.4%) controls, NNT 39, adjusted, case control OR, >75 nmol/L vs. <30 nmol/L, among COVID+ cases, multivariable.Israel et al., 9/10/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 31 October, 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsSep 3
2020LevelsMeltzer et al., JAMA network open, 3:9, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722cases, ↓43.5%, p=0.02Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test ResultsDetails Retrospective 489 patients showing 44% lower risk for COVID-19 with vitamin D sufficiency, relative risk RR = 0.56, p = 0.02.Sep 3
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test ResultsMeltzer et al., JAMA network open, 3:9, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722Retrospective 489 patients showing 44% lower risk for COVID-19 with vitamin D sufficiency, relative risk RR = 0.56, p = 0.02.risk of case, 43.5% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.02, high D levels 39 of 317 (12.3%), low D levels 32 of 172 (18.6%), NNT 16, adjusted, >20ng/mL.Meltzer et al., 9/3/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 29
2020LateCastillo et al., Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 203, October 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751death, ↓85.4%, p=0.11Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical studyDetails RCT on calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly reduced intensive care unit admissions. All patients received standard care including HCQ+AZ. Significantly lower ICU admission wi..Aug 29
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyEffect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical studyCastillo et al., Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 203, October 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751RCT on calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly reduced intensive care unit admissions. All patients received standard care including HCQ+AZ. Significantly lower ICU admission with the addition of calcifediol - adjusted odds ratio 0.03 [0.003-0.25]. No deaths for calcifediol (0/50), 2 deaths for SOC (2/26).For additional analysis see [medrxiv.org].1.medrxiv.org,https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.20222638v1.risk of death, 85.4% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.11, treatment 0 of 50 (0.0%), control 2 of 26 (7.7%), NNT 13, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.risk of ICU admission, 94.2% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.008, treatment 1 of 50 (2.0%), control 13 of 26 (50.0%), NNT 2.1, OR converted to RR.Castillo et al., 8/29/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage calcifediol 0.5mg day 1, 0.27mg day 3, 0.27mg day 7, and then weekly until discharge or ICU admission.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 28
2020LevelsMardani et al., Virus Research, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198148Association of vitamin D with the modulation of the disease severity in COVID-19Details Prospective study of 123 outpatients in Iran, showing mortality associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels. IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1399.131.Aug 28
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAssociation of vitamin D with the modulation of the disease severity in COVID-19Mardani et al., Virus Research, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198148Prospective study of 123 outpatients in Iran, showing mortality associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels. IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1399.131.Mardani et al., 8/28/2020, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 27
2020LevelsBaktash et al., Postgraduate Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712death, ↓28.6%, p=0.50Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19Details Prospective study of 105 hospitalized patients, showing lower vitamin D levels in the COVID-19 positive group (27.0 nmol/L vs 52.0 nmol/L, p=0.0008), and non-statistically significant higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.Aug 27
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19Baktash et al., Postgraduate Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712Prospective study of 105 hospitalized patients, showing lower vitamin D levels in the COVID-19 positive group (27.0 nmol/L vs 52.0 nmol/L, p=0.0008), and non-statistically significant higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.50, high D levels 4 of 31 (12.9%), low D levels 6 of 39 (15.4%), adjusted, >30nmol/L.Baktash et al., 8/27/2020, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 26
2020ReviewXu et al., Journal of Translational Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5 (Review)reviewThe importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19Details Review of vitamin D for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, focusing on preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting as an immunosuppressant inhibiting cytokine release syndrome, and preventing loss of neural sensation by stimulating exp..Aug 26
2020Details Source PDF ReviewReviewThe importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19Xu et al., Journal of Translational Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5 (Review)Review of vitamin D for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, focusing on preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting as an immunosuppressant inhibiting cytokine release syndrome, and preventing loss of neural sensation by stimulating expression of neurotrophins like Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).Xu et al., 8/26/2020, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 26
2020EarlyAfshar et al., Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 10.22317/jcms.v6i4.822Suggested role of Vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 severityDetails Brief report noting that there was a dramatic and complete resolution of ICU admissions after adding routine vitamin D supplementation to standard of care.Aug 26
2020Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studySuggested role of Vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 severityAfshar et al., Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 10.22317/jcms.v6i4.822Brief report noting that there was a dramatic and complete resolution of ICU admissions after adding routine vitamin D supplementation to standard of care.Afshar et al., 8/26/2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 26
2020LevelsHastie et al., Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14:4, 561–565, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050death, ↓17.4%, p=0.31Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK BiobankDetails Database analysis of 341,484 patients in the UK with 656 hospitalized confirmed COVID-19 patients and 203 deaths, not showing a statistically significant difference after adjustment. Since adjustment factors may be correlated with vitamin..Aug 26
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK BiobankHastie et al., Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14:4, 561–565, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050Database analysis of 341,484 patients in the UK with 656 hospitalized confirmed COVID-19 patients and 203 deaths, not showing a statistically significant difference after adjustment. Since adjustment factors may be correlated with vitamin D deficiency, the extent of any causal contribution of both vitamin D and the adjustment factors is unclear.There was an ~10 year time period between baseline 25(OH)D measurement and COVID-19 infection, with 84% concordance for a subsample with measurements ~4.3 years later. Vitamin D levels may change significantly across seasons and years. People that discovered they had low vitamin D levels may have been encouraged to take steps to correct the deficiency.Davies et al. raise a number of concerns with this study [researchgate.net], reporting that it lacked power, suffered low precision and high bias, used flawed models, and contained many serious statistical errors. 1. Mislabelled data artificially inflated the control set, creating an illusion of high power & precision in an underpowered data set study, 2. Logistic regression violated multiple prerequisite conditions, creating biased results and a further reduction of power (overfit, over-adjusted, poor variable types, and poor handling), and 3. Unreliable data in the logistic regressions caused regression dilution bias, bias amplification, and further loss of power and precision.See also [sciencedirect.com].1.researchgate.net,https://www.researchgate.net/publi..tistical_Flaws_in_Biobank_Analyses.2.sciencedirect.com,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402121000394.risk of death, 17.4% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.31, cutoff 25nmol/L, adjusted, multivariable Cox.risk of hospitalization, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.40, cutoff 25nmol/L, adjusted, multivariable Cox.Hastie et al., 8/26/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, database analysis, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 15
2020EarlyEspitia-Hernandez et al., Biomedical Research, 31:5recov. time, ↓70.0%, p<0.0001Effects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept studyDetails Small study with 28 patients treated with ivermectin + AZ + cholecalciferol and 7 control patients. All treated patients were PCR- at day 10 while all control patients remained PCR+. The mean duration of symptoms was 3 days in the treatme..Aug 15
2020Details Source PDF Early treatment studyEarly treatment studyEffects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept studyEspitia-Hernandez et al., Biomedical Research, 31:5Small study with 28 patients treated with ivermectin + AZ + cholecalciferol and 7 control patients.All treated patients were PCR- at day 10 while all control patients remained PCR+. The mean duration of symptoms was 3 days in the treatment group and 10 days in the control group.recovery time, 70.0% lower, relative time 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 28, control 7.risk of viral+ at day 10, 97.2% lower, RR 0.03, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 28 (0.0%), control 7 of 7 (100.0%), NNT 1.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, primary outcome.Espitia-Hernandez et al., 8/15/2020, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage 8,000IU daily, 4000IU twice daily for 30 days, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ivermectin and azithromycin) - results of individual treatments may vary.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 11
2020LevelsIm et al., Int. J. Infect. Dis., doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018cases, ↓73.1%, p=0.0003Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19Details Nutrient study of 50 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in South Korea showing that 76% of patients were vitamin D deficient. Comparison with 150 matched controls showed a higher probability of cases with vitamin D deficiency.Aug 11
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsNutritional status of patients with COVID-19Im et al., Int. J. Infect. Dis., doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018Nutrient study of 50 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in South Korea showing that 76% of patients were vitamin D deficient. Comparison with 150 matched controls showed a higher probability of cases with vitamin D deficiency.risk of case, 73.1% lower, OR 0.27, p < 0.001, high D levels 13 of 50 (26.0%) cases,85 of 150 (56.7%) controls, NNT 4.3, case control OR.Im et al., 8/11/2020, retrospective, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsAug 9
2020LevelsCarpagnano et al., J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2020, Aug 9, 1-7, doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01370-xdeath, ↓70.6%, p=0.0499Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19Details Retrospective study 42 patients with acute respiratory failure, 81% with low vitamin D levels. After 10 days, patients with severe vitamin D deficiency had a 50% probability of dying, while those with vitamin D ≥ 10 ng/mL had a 5% mortali..Aug 9
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19Carpagnano et al., J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2020, Aug 9, 1-7, doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01370-xRetrospective study 42 patients with acute respiratory failure, 81% with low vitamin D levels.After 10 days, patients with severe vitamin D deficiency had a 50% probability of dying, while those with vitamin D ≥ 10 ng/mL had a 5% mortality risk, RR 0.1, p = 0.019.risk of death at day 26, 70.6% lower, RR 0.29, p = 0.0499, high D levels 5 of 34 (14.7%), low D levels 4 of 8 (50.0%), NNT 2.8, >30 ng/mL.risk of death at day 10, 90.0% lower, RR 0.10, p = 0.02, high D levels 2 of 34 (5.9%), low D levels 4 of 8 (50.0%), NNT 2.3, adjusted, >30 ng/mL.Carpagnano et al., 8/9/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 31
2020LevelsAnjum et al., Pakistan J. Med. Heal. Sci., 14:3death, ↓62.5%, p=0.02Examine the association between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality in patients with Covid-19.Details Prospective study of 140 COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing significantly higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.Jul 31
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsExamine the association between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality in patients with Covid-19.Anjum et al., Pakistan J. Med. Heal. Sci., 14:3Prospective study of 140 COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing significantly higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency.risk of death, 62.5% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.02, high D levels (≥25nmol/L) 8 of 80 (10.0%), low D levels (<25nmol/L) 16 of 60 (26.7%), NNT 6.0.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Anjum et al., 7/31/2020, prospective, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period March 2020 - June 2020.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 23
2020LevelsMerzon et al., The FEBS Journal, doi:doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495hosp., ↓46.4%, p=0.06Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based studyDetails Analysis of 7,807 patients finding that low vitamin D levels are correlated with increased risk of cases and hospitalization. Adjusted odds ratio OR for sufficient vitamin D level for cases 0.69, p < 0.001, and for hospitalization 0.51, p..Jul 23
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based studyMerzon et al., The FEBS Journal, doi:doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495Analysis of 7,807 patients finding that low vitamin D levels are correlated with increased risk of cases and hospitalization. Adjusted odds ratio OR for sufficient vitamin D level for cases 0.69, p < 0.001, and for hospitalization 0.51, p = 0.061.risk of hospitalization, 46.4% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.06, high D levels 79, low D levels 703, OR converted to RR, >30ng/mL.risk of case, 28.4% lower, RR 0.72, p < 0.001, high D levels 1,139, low D levels 6,668, OR converted to RR, >30ng/mL.Merzon et al., 7/23/2020, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 23
2020LevelsLansiaux et al., Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol, doi:10.1016/j.sste.2020.100362Covid-19 and vit-d: Disease mortality negatively correlates with sunlight exposureDetails Analysis of COVID-19 mortality rate and sunlight exposure finding a correlation that suggests a protective effect of sunlight exposure. In continental metropolitan France, average annual sunlight hours were found to be significantly corr..Jul 23
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCovid-19 and vit-d: Disease mortality negatively correlates with sunlight exposureLansiaux et al., Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol, doi:10.1016/j.sste.2020.100362Analysis of COVID-19 mortality rate and sunlight exposure finding a correlation that suggests a protective effect of sunlight exposure.In continental metropolitan France, average annual sunlight hours were found to be significantly correlated to the COVID-19 mortality rate, with a Pearson coefficient of -0.636.Lansiaux et al., 7/23/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 20
2020LateKrishnan et al., J Clin Anesth., doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110005death, ↓19.0%, p=0.42Clinical comorbidities, characteristics, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients in the State of Michigan with SARS-CoV-2 pneumoniaDetails Retrospective 152 mechanically ventilated patients in the USA showing unadjusted lower mortality with vitamin C, vitamin D, HCQ, and zinc treatment, statistically significant only for vitamin C.Jul 20
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyClinical comorbidities, characteristics, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients in the State of Michigan with SARS-CoV-2 pneumoniaKrishnan et al., J Clin Anesth., doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110005Retrospective 152 mechanically ventilated patients in the USA showing unadjusted lower mortality with vitamin C, vitamin D, HCQ, and zinc treatment, statistically significant only for vitamin C.risk of death, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.42, treatment 8 of 16 (50.0%), control 84 of 136 (61.8%), NNT 8.5.Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:unadjusted results with no group details.Krishnan et al., 7/20/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, dosage not specified.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJul 17
2020PrEPPEPJolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 (Preprint) (meta analysis)meta-analysisVitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trialsDetails Meta analysis of 40 RCTs showing that vitamin D supplementation is safe and reduced risk of acute respiratory infections, odds ratio OR 0.89 [0.81-0.98].Jul 17
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyVitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trialsJolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 (Preprint) (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 40 RCTs showing that vitamin D supplementation is safe and reduced risk of acute respiratory infections, odds ratio OR 0.89 [0.81-0.98].Jolliffe et al., 7/17/2020, preprint, 41 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 30
2020LevelsHamza et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health SciencesRole of Vitamin D in Pathogenesis and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) InfectionDetails Prospective study of 168 patients in Pakistan reporting an association between vitamin D deficiency and symptomatic cases. Details of the association are not provided.Jun 30
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsRole of Vitamin D in Pathogenesis and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) InfectionHamza et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health SciencesProspective study of 168 patients in Pakistan reporting an association between vitamin D deficiency and symptomatic cases. Details of the association are not provided.Hamza et al., 6/30/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 30
2020LevelsFaul et al., Irish Medical Journal, 113:5, 84ventilation, ↓69.0%, p=0.03Vitamin D Deficiency and ARDS after SARS-CoV-2 InfectionDetails Analysis of 33 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure requiring FiO2 greater than 0.4. Intubation hazard ratio for vitamin D sufficiency HR 0.31, p = 0.03.Jun 30
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Deficiency and ARDS after SARS-CoV-2 InfectionFaul et al., Irish Medical Journal, 113:5, 84Analysis of 33 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure requiring FiO2 greater than 0.4.Intubation hazard ratio for vitamin D sufficiency HR 0.31, p = 0.03.risk of mechanical ventilation, 69.0% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.03, high D levels 4 of 21 (19.0%), low D levels 8 of 12 (66.7%), NNT 2.1, adjusted, >30nmol/L.Faul et al., 6/30/2020, retrospective, Ireland, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 30
2020LevelsPanagiotou et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.20136903 (Preprint)ICU, ↓52.0%, p=0.02Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity: results of a local audit of practiceDetails Retrospective analysis 134 hospitalized patients. 19% of ICU patients had 25(OH)D levels > 50 nmol/L vs. 39.1% of non-ICU patients, p=0.02Jun 30
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity: results of a local audit of practicePanagiotou et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.20136903 (Preprint)Retrospective analysis 134 hospitalized patients. 19% of ICU patients had 25(OH)D levels > 50 nmol/L vs. 39.1% of non-ICU patients, p=0.02risk of ICU admission, 52.0% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.02, high D levels 8 of 44 (18.2%), low D levels 34 of 90 (37.8%), NNT 5.1, >50nmol/L.Panagiotou et al., 6/30/2020, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, 12 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 27
2020LevelsMendy et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.20137323 (Preprint)death, ↓7.0%, p=0.89Factors Associated with Hospitalization and Disease Severity in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population of COVID-19 PatientsDetails Retrospective 689 patients showing vitamin D deficiency associated with hospitalization and disease severity.Jun 27
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsFactors Associated with Hospitalization and Disease Severity in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population of COVID-19 PatientsMendy et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.20137323 (Preprint)Retrospective 689 patients showing vitamin D deficiency associated with hospitalization and disease severity.risk of death, 7.0% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.89, high D levels 21 of 600 (3.5%), low D levels 5 of 89 (5.6%), OR converted to RR.risk of death/ICU, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p < 0.001, high D levels 68 of 600 (11.3%), low D levels 23 of 89 (25.8%), NNT 6.9, OR converted to RR.risk of ICU admission, 55.3% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.008, high D levels 47 of 600 (7.8%), low D levels 18 of 89 (20.2%), NNT 8.1, OR converted to RR.risk of hospitalization, 15.1% lower, RR 0.85, p < 0.001, high D levels 171 of 600 (28.5%), low D levels 45 of 89 (50.6%), NNT 4.5, OR converted to RR.Mendy et al., 6/27/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 26
2020LevelsWhittemore et al., American Journal of Infection Control, doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193COVID-19 fatalities, latitude, sunlight, and vitamin DDetails Analysis of 88 countries, showing a significant correlation between death rates and latitude, suggesting that sunlight exposure and vitamin D levels influence mortality.Jun 26
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCOVID-19 fatalities, latitude, sunlight, and vitamin DWhittemore et al., American Journal of Infection Control, doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193Analysis of 88 countries, showing a significant correlation between death rates and latitude, suggesting that sunlight exposure and vitamin D levels influence mortality.Whittemore et al., 6/26/2020, peer-reviewed, 1 author.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 24
2020ReviewAndrade et al., SciELO preprints, doi:10.1590/SciELOPreprints.839 (Review)reviewVitamin A and D deficiencies in the prognosis of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review with perspectives for COVID-19 and a critical analysis on supplementationDetails Systematic review showing deficiencies of vitamins A and D negatively affecting the prognosis of respiratory tract infections.Jun 24
2020Details Source PDF ReviewReviewVitamin A and D deficiencies in the prognosis of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review with perspectives for COVID-19 and a critical analysis on supplementationAndrade et al., SciELO preprints, doi:10.1590/SciELOPreprints.839 (Review)Systematic review showing deficiencies of vitamins A and D negatively affecting the prognosis of respiratory tract infections.Andrade et al., 6/24/2020, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 22
2020In VitroMok et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.162396 (Preprint) (In Vitro)In VitroCalcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a promising candidate for COVID-19 prophylaxisDetails In Vitro study showing that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, exhibits significant potent activity against SARS-CoV-2.Jun 22
2020Details Source PDF In VitroIn VitroCalcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a promising candidate for COVID-19 prophylaxisMok et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.162396 (Preprint) (In Vitro)In Vitro study showing that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, exhibits significant potent activity against SARS-CoV-2.Mok et al., 6/22/2020, preprint, 20 authors.In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 19
2020LevelsRaisi-Estabragh et al., J. Public Health, doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa095Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK BiobankDetails UK Biobank retrospective not finding a significant association between vitamin D levels and the risk of PCR+ after adjustment. Since adjustment factors may be correlated with vitamin D deficiency, the extent of any causal contribution of ..Jun 19
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsGreater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK BiobankRaisi-Estabragh et al., J. Public Health, doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa095UK Biobank retrospective not finding a significant association between vitamin D levels and the risk of PCR+ after adjustment. Since adjustment factors may be correlated with vitamin D deficiency, the extent of any causal contribution of both vitamin D and the adjustment factors is unclear.There was an ~10 year time period between baseline 25(OH)D measurement and COVID-19 infection. Vitamin D levels may change significantly across seasons and years. People that discovered they had low vitamin D levels may have been encouraged to take steps to correct the deficiency.Raisi-Estabragh et al., 6/19/2020, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 14
2020LevelsRhodes et al., BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000110COVID-19 mortality increases with northerly latitude after adjustment for age suggesting a link with ultraviolet and vitamin DDetails Analysis of COVID-19 mortality and latitude as of May 18, 2020, showing that latitude was significantly associated with mortality (p=0.031), with an estimated 4.4% [0.4%-8.5%] increase in mortality for each 1° further north.Jun 14
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsCOVID-19 mortality increases with northerly latitude after adjustment for age suggesting a link with ultraviolet and vitamin DRhodes et al., BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000110Analysis of COVID-19 mortality and latitude as of May 18, 2020, showing that latitude was significantly associated with mortality (p=0.031), with an estimated 4.4% [0.4%-8.5%] increase in mortality for each 1° further north.Rhodes et al., 6/14/2020, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 13
2020PrEPPEPDavies et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.20087965 (Preprint)Evidence Supports a Causal Role for Vitamin D Status in Global COVID-19 OutcomesDetails Causal inference analysis of COVID-19 severity and latitude concluding that vitamin D status plays a key role in COVID-19 outcome.Jun 13
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyEvidence Supports a Causal Role for Vitamin D Status in Global COVID-19 OutcomesDavies et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.20087965 (Preprint)Causal inference analysis of COVID-19 severity and latitude concluding that vitamin D status plays a key role in COVID-19 outcome.Davies et al., 6/13/2020, preprint, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsJun 10
2020LateTan et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017 (preprint 6/10/20)oxygen, ↓80.5%, p=0.04Cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vitamin D, Magnesium and Vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patientsDetails Observational study of 43 patients >= 50 years old, with 17 patients receiving vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 (DMB); and 26 control patients, showing a significantly lower need for oxygen therapy and ICU admission with treatment. D..Jun 10
2020Details Source PDF Late treatment studyLate treatment studyCohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vitamin D, Magnesium and Vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patientsTan et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017 (preprint 6/10/20)Observational study of 43 patients >= 50 years old, with 17 patients receiving vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 (DMB); and 26 control patients, showing a significantly lower need for oxygen therapy and ICU admission with treatment. DMB OR 0.20 [0.04–0.93] for oxygen therapy and/or intensive care support with multivariate analysis.risk of oxygen therapy, 80.5% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.04, treatment 3 of 17 (17.6%), control 16 of 26 (61.5%), NNT 2.3, adjusted, multivariate.risk of ICU admission, 80.9% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.07, treatment 1 of 17 (5.9%), control 8 of 26 (30.8%), NNT 4.0, no adjusted result available.Tan et al., 6/10/2020, retrospective, Singapore, Asia, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, dosage 1,000IU daily, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with magnesium and vitamin B12) - results of individual treatments may vary.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 27
2020PrEPPEPSkutsch et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.20112805 (Preprint)The association of UV with rates of COVID-19 transmission and deaths in Mexico: the possible mediating role of vitamin DDetails Analysis of UV, temperature, humidity and COVID-19 in 45 Mexican cities, showing that UV was negatively correlated with rates of transmission (statistically significant) and mortality (not statistically significant).May 27
2020Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyThe association of UV with rates of COVID-19 transmission and deaths in Mexico: the possible mediating role of vitamin DSkutsch et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.20112805 (Preprint)Analysis of UV, temperature, humidity and COVID-19 in 45 Mexican cities, showing that UV was negatively correlated with rates of transmission (statistically significant) and mortality (not statistically significant).Skutsch et al., 5/27/2020, preprint, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 14
2020LevelsChodick et al., Journal of Travel Medicine, doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa069Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infectionDetails Retrospective 14,520 patients in Israel, 1,317 testing positive, showing no significant difference in vitamin D levels (23.6ng/mL and 24.1ng/mL for positive and negative cases respectively).May 14
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infectionChodick et al., Journal of Travel Medicine, doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa069Retrospective 14,520 patients in Israel, 1,317 testing positive, showing no significant difference in vitamin D levels (23.6ng/mL and 24.1ng/mL for positive and negative cases respectively).Chodick et al., 5/14/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsMay 9
2020LevelsD'Avolio et al., Nutrients, 12:5, 1–7, doi:10.3390/nu1205135925-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2Details Retrospective 107 patients in Switzerland showing lower vitamin D levels (11.1 ng/mL) in PCR positive patients compared with negative patients (24.6 ng/mL), p = 0.004.May 9
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levels25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2D'Avolio et al., Nutrients, 12:5, 1–7, doi:10.3390/nu12051359Retrospective 107 patients in Switzerland showing lower vitamin D levels (11.1 ng/mL) in PCR positive patients compared with negative patients (24.6 ng/mL), p = 0.004.D'Avolio et al., 5/9/2020, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 28
2020LevelsMarik et al., Med Drug Discov., doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041 (Preprint)Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection?Details Analysis of case fatality rates showing that the CFR was significantly greater for Northern states (>40° latitude) compared to Southern States (6.0% vs. 3.5%, p  < 0 .001), although there were some exceptions with individual states.Apr 28
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsDoes vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection?Marik et al., Med Drug Discov., doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041 (Preprint)Analysis of case fatality rates showing that the CFR was significantly greater for Northern states (>40° latitude) compared to Southern States (6.0% vs. 3.5%, p  < 0 .001), although there were some exceptions with individual states.Marik et al., 4/28/2020, preprint, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 28
2020LevelsLau et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.20075838 (Preprint)ICU, ↓45.0%, p=0.29Vitamin D Insufficiency is Prevalent in Severe COVID-19Details Analysis of 20 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 13 requiring ICU admission. 84.6% of the ICU patients had low vitamin D levels versus 57.1% of the non-ICU patients.Apr 28
2020Details Source PDF LevelsAnalysis of outcomes based on serum levelsVitamin D Insufficiency is Prevalent in Severe COVID-19Lau et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.20075838 (Preprint)Analysis of 20 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 13 requiring ICU admission. 84.6% of the ICU patients had low vitamin D levels versus 57.1% of the non-ICU patients.risk of ICU admission, 45.0% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.29, high D levels 2 of 5 (40.0%), low D levels 11 of 15 (73.3%), NNT 3.0, >30ng/mL.Lau et al., 4/28/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsApr 2
2020ReviewGrant et al., Nutrients, 12:4, 988, doi:10.3390/nu12040988 (Review)reviewEvidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and DeathsDetails Review of the evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce COVID-19 risk.Apr 2
2020Details Source PDF ReviewReviewEvidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and DeathsGrant et al., Nutrients, 12:4, 988, doi:10.3390/nu12040988 (Review)Review of the evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce COVID-19 risk.Grant et al., 4/2/2020, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2019ReviewMcCullough et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.010 (Review)reviewDaily oral dosing of vitamin D3 using 5000 TO 50,000 international units a day in long-term hospitalized patients: Insights from a seven year experienceDetails Report on the long-term use of vitamin D in hospitalized patients with daily dosing from 5,000 to 50,000IU over 7 years. There were no cases of hypercalcemia or any adverse events related to vitamin D supplementation. Authors conclude tha..2019Details Source PDF ReviewReviewDaily oral dosing of vitamin D3 using 5000 TO 50,000 international units a day in long-term hospitalized patients: Insights from a seven year experienceMcCullough et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.010 (Review)Report on the long-term use of vitamin D in hospitalized patients with daily dosing from 5,000 to 50,000IU over 7 years. There were no cases of hypercalcemia or any adverse events related to vitamin D supplementation. Authors conclude that long-term supplementation with vitamin D3 in doses ranging from 5,000 to 50,000 IUs/day appears to be safe.McCullough et al., 1/1/2019, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2017N/AMartineau et al., BMJ 2017, 356, doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583 (meta analysis)cases, ↓7.3%, p=0.003Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant dataDetails Meta analysis of 25 RCTs showing vitamin D supplementation was safe and it protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall. Patients who were very vitamin D deficient and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most be..2017Details Source PDF N/AN/AVitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant dataMartineau et al., BMJ 2017, 356, doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583 (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 25 RCTs showing vitamin D supplementation was safe and it protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall. Patients who were very vitamin D deficient and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most benefit.Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infection among all participants (adjusted odds ratio aOR 0.88 [0.81-0.96], p=0.003.In subgroup analysis, protective effects were seen in those receiving daily or weekly vitamin D without additional bolus doses (aOR 0.81 [0.72-0.91]) but not in those receiving one or more bolus doses (aOR 0.97 [0.86-1.10]). Among those receiving daily or weekly vitamin D, protective effects were stronger in those with baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <25 nmol/L (aOR 0.30 [0.17-0.53]) than in those with baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels ≥25 nmol/L (aOR 0.75 [0.60-0.95]).risk of case, 7.3% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.003, OR converted to RR.Martineau et al., 1/1/2017, peer-reviewed, 25 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2013PrEPPEPQuraishi et al., JAMA Surgery, doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3176Association Between Preoperative 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Hospital-Acquired Infections Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass SurgeryDetails Retrospective 770 gastric bypass surgery patients showing a strong relationship between pre-operative vitamin D levels and the risk of hospital acquired infections.2013Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyAssociation Between Preoperative 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Hospital-Acquired Infections Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass SurgeryQuraishi et al., JAMA Surgery, doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3176Retrospective 770 gastric bypass surgery patients showing a strong relationship between pre-operative vitamin D levels and the risk of hospital acquired infections.Quraishi et al., 1/1/2013, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2013N/ABergman et al., PLoS ONE, 2013, 8:6, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065835 (meta analysis)meta-analysisVitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsDetails Meta analysis of 11 placebo-controlled studies of 5660 patients. Vitamin D showed a protective effect against RTI (OR 0.64 [0.49-0.84]). The protective effect was larger in studies using once-daily dosing compared to bolus doses (OR = 0.5..2013Details Source PDF N/AN/AVitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsBergman et al., PLoS ONE, 2013, 8:6, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065835 (meta analysis)Meta analysis of 11 placebo-controlled studies of 5660 patients. Vitamin D showed a protective effect against RTI (OR 0.64 [0.49-0.84]).The protective effect was larger in studies using once-daily dosing compared to bolus doses (OR = 0.51 vs OR = 0.86, p = 0.01). There was some evidence that results may have been influenced by publication bias.Bergman et al., 1/1/2013, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2012ReviewPalacios et al., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol., 2014, 144PA, 138–145, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003 (Review)reviewIs vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?Details Review showing vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide in all age groups.2012Details Source PDF ReviewReviewIs vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?Palacios et al., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol., 2014, 144PA, 138–145, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003 (Review)Review showing vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide in all age groups.Palacios et al., 1/1/2012, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2012RelatedMitchell et al., Endocr. Pract., 2012, 18:6, 914–923, doi:10.4158/EP12072.OR (Related)Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adultsDetails Study of 634 healthy volunteers showing 64% had 25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/mL. Gender, ethnicity, and multivitamin use were significantly associated with 25(OH)D levels.2012Details Source PDF RelatedRelatedPrevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adultsMitchell et al., Endocr. Pract., 2012, 18:6, 914–923, doi:10.4158/EP12072.OR (Related)Study of 634 healthy volunteers showing 64% had 25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/mL. Gender, ethnicity, and multivitamin use were significantly associated with 25(OH)D levels.Mitchell et al., 1/1/2012, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2010PrEPPEPUrashima et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91:5, 1255-60, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildrenDetails RCT for vitamin D supplementation and seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren, showing 10.8% incidence in children in the vitamin D3 group compared with 18.6% in the placebo group, relative risk RR 0.58 [0.34-0.99], p = 0.04. The reduction..2010Details Source PDF Prophylaxis studyProphylaxis studyRandomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildrenUrashima et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91:5, 1255-60, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094RCT for vitamin D supplementation and seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren, showing 10.8% incidence in children in the vitamin D3 group compared with 18.6% in the placebo group, relative risk RR 0.58 [0.34-0.99], p = 0.04.The reduction was more prominent in children who had not been taking other vitamin D supplements. RR 0.36 [0.17-0.79], p 0.006, and who started nursery school after age 3y, RR 0.36 [0.17-0.78], p = 0.005.Reduced incidence of influenza B was not seen, RR 1.39 [0.90-2.15], p = 0.13.Urashima et al., 1/1/2010, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2008N/ACarlberg et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.002In vivo response of the human epigenome to vitamin D: A Proof-of-principle studyDetails Epigenome-wide chromatin accessibility study before and after vitamin D supplementation (calcitriol), showing significant changes at hundreds of sites within the epigenome of human leukocytes (part of the immune system).2008Details Source PDF N/AN/AIn vivo response of the human epigenome to vitamin D: A Proof-of-principle studyCarlberg et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.002Epigenome-wide chromatin accessibility study before and after vitamin D supplementation (calcitriol), showing significant changes at hundreds of sites within the epigenome of human leukocytes (part of the immune system).Carlberg et al., 1/1/2008, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments2006ReviewCannell et al., Epidemiol Infect., 2006, 134:6. 1129-40, doi:10.1017/S0950268806007175 (Review)reviewEpidemic influenza and vitamin DDetails Review article on the mechanisms of action and seasonality of vitamin D levels, concluding that varying vitamin D levels may be the reason for the seasonality of epidemic influenza.2006Details Source PDF ReviewReviewEpidemic influenza and vitamin DCannell et al., Epidemiol Infect., 2006, 134:6. 1129-40, doi:10.1017/S0950268806007175 (Review)Review article on the mechanisms of action and seasonality of vitamin D levels, concluding that varying vitamin D levels may be the reason for the seasonality of epidemic influenza.Cannell et al., 1/1/2006, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsFor search methods, inclusion criteria, effect extractioncriteria (more serious outcomes have priority), PRISMA answers, andstatistical methods see vdmeta.com. Meta, Theory, Safety, Review, and News items are not includedin the study count. There is a total of313 items.Studies with preprints and journal versions are listed under the earlier preprint date.Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines andtreatments are both valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, andsafe means should be used. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying theefficacy of any method increases mortality, morbidity, collateral damage, andthe risk of endemic status. We do not provide medical advice. Before takingany medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalizedadvice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history andsituation. FLCCC and WCHprovide treatment protocols. Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and notethat studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may bethe date of an earlier preprint.SubmitShareTweet@CovidAnalysisFAQPublic domain CC0 1.0

TAGS:real COVID Vitamin for

<<< Thank you for your visit >>>

Hot Websites