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Add CommentTaiwania 65(4): 473 477, 2020 DOI: 10.6165/tai.2020.65.473Bulbophyllum sridithii (Orchidaceae), new species from VietnamBa Vuong TRUONG1,2,*, Van Son DANG1,2, Hop TRAN3, Tatiana V. MAISAK4, Leonid V. AVERYANOV41. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.2. Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.3. 480A Le Van Sy Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.4. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia.Corresponding author s email: bavuong2019@yahoo.com(Manuscript received 1 July 2020; Accepted 28 September 2020; Online published 3 October 2020)ABSTRACT: Bulbophyllum sridithii a new species to science is described and illustrated from Kon Ka Kinh National Park of Vietnam. The new species belongs to the section Cirrhopetaloides and resembles B. layae, B. hirundinis, B. electrinum, B. pecten-veneris and B. tingabarinum but differs in the size and shape of pseudobulbs, the shape of the leaf blade, and flower size. Morphological description, illustrations, data on habitat, phenology, and conservation status are provided.KEY WORDS: Cirrhopetaloides, endemism, Kon Ka Kinh National Park, new orchid species, plant diversity, plant taxonomy.INTRODUCTIONThe genus Bulbophyllum Thouars (1822) is one of the largest plant genera, with over 2200 species distributed in tropics and subtropics of the world (Vermeulen et al., 2014). Currently, more than 145 species from 15 sections have been recorded in Vietnam (Seidenfaden, 1992; Averyanov, 1994; Averyanov and Averyanova, 2003; Averyanov et al., 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019a,b; Nong and Averyanov, 2015; Nguyen and Averyanov, 2017; Truong et al., 2019a-c).The new species according to its morphology belongs to Bulbophyllum section Cirrhopetaloides Garay, Hamer Sigerist (Vermeulen et al., 2014), and is characterized by creeping rhizome; 1-leaved pseudobulbs; subumbellate raceme arising from the base of pseudobulbs; free dorsal sepal, entire, erose, fimbriate, ciliate, or paleate along the margin; lateral sepals twisted at the base and adnate (entirely or in part) along one or both margins. Petals are denticulate or fimbriate along the margin, lip simple, entire; stelidia usually shorter about half of the column length. Pollinia 4, without stipe.During the botanical survey in Kon Ka Kinh National Park, an unknown miniature Bulbophyllum species belonging to the section Cirrhopetaloides, was found. After careful examination of available taxonomic literature, herbarium specimens from VNM, HN, VNMN, as well as herbaria images presented in JSTOR website, LE, K and P databases, we concluded that this species is new for science. It is described and illustrated below.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe measurements and species description made from living plants. Type herbarium and additional liquidfixed material (preserved in 70% ethanol) are stored at VNM herbarium (ITB - Ho Chi Minh City). All the photos were taken with a Canon 600D fitted with an EF S 60mm f/2.8 Macro USM lens. The terminology for the morphological description follows Beentje (2012).TAXONOMIC TREATMENTBulbophyllum sridithii Vuong, Aver., H. Tran V.S. Dang, sp. nov.Fig. 1 3(B. sect. Cirrhopetaloides Garay, Hamer Sigerist) Type: VIETNAM, Gia Lai Province, K Bang District, Son Lang Commune, Ha Lam Village, Kon Ka Kinh National Park, 11 December 2019, Truong Ba Vuong, Dang Van Son, BV 459 (holotype: VNM00023643!, photo - LE, http://en.herbariumle.ru/?t=occ id=17658, analytical photo-plate - LE, http://en.herbariumle.ru/?t=occ id=17630).Description: Herb epiphytic, perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome creeping, stout, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, brownish-grey, with single-leafed pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs close to each other or distant ca. 2 mm, glossy green, broadly ovoid to globose, 6 7 mm tall, ca. 7 mm in diameter. Leaves sessile or subsessile, elliptic, 2.4 3 cm long, 1 1.5 cm wide, apex obtuse, leaf blade narrowing at base into short petiole ca. 2 mm long, twisted, with distinct articulation at base. Inflorescence arising from the base of pseudobulb, umbel-like raceme, with (1)3 4 flowers; scape suberect, slender, 2 2.5 cm long, at base covered by 2 to 3 brownish, tubular, papyraceous sheaths, 1 4 mm long; floral bracts triangular, 2.8 3 mm long, apex acuminate; pedicel with ovary 7 8 mm long; ovary with 6 longitudinal grooves. Flowers red, opening simultaneously. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 3 3.5 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, concave, 3-veined, margin fimbriate, apex shortly abruptly acuminate. Lateral sepals somewhat fleshy, ca. 20 mm long, 3 mm wide (at base) adnate to column foot, lower margins joined in basal third, upper margin twisted and free at base, then fuse together (ca. 3.5 mm long), toward the apex attenuate into filiform caudate free part. Petals ovate, slightly oblique, 2.5 2.8 mm long, 1.5 1.8 mm wide, 3-veined, apex obtuse, margin fimbriate. Lip simple, fleshy, ca. 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, narrowly triangular, recurved at middle, at base channeled, adaxially with low median keel from base to the apex, median ridge on abaxial surface runs from the labellum base to the apex, margin revolute, finely hairy at the lip base. Column ca. 1 mm tall, column foot ca. 4 mm long, upcurved; stelidia slender, subulate, straight or somewhat falcate, ca. 0.5 mm long; anther cap rectangular in outline, ca. 0.7 cm long, 0.6 cm wide, laterally somewhat concave, with yellowish brown callus at front. Pollinia 4. Capsule fusiform, ca. 1.6 cm long.Etymology: The species epithet refers to the name of Professor Kitichate Sridith, famous researcher of Indochinese flora.Habitat and phenology: Clustering miniature branch epiphyte growing in evergreen broad-leaved submontane seasonal forests. Rare. Flowers in December to January.Distribution: VIETNAM, Gia Lai Province (Kon Ka Kinh National Park). Endemic of southern Vietnam in limits of Central Highlands (Tay Nguyen Plateau).Taxonomic notes: The new species resembles Bulbophyllum layae Aver. Vuong described in 2019 from northern Vietnam (Averyanov et al., 2019a) but differs in dorsal sepal broadly ovate suddenly narrowing into shortly acuminate apex (vs. narrowly ovate, gradually tapering into attenuate apex), the lower margin of lateral sepals adnate from the base to nearly one third of their length (vs. the lower margin almost free from the base), petals ovate (vs. petals narrowly ovate); stelidia porrect, falcate, slightly downward (vs. stelidia erect, slender, straight forward directed). Moreover, the new species is additionally separated from above species in broadly ovoid or globular pseudobulbs (vs. pseudobulbs ovoid to narrowly ovoid), leaves elliptic 2.4 3 cm long, 1 1.5 cm wide (vs. leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, 3.5 6 cm long, 4.5 7 mm wide), small flowers less than 2.5 cm long (vs. flowers 2.5 3 cm long),The new described species resembles to B. electrinum Seidenf. but can be distinguished by the short inflorescence 2 2.5 cm, with up to 4 flowers (vs. inflorescence up to 13 cm long, with up to 11 flowers), lip finely ciliate along the margin at the base (vs. lip glabrous), stelidia porrect, falcate, slightly downward (vs. stelidia very slender, filiform, erect), anther cap glabrous with brown callus at front (vs. anther cap papillose, without callus at front).In addition, B. sridithii resembles to B. hirundinis (Gagnep.) Seidenf. but clearly differs by pseudobulbs placed close together or distant on less than 2 mm (vs. pseudobulbs distant on about 15 mm), inflorescence 2 2.5 cm, with up to 4 flowers (vs. inflorescence 3 4 cm long, with up to 11 flowers), lip at base ciliate along the margin (vs. lip glabrous).Furthermore, the new species resembles to the B. pecten-veneris (Gagnep.) Seidenf. and B. tingabarinum Garay, Hamer Siegerist but recognized by inflorescence 2 2.5 cm long (vs. inflorescence up to 15 cm long), lateral sepals ca. 2 cm long, lower margin fused at basal third (vs. lateral sepals up to 7.5 cm long, lower margin free at base), lip at base densely hairy along the margin (vs. lip glabrous).Studied specimen (paratype): VIETNAM, herbarium specimen prepared in 11 January 2020, Truong Ba Vuong, Dang Van Son, BV 483 (VNM VNM00023648!) from cultivated plant, originated from Gia Lai Province, K Bang District, Son Lang Commune, Ha Lam Village, Kon Ka Kinh National Park).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the reviewers for their critical suggestions which are helpful in improvement the manuscript. Field and laboratory studies were supported by Herbarium of Institute of Tropical Biology, Ho Chi Minh City. The work on this publication was supported in part by the RFBR Inventory, taxonomy and geography of the orchids (Orchidaceae) of Vietnam , 20-04-00339 А.LITERATURE CITEDAveryanov, L.V. 1994. Identification guide to Vietnamese orchids (Orchidaceae Juss.). World and Family, S.- Petersburg, 432 pp. [in Russian]Averyanov, L.V. and A.L. Averyanova. 2003. Updated checklist of the orchids of Vietnam. Vietnam. National University, Hanoi, 102 pp. [bilingual, in Vietnamese English].Averyanov, L.V., , K.S. Nguyen, T.T. Nguyen, P.T. Nguyen, V.D. Nong, V.C. Nguyen and C.C. Xuan. 2015. New orchids in the flora of Vietnam. Wulfenia 22: 137 188.Averyanov, L.V., V.D. Nong, K.S. Nguyen, T.V. Maisak, V.C. Nguyen, Q.T. Phan, P.T. Nguyen, T.T. Nguyen and B.V. Truong. 2016. New species of orchids (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam. Taiwania 61(4): 319 354.Averyanov, L.V., V.D. Nong, H.T. Nguyen, M.S. Nuraliev, T.V. Maisak and C.A. Nguyen. 2018. New species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam. Phytotaxa 369(1): 1 14.Averyanov, L. V., S.K. Nguyen, B.V. Truong, V.C. Nguyen, T.V. Maisak, H. T. Tran, T.T.D. Pham and B.N. Tu. 2019a. New species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam II. Phytotaxa 404(6): 231 244.Averyanov, L.V., B.V. Truong and T.V. Maisak. 2019b. Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam III. The revision of B. sect. Lemniscata. Phytotaxa 416(1): 51 58.Beentje, H. 2012. The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms (revised edition). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Publishing.Nguyen, H.T. and L.V. Averyanov. 2017. Two endangered ornamental orchid species, Bulbophyllum coweniorum and Esmeralda bella (Orchidaceae), new in the flora of Vietnam. Turczaninowia 20(1): 68 74.Nong, V.D. and L.V. Averyanov. 2015. Bulbophyllum bidoupense and Schoenorchis hangianae - new species of orchids (Orchidaceae) from southern Vietnam. Phytotaxa 213(2): 113 121.Truong, B.V., J.J. Vermeulen and Q.T. Truong. 2019a. A new record of Bulbophyllum section Aeschynanthoides from Vietnam. Lankesteriana 19(1): 1 4.Truong, B.V., Q.T. Truong, J. Ponert and J.J. Vermeulen.2019b. New Species of Bulbophyllum from Hon Ba NatureReserve in Vietnam. Die Orchidee 5(6): 44 51.Truong B.V., Q.T. Truong, V.H. Bui and J. Cootes. 2019c. Bulbophyllum claviforme, a new species from Vietnam.Die Orchidee 5(7): 52 59.Vermeulen JJ, G. Fischer, E. de Camargo Smidt, W.L.Stern, A.M. Pridgeon, C. Veitch, A. Sieder, R. van Vugt, B. Gravendeel. 2014. Bulbophyllum. In: A.M. Pridgeon, P.J. Cribb, M.W. Chase and F.N. Ramussen (Eds.) Genera Orchidacearum 6, Epidendroideae pt. 3. Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 4 51.Read moreAdd CommentPaperbark (Flax leaf paperbark)/Snow in Summer (Melaleuca linariifolia)Aboriginal peoples of many diverse groups used the soft, paper-like bark of many Melaleucas as a cloth to wrap babies and sometimes also for blankets, bandages and roofing. Its robust timbers are excellent for making cultural items such as spears, clubs and digging sticks. Several Melaleuca species provide a medicine for diverse groups of Aboriginal peoples, particularly for coughs and colds, with leaves being crushed in the hands and sniffed or rubbed directly on the nose. Aboriginal peoples also pour Melaleuca infusions over the body to relieve general aches and pains. Some Aboriginal groups are also known to have chewed the leaves of Melaleucas to relieve respiratory complaints.Soure: Indigenous plant use; A booklet on the medicinal, nutritional and technological use of indigenous plants; By Zena Cumpston; Clean Air and Urban Landscapes (CAUL) Hub in Melbourne 2020Read moreAdd Comment1.8 Ayurvedic Herbs and Herbal Formula ManufacturingAyurvedic medicines are marketed in various forms. They are available in the classical forms like gutikas (tablets), churnas (powder), asavas and aristas (fermented products), ghritas (medicated ghee), and kashayams (decoctions). For topical use, drops, creams, lotions, liniments, and ointments are available. Dried plant extracts in capsule form are also in use. In addition, many patent drugs are sold in other modern drug presentation forms like syrups, granules, creams, lotions, etc., which constitute around 65% of the market share. There are more than 8500 manufacturers of Ayurvedic drugs in the country, of which the annual return of 10 firms is more than Rs. 50 crores (approximately US $5 million $1.00 is roughly equal to Rs. 48 crores), of 25 firms is between Rs. 5 and 50 crores, of 965 firms is between Rs. 1 and 5 crores, and the remaining is very small with an annual turnover of less than Rs. 1 crore. The market share of Ayurvedic drugs is around Rs. 3500 crores and that of Siddha drugs is around Rs. 5 crores.3Ayurveda is covered by the Drugs and Cosmetic Act (1940) and Rules (1945) of the country, and the manufacturer is expected to comply with the rules delineated under this act. In 1960, Chapter IV and other related chapters were added. Chapter IV deals with the manufacture, sale, and distribution of drugs and cosmetics; Chapter IV-A, which was subsequently added, deals with provisions related to Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani drugs. In this chapter, 19 sections dealing with different aspects have been described. All the drug manufacturing and dispensing activity in the country is covered under this act. According to Clause 3(a) of this act, the definition of Ayurvedic drugs includes all medicines intended for internal and external use for or in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of disease or disorder in human beings or animals and manufactured exclusively in accordance with the formulae prescribed in the author- itative texts of Ayurveda (which have been specified in the First Schedule of the act). Clause 3(h) describes patent and proprietary medicines. This refers to formulations prepared utilizing the drugs listed in the formulae mentioned in the authoritative texts and mentioned under Schedule I but excludes drugs administered by parenteral route and formulations mentioned in the books in the First Schedule.7 Schedule E1 of the act contains a list of poisonous substances under the Ayurvedic and Unani system. In addition to the above, other acts that are relevant to the manufacturing of Ayurvedic drugs are the (1) Medicine and Toiletry Preparation Act, (2) Magic Remedies and Objectionable Advertisement Act, (3) Poisons Act, (4) Weights and Measurement Act, (5) Shops and Establishment Act, (6) Dangerous Drugs (Psychotropic and Narcotic Substances) Act, (7) Patents Act, and, in the future, the (8) Biodiversity Act (which is in the offing).Three types of agencies are involved in the administration of the acts and rules mentioned above: the Drug Technical Advisory Board and Drug Consultative Committee, which act as advisory bodies;8 drug testing laboratories, which provide support by shouldering the analytical responsibilities; and licensing and controlling authorities, which function as the executive wing. The Technical Advisory Board and the Drug Consultative Committee have been set up to advise the government on matters relating to ISM drugs. The Drug Technical Advisory Board (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani Technical Advisory Board) has been functioning regularly. The Drug Controller General of India is in charge of licensing and enforcing the above acts and rules. At the state level are drug controllers or Food and Drug Administration Commissioners who shoulder this responsibility. The drugs manufactured in the Ayurvedic sector are also under their controlling authority. In some states, like Kerala, there are officers trained in Ayurveda who provide technical assistance to the enforcing authorities.Manufacturing of Ayurvedic drugs, except in accordance with the prescribed standards, is prohibited. It is essential to obtain a license from the licensing authority to manufacture Ayurvedic drugs. Separate licensing is required for each of the manufacturing premises maintained by the manufacturer. Manufacturing activity can also be undertaken through a loan license. For drug manufacturing, it is necessary to maintain a certain level of hygiene and optimum manufacturing conditions. These conditions are specified in Schedule T of the act (mentioned under the schedule to the rules). On 23rd June 2000 an amendment was made in the above act to specify GMP for Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani drugs. Notice was made to ensure that (1) raw materials used in the manufacture of drugs are authentic, of prescribed quality, and are free from contamination; (2) drugs are manufactured according to standard conditions; (3) adequate quality control measures are adopted; and (4) the manufactured preparations released to the marketplace are of acceptable quality The ISM drug-manufacturing industry is in the process of technical upgrading to comply with GMP norms prescribed by the government of India. To achieve the objectives listed above, each licensee is expected to evolve methodology and procedures for following the prescribed process of manufacture of drugs, which should be documented as a manual and kept for reference and inspection. However, teaching institutions and registered, qualified Vaidyas, Siddhas, and Hakeems who prepare medicines on their own to dispense to their patients and not to sell such drugs in the market are exempt from the purview of this practice. Part I of two parts contains specification regarding the maintenance of factory premises; Part II contains the list of machinery, equipment, and minimum manufacturing premises required.For the implementation of drug testing provisions under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and Rules (1945), it is necessary to evolve pharmacopoeial standards. At present, pharmacopoeial standards are available for 258 drugs, and 654 formulations have been published in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India. The Department of ISM is developing pharmacopoeial standards through pharmacopoeial committees. Three volumes of Part I of the pharmacopoeia, called Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, have been published containing 258 monographs. The target is to cover 600 single drugs.At present, there are more than 8000 licensed pharmacies in the country manufacturing Ayurvedic drugs. There is the Mumbai-based Ayurvedic Drug Manufacturer s Association which can be contacted for further details about issues related to Ayurvedic drug manufacturing.A drug-control cell in the Department of ISM deals with various issues pertaining to quality control, import, export, classification of drugs under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, patents, and the establishment of a TKDL. It monitors and coordinates implementation of legislation relating to drugs of ISM H. The agency may be a good source for information on matters related to regulations.Soure: Lakshmi chandra Mishra, scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies; 2004 by CRC Press LLCRead moreAdd CommentBlack Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus)Aboriginal peoples from many diverse groups favour the fibrous kurrajong bark for making string for fishing lines, nets and bags, as well as body adornments such as headbands. Flowers are followed by fruit in the form of leathery pods. The Kurrajong pods contain yellow seeds that are known to be highly nutritious, containing around 18% protein and 25% fat with high levels of magnesium and zinc. The seeds were eaten after the removal of yellow hairs which surround them, and were consumed raw and sometimes roasted, producing a pleasantly nutty flavour. The young roots of this tree also make an excellent food source and can provide water.Soure: Indigenous plant use; A booklet on the medicinal, nutritional and technological use of indigenous plants; By Zena Cumpston; Clean Air and Urban Landscapes (CAUL) Hub in Melbourne 2020Read moreAdd CommentBulbophyllum repens Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 293 (1851).Bulbophyllum repensGriff.;Photos Nghiem Xuan SonVietnamese name:Lọng dâu lớnChinise name:球花石豆兰 qiu hua shi dou lanCommon Name:The Crawling BulbophyllumLatin Name:Bulbophyllum repens Griff.Family:OrchidaceaeSynonym Name:Bulbophyllum khasianum Rchb.f.; Bulbophyllum poilanei Gagnep.; Phyllorchis repens (Griff.) Kuntze; Phyllorkis repens (Griff.) Kuntze Description:Small orchid, small tubers almost absent, 1 leaf. The flower stalk is short, flower size 5 mm like a small strawberry., bloom in Fall.Distribution:Found in the Chinese Himalayas, eastern Himalayas, Assam, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. In VietNam, found in Lào Cai, Kon Tum, Langbiang, Dankia, Đà Lạt.Ecological:Tree trunks in dense forests; 500-600 m.Reference:- theplantlist.org- efloras.org- orchidspecies.com- ipni.orgRead more

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