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description:Geneimprint, the website for information about genomic imprinting and imprinted genes featuring articles, reviews, meeting videos and abstracts, and genetic databases.
Geneimprint HomeFeaturesArticlesGenesMeetingsRandyJirtle PortalWhatisGenomicImprinting?AboutthisSite Announcements Sigma Xi Pizza Lunch Lecture ANS/HPS Low Dose Radiation Meeting - [Jirtle Lecture] [Jirtle Interview]Randy Jirtle Interview - In Vivo Radio - Ernie Hood Jirtle Lectures in Australia - [University of Townsville] [University of Adelaide] Agouti Mouse Experiment - ShortCutsTv- [YouTube] [Full Length Film]Randy Jirtle Interview - Lucia AronicaJirtle delivers 2016 NCSU Commencement Address Jirtle receives IFM 2014 Linus Pauling Award - [Lecture] World Science Festival - Destiny and DNA: Our Pliable Genome [Agouti Mouse Explained] NIH Director's WALS Lecture - Epigenetics: How Genes and Environment Interact (Speaker: Randy Jirtle) DUKE Office Hours - Jirtle Interview on Epigenetics, 2010 [YouTube] [MP4] Featured Articles A genomic atlas of systemic interindividual epigenetic variation in humansDNA methylation in AgRP neurons regulates voluntary exercise behavior in miceReview: The human imprintome: regulatory mechanisms, methods of ascertainment, and roles in disease susceptibilityMapping DNA Methylation in Mammals: The State of the ArtLong-term behavioral and cell-type-specific molecular effects of early life stress are mediated by H3K79me2 dynamics in medium spiny neuronsEx utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis Conferences 2005 Durham, NC
Environmental Epigenomics, Imprinting and Disease Susceptibility2002 Washington, DC
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Human Disease2002 London, England
Imprinting and Growth Congress2001 Osaka, Japan
Genomic Imprinting Workshop1999 Dublin, Ireland
Genomic Imprinting Conference1998 Durham, NC
Genomic Imprinting Symposium
Hot Off the Press Allele-specific epigenetic activity in prostate cancer and normal prostate tissue implicates prostate cancer risk mechanismsEpitome: predicting epigenetic events in novel cell types with multi-cell deep ensemble learningSelf-functional gold nanoprobes for intra-nuclear epigenomic monitoring of cancer stem-like cellsA transdisciplinary approach to understand the epigenetic basis of race/ethnicity health disparitiesReview: Polymer Modeling of 3D Epigenome Folding: Application to DrosophilaChromatin loop anchors predict transcript and exon usageReview: Visualizing and Annotating Hi-C DataSpecial Focus Issue - Epigenomics and health disparitiesThe evolution of imprinting in plants: beyond the seedClinical Utility of Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification for the Diagnosis of Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman SyndromeClinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis of regions of homozygosity and uniparental disomyPotential roles of imprinted genes in the teratogenic effects of alcohol on the placenta, somatic growth, and the developing brainRegional differences in clonal Japanese knotweed revealed by chemometrics-linked attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyDevOmics: an integrated multi-omics database of human and mouse early embryoDNA methylation signatures reveal that distinct combinations of transcription factors specify human immune cell epigenetic identityReview: Ecotoxicological epigenetics in invertebrates: Emerging tool for the evaluation of present and past pollution burdenInsights into the molecular landscape of osteoarthritis in human tissuesSocial epigenomics: are we at an impasse?Diverse epigenetic mechanisms maintain parental imprints within the embryonic and extraembryonic lineagesThe contribution of ethnography to epigenomics research: toward a new bio-ethnography for addressing health disparities 'Hot off the press' is a daily listing of the most recent articles in epigenetics and imprinting Fifty Years of Research - Randy L. Jirtle

Skaar, et. al. ILAR J 53:341-58 (2012)

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12 November 2020: In the past 50 years, I have gone from the physical to the biological sciences, and from studying tumor vascularity and blood flow to determine the human imprintome. It has been an exciting journey!

I grew up in the beautiful town of Algoma, Wisconsin on the shore of Lake Michigan. In 1970, I graduated from the University of Wisconsin (UW) in Madison, WI with a B.S. in Nuclear Engineering (Randy Jirtle). During my junior year, however, I learned about the field of radiation biology from Kelly H. Clifton. He started the radiobiology division in the medical center at UW, and gave a series of lectures on the biological effects of ionizing radiation in a reactor design course that I was taking. Those lectures changed my life! I transitioned from nuclear engineering into biology, and Dr. Clifton became my advisor for graduate studies in Radiobiology.

I studied the effects of ionizing radiation on the vascularization and blood flow in tumors, and published my first research paper in 1971 (Jirtle and Clifton, 1971). As a UW postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Physiology, I developed the first technique to measure tumor blood flow in conscious animals (Jirtle et al, 1978).

After I joined the faculty at Duke University in 1977, I continued these tumor blood flow studies. Bill Kaelin was the first student to join my lab as a third-year medical student. He showed that the calcium antagonists verapamil and flunarizine significantly increased tumor blood flow, indicating their potential usefulness in improving cancer treatment with both chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. These were the last tumor vascularity studies performed in my lab; however, Dr. Kaelin continued his investigations in this field of research after he graduated from medical school. In 2019, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.

I became interested in determining the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of normal cell growth and the genesis of liver cancer. To facilitate such studies, I developed the first quantitative in vivo transplantation system for isolated hepatocytes (Jirtle et al, 1980). I used this system to investigate the phenomenon of liver regeneration and carcinogenesis (Jirtle and Michalopoulos, 1982), and the survival of hepatocytes exposed to ionizing radiation (Jirtle et al, 1981).

These investigations led to our labs discovery that the IGF2R (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Receptor) is a human liver tumor suppressor gene (De Souza et al, 1995), and that mutation of this gene occurs early in the carcinogenic process (Yamada et al, 1997). Interestingly, this was the first imprinted tumor suppressor to be characterized since Denise Barlow had demonstrated that the Igf2r is expressed only from the maternal copy (Barlow et al, 1991).

Our lab further enhanced these carcinogenic studies by showing that the phenomenon of genomic imprinting evolved approximately 150 million years ago with the advent of placentation and viviparity in a common ancestor to Therian mammals (Killian et al, 2000, Killian et al, 2001A, Killian et al, 2001B, Nolan et al, 2001). These phylogenetic studies with the IGF2R gene also provided the first genetic sequence data that unambiguously supported the accuracy of the Theria hypothesis of mammalian evolution (Killian et al, 2001C).

Realizing that the imprinted IGF2R gene functions as a tumor suppressor, I then determined if epigenetic regulatory elements could be modified early in development by exposure to environmental factors, thereby altering disease susceptibility in adulthood. Using the agouti viable yellow (Avy) mouse, our lab was the first to demonstrate that maternal dietary supplementation during pregnancy with nutritional supplements (e.g., methyl donors and genistein) (Waterland and Jirtle, 2003), and exposure to toxicological (e.g., bisphenol A) (Dolinoy et al, 2007) and physical (e.g., ionizing radiation) (Bernal et al, 2013) changes coat color and adult disease incidence in Avy offspring by altering DNA methylation at the Agouti locus. These pioneering studies ushered in the era of Environmental Epigenomics - a research field that continues to grow exponentially (Jirtle, 2009).

Only 24 imprint control regions (ICRs) are currently known, but it is postulated that approximately 500 imprinted genes exist in the human genome. Thus, it is critical to determine the complete repertoire of human imprinted genes and their regulatory elements - the human imprintome (Jirtle, 2009, Skaar et al, 2012). Additionally, an imprintome custom DNA methylation chip needs to be developed in order to determine the role of genomic imprinting in the etiology of human diseases and neurological disorders in a systematic way.

Over the past fifty years, I have had the pleasure and honor to work with many highly intelligent and motivated university colleagues, students, and technical staff. Without their contributions, the discoveries made in my lab would not have been possible. I thank all of them for making this fifty-year research journey not only productive, but truly fun!

I had an Epiphany: Desire to Voluntarily Exercise May Be Epigenetically Determined in the Womb

Should I go to the gym and exercise or sit on the couch and watch a movie? This is a question that we have all asked ourselves many times!

Robert Waterland and his research group at Baylor College of Medicine have provided the first evidence that voluntary expenditure of energy, at least in mice, is determined in part by epigenetic changes established in early development (MacKay et al., Nat Commun, 2019).

This study showed that hypothalamic AgRP neuron-specific knockout of Dnmt3a leads to cell type-specific disruption of DNA methylation and the developmental upregulation of 1681 genes and downregulation of 2063 genes in these neurons, resulting in a decrease in voluntary exercise. Specifically, AgRP neuron-specific hypomethylation of the Bmp7 Read more...

William G. Kaelin, Jr. - Recipient of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza are this years recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ... for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.

When I joined the faculty at Duke University, I was investigating tumor oxygenation and blood flow regulation. At that time, third year Duke medical students were required to perform a research project. Bill Kaelin asked to do research in my lab in the early 1980s because of his early interest in tumor oxygenation. He demonstrated that the calcium antagonists verapamil and flunarizine significantly increased tumor blood flow, indicating their potential usefulness in improving cancer treatment with both chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation.

Ultimately, his interest in the regulation of tissue oxygenation le Read more...

Jirtle Receives EMGS 2019 Alexander Hollaender Award

The Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society (EMGS) Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society (EMGS) honors its first president and Founder, Alexander Hollaender, by conferring the Hollaender Award annually in recognition of outstanding contributions in the application of the principles and techniques of environmental mutagenesis to the protection of human health.

This year, EMGS recognizes Dr. Jirtles discovery that the environment can influence inheritance of phenotypic traits through epigenetic reprogramming representing one of the most important scientific advances of the 21st century. To quote his nominators: His pioneering work in epigenetics and genomic imprinting has uncovered a vast territory in which a gene represents less of an inexorable sentence and more of an access point for the environment to modify the genome.qu Read more...

Pioneer Scientists: Jack Fowler and Alfred Knudson

Sir Isaac Newton stated, If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Two prominent scientists who significantly altered my scientific career died this past year – John Francis (Jack) Fowler and Alfred George Knudson, Jr. Read more...

Imprintome Definition Clarified

Amber Dance published in TheScientist the paper, Characterizing the Imprintome: Three Techniques for Identifying the Collection of Maternal and Paternal Genes Silenced in Offspring.

Although it is important to inform people that scientists are attempting to define this subset of genes in a number of species, “imprintome” is not used in this paper as it was originally intended. The word “imprintome” needs to be used in the precise way we initially defined it so confusion is not introduced into a scientific subject that is already difficult to understand. Read more...

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