Megas Alexandros
Time 2021-11-25 08:50:54Web Name: Megas Alexandros
WebSite: http://makedonia-alexandros.blogspot.com
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keywords: description:Monday, November 22, 2021 The Tumulus at Amphipolis, monument for Hephaistion?
A lot has beenwritten about the Kasta Hill Tumulus at Amphipolis and much of the theoriesand absurdities have made it to my blog.
It all startedin 2012, see: Hasthe tomb of Roxane and young Alexander been located? After much nonsenseabout Alexander being buried at Amphipolis(see: Nonsenseabout Alexanders grave in Amphipolis) in 2014, the hype exploded in 2014when everyone expressed its own opinions with more or less conviction (see: Amphipolis/KastaHill here we go again!).
The firstserious study about Hephaistionspresence occurred in 2019 (see: The site of Kasta Hill and the Tomb of Amphipolis). It was not until today that I got hold of this excellentreport by Professor Emeritus Dimitrios Dendrinos shared by Academia.edu.
On theTumulus at Amphipolis
A paper by:
DIMITRIOS S. DENDRINOS, Professor Emeritus
Ph.D., MArchUD, Dipl. Arch
10/27/15; 1st update 11/1/15; 2nd update 12/24/15; 3rd update1/10/16
Summary.
This paper is a sequel tofour prior papers by the author on the subject of the Great Tumulus atAmphipolis. It incorporatessome new evidence, as presented by the archeological teamresponsible for theexcavation at Kasta Hill (near the old City of
General points: (i) it is now almost certain that the major constructionphase of the Tumulus at
Kasta commenced immediatelyfollowing Hephaestions death in November 324 BC. It is almostcertain that it was at thatpoint in time intended as a burial place and monument forHephaestion. Very likely, itwas designed in the form of a
Specific points: (i) Contrary to the claims by the archeological team, theperimeter of KastaTumulus is a circle, not anellipse; (ii) The Lion of Amphipolis was never installed and was notintended for the top of theHill; (iii) The perimeter wall is in no way possible three meters tall;(iv) The proposition that the monument was accessiblewith a staircase is inconsistent with aan exposed perimeter wall.These four items are elaborated in Part 1 of this paper. (v) Thefinding by this author thatthe tombs modulus (1.36m) in its ratio to the length of thecircumferential wall (497m),a wall which was meant to be a calendar, produces an astonishingastronomical approximationto the exact numbers of day in a year (365.44) now has a possiblecandidate as being behindit: the mathematician-astronomer and Aristotle co-worker, Callippus;
This aspect of Kasta iselaborated in Part 2. (vi) Amphipolis and Kasta are linked to theSanctuary in
Some analysis of Kastas internaldimensions is presented in Note 1, where references also tocertain basic ratios foundto govern key elements of the Parthenon, and the
A number of key conclusions(as presented by the author in a string of four papers, publishedfrom October 2014 till July2015, and their corresponding revisions) stand, although a fewminor ones are amended here.One of them concerns the Kasta tomb orientation at the time itwas constructed: newevidence confirms that it was built quite close to a North-South axis.
Far too much hasbe speculated about the occupant of the Tomb at Kasta Hill, but as developedabove, it is very plausible that Alexanderplanned Hephaistions Tomb in Amphipolis.It will take years to have a final answer which for now, is very satisfactory.
No comments: Labels:Alexander,Amphipolis,Hephaistion,Kasta Hill,Roxane Thursday, November 18, 2021 Herakleia-by-LatmosHerakleia-by-Latmos is one of those odd places tovisit. The remains of the ancient city are squeezed between the
Todays
To start with, the place is off the beaten pathand hard to find. That was not always the case because, in antiquity, Herakleia had fullaccess to the sea deep inside a vast gulf. Over the centuries, this gulf hasmainly been silted up with the alluvia carried along by the Meander River. By the endof the 3rd century AD, access from the sea was cut off, and all that remainedwas
When Alexander the Great besieged
It is generally admitted that Herakleia wasfounded by Pleistarchus,son of Antipater (see:Antipater and Alexander), in the early 3rd century BC. He ruled overlarge parts of
Pleistarcheia/Herakleia prospered in Hellenistic times asgoods arriving there by sea from the west were forwarded further by road intothe Carian hinterland. An extensive network of roads, probably conceived byPleistarchusexiting thecity, has been discovered. It is not easy to piece the remaining sectionstogether because, over the centuries, its stones have been reused elsewhere. As the pavement shows no ruts from carts and is occasionallyinterrupted by stairs, these roads were only used by pedestrians, horses, andbeasts of burden. They connected, however, with important thoroughfares in thevalley of the Meander.
Archaeologists eventually bring the scatteredremains to life by recognizing the constructions from antiquity. The open spaceof the Agora is easiest to spot by the modern visitor as it functions as aparking lot. The marketplace measured an impressive 60x110m and was surroundedby marble colonnades in Doric style. This was the center for commerce and tradeof cattle, agricultural products, and honey in particular.
Overlooking the Agora are the walls of a templebuilt in the Doric order with two, now missing, columns at the entrance. It wasmost probably dedicated to Athena. Inscriptions on the outside walls of thetemple reveal that it served as an archive to the city. They also give usessential information about the history of Herakleia and
Also dating from the 2nd century BC are theBouleuterion, the theater, and the Gymnasium. There are, of course, many otherremains from temples and houses that need further investigation. From laterdates are the Roman Baths, a Nymphaeum, as well as remains of the city walls.The ramparts are among the best-preserved of their time, extending for morethan
Herakleias necropolis is located at the farsouth of the city, as always outside the walls. A large, not yet excavatedtumulus is believed to belong toPleistarchus.Hundreds, maybe even thousands, of rock-cut graves do not immediately catch theeye as they appear as mere rectangular openings in the rock wall.
Theconclusion is that there is far more to explore and to discover than what onewould expect at first sight! Ill gladly refer to the wonderful book, althoughwritten in German Herakleiain Latmos by A. Peschlow-Bindokatasmentioned in my bibliography.
Antipater first emerges from history at the side of Philip, when he became King of Macedoniaafter his brother Perdiccas diedfighting Illyrians.
From what could be established, Antipater was a Macedonian nobleman, borncirca 399 BC. In his younger years, he must have accompanied King Philip(see: Macedonia Forged by Philip) during his campaigns toimpose and improve the power of
When Philipput an end to the successive Sacred Wars in 346 BC (see:Philipscampaigns east and the Fourth Sacred War
During the Battle of
The above clearly shows how much Philip trusted Antipater. It is known that the kingformed a clique withParmenion, Antipater,and Attalus, who also were bound together by severalintermarriages.
Little is known about Antipatersprivate life except that he produced an impressive number of children. Hisrecorded sons were Iollas, Cassander,Pleistarchus, Philip, Nicanor, Alexarchus, and Triparadeisus. His daughters Phila, Eurydice, and
After Philipsassassination in 336 BC, AntipaterandParmenion, still devoted totheir king, supported Alexanderto be elected as his heir. However, the neighboring Thracians and the Greekstates in the south had their own doubts about accepting the rule of this youngking and revolted. Alexanderwas left with no choice but to confirm his kingship from the onset and attackedthe troublemakers both north and south.
As soon as he had established Macedonian control, heturned his attention to his Asian campaign and left
On top of his own army, Antipater had the power to summon the militia of the Greekcity-states. He must have managed the situation with excellence because hegathered a large number of infantry and cavalry, despite Alexanders constant demand forreinforcements. Antipaterstroops were needed when he had to faceSpartas revolt in the
The first group of reinforcements is already mentioned in332 BC while Alexander was in
Antipater was, unfortunately, seriously criticized by Olympias, who liked to interfere in allmatters. After several years, it must have become challenging for Alexander to make sense from eitherversion of the facts. A mothers love is very powerful, and the image of theonce-trusted commander was eventually blemished. Even if Alexander had wanted to dismiss Antipater, he had nobody to replace him not until a year before his death. Alexanderdecided to send Craterus to replace Antipater as the new regent in
Alexander called (or summoned) Antipaterto come to
Alexander left no heir or successor when he died in 323 BC. As aresult, each of his generalsclaimed a part of this empire. As a matter of fact, Antipater took control of
Antipater died in 319 BC at the blessed age of eighty. Upon hisdeathbed, he left his realm to Polyperchonandnot to Cassander. The arrogantCassanderdeeply resented this, and
It is quite astonishing to note how much Antipater accomplished in his lateryears. From the time of the Sacred Wars that ended in 346 BC until hisdeath in 319 BC, he lived through some twenty-five turbulent years. In ourmodern world, this is the time for retirement. Amazing!
The
Joseph Whitaker was an intellectual entrepreneur from
The museum's pride is the white marble statue of a charioteer that wasfound buried in a shallow grave on the road to the sanctuary (see: Amazing charioteers).Remarkably, this statue was made almost simultaneously as the bronze charioteerof
When visiting the Tophet, the Punic cemetery at the northern end of theisland, one can only be impressed by the many child graves. The remains wereeither put inside a terracotta urn or buried in a rectangular box whose lidsare generally lost. A very moving confrontation! The nearby necropolis was usedfrom the end of the 8th century until the end of the 6th century BC.
At the seaside, one recognizes the two gate towers from the 5th centuryBC. Here, we have to imagine the now inundated road that is connected to themainland. By low tide, carts with larger wheels could cross the isthmus, givingthe impression to walk on water. It has been dated to the 6th-5th century BC.
At the other end of the island, the artificial
Also known as Anahita, Innana, or Ishtar, Astarte embodies the qualitiesof water, especially the fertilizing flow of water (see: The powerful goddess Anahita in
During the latest excavation campaign, a beautiful head of the goddessAstarte was found. It was made of terracotta covered with a shiny layer ofwhite on her face, red for her curly hair, and gold for her divine diadem. Itcould be dated to between 520 and 480 BC. The head was discovered inside around votive pit and a relief rosette that shows traces of gilding. The rosetteis one of the most widespread and popular symbols in the eastern
The face of Astarte represents an astral goddess (based on the rosette)and a marine goddess (based on the dolphin). She is the Lady of life, goddessof fertility, love, and the sea and navigation, of fresh and sea water. Theterracotta is Greek, although made in
Recent archaeological investigations have shed new light on Motya as the oldest city of
Once again, it makes me wonder how much Alexander knew about these western territories and theirbeliefs. The fact is that we may never find the answer.
[Except for the first two pictures, the next ones come from The Archaeology News Network]
No comments: Labels:Alexander,Babylon,Byblos,Delphi,Motya,Sidon,Tyre Saturday, November 6, 2021 Analysis of the burial sites of HimeraIn 2019, sevenmass graves were discovered inHimera, exposing thousands of skeletons ofsoldiers who fought in the citys fierce battles of 480 and 409 BC against theCarthaginians (see:The Battle of Himera, a major confrontation). Their bodies had beenneatly arranged with great respect in an orderly fashion. Another thirty burialsites were reserved for the horses, which the experts related to the severeclash of 480 BC (see:Mass
Thanks to moderngeochemical evidence, specialists were able to analyze the tooth enamel of 62soldiers who fought in both battles. The tooths chemistry varies based on theregion of origin of the men. In the battle of 480 BC, it turned out that onlyone-third ofHimerassoldiers were locals. In the confrontation of 409 BC, three-quarters of themwere locals. This confirms Diodorusaccount that the Himerans received more outside help in their firstbattle than in the second.
However, itappears that this account is incomplete because the present geochemicalanalysis reveals that the outside help was not Greek but came instead frommercenaries hired for the occasion from territories outside the Greekrealm.
This discoverysheds new light on history, as told by Diodorus and Herodotus. They apparently ignored the role offoreign mercenaries inHimerato portray a more appealing true Greek intervention. We should remember thatGreeks generally considered it distasteful to hire foreign mercenaries, whichmay be a good reason for our historians to bend their story to accommodatetheir pride. Building the
Another argumentfor taking this decision may be the attempt to align the victory atHimerawith otherGreek victories across the
Ancient sourcestell us that Alexander theGreat had a thorough knowledge about medicine and ways to treat thewounds and ailments of his troops (see: Alexander caring for the wounded and the dead).
It is great tolearn that one such remedy was the sea buckthorn, specifically the orangeberries this shrub produces. It is commonly present in cold-temperate regionsof Europe and Asia, from the coastal areas of theThe prettyorange berries are full of vitamins and antioxidants, qualities that wereunknown to Alexander,although he could take advantage of them. Besides, these fruits contained fattyacids, which helped hair and nails to grow and were beneficial for the eyes. Ithas been reported that after eating these berries, the king's horses had shinier hair,gained in strength, and recovered more quickly from injuries and illnesses. Alexander most probably added these berries to his own diet and to that of histroops, making them stronger and more vigorous.
The Latin namefor the sea buckthorn berries, Hippophae,may well be based on Alexandersexperiences with the horses as the particles hippos and phaos literally mean shining horse. This refers tothe radiant effect of the berries on his horses fur.
Alexandermust havelearned about these berries from Aristotlesince Theophrastus,one of his pupils, developed the healing properties of sea buckthorn in his writings. Theinterests of Theophrastus were, ofcourse, not limited to these berries and extended to biology, physics, ethics,and even metaphysics (see: Theophrastus, philosopher and botanist).
Today, as thesea buckthorn is made available as tea and juice or oil, we know that it evenboosts the immune system and increases our concentration. A sound immunesystem, in particular, must have played an essential role in keeping Alexanders troops inexcellent shape.
No comments: Labels:Alexander,Aristotle,Theophrastus Friday, October 29, 2021 The magical site of AizanoiAizanoi, regretfully, doesnt makeheadline news - yet. Several years ago, I watched a program on TRT TV thatshowed many imposing monuments from Roman times at this site which wasotherwise unknown to me. After that, I didnt hear anything about further excavationsor remarkable finds until today, that is. The massive entrance to the
As always, I like to put things in context. Looking at the map, Aizanoi lies roughly
The
The base of the podium of this temple is covered with vaults anunusual and unique occurrence in Roman Anatolia. Archaeologists concluded thatthis was a double temple, with the one dedicated to Zeus beckoning us, and avaulted underground space where the cult of Cybele was practiced. This goddesswas worshipped under the name Metre Steunene in Aizanoi. However, more recent in-depth research hasrevealed that this temple could not be devoted to both Zeus and Cybele. Consequently,the underground space is thought to be a prophecy center or a mere storageroom. Whatever its purpose, it is an odd construction.
Opposite the temple are the remains of a small Bouleuterion, but itshistory remains unknown. The same problem applies to the Heroon and the Agoraand surrounding Stoa because the remains were either reused on other structuresor disappeared under the modern houses.
Aizanoi counts remains of many monuments, among which a rare combinedtheater-stadium complex, linked together by a large stage building. Itsconstruction was started shortly after 160 AD and was completed halfway throughthe 3rd century AD. Several inscriptions have been found in the stadium and thetheater, and they confirm that the same M. Apuleius contributed substantially to building this complex.
The excavations done between 1970 and 2011 have exposed two publicBaths, a Gymnasium, a Macellum, five bridges, an ancient dam, a colonnadedstreet, and a large necropolis.
One of the Baths sat between the theatre-stadium complex and the
The second Turkish-style
[Picture from Arkeonews]
The circular Macellum of Aizanoi was built simultaneously with thefirst
During recent excavations, remains of a colonnaded street have beenuncovered over a length of
The Roman city of
The main bridge displays an inscription on the pedestal of the railingand tells us it was opened in September 157 AD. An illustrating relief showsthe sea voyage undertaken by M. Apuleius as he paid for the bridges construction. It may beessential to mention that M. Apuleius represented Aizanoi in the Panhellion Union held in
The large necropolis of Aizanoi reflects the size of the city. It includes a widearray of tombs, including door-shaped Phrygian tombs from the 2nd century AD. Thetypical tomb doors, which often bore the name of the deceased or donor,symbolized the passage to the other world. These tombstones usually showedbulls, lions, or eagles for the men and baskets of wool or a mirror for thewomen.
In one of the tombs, archaeologists made a remarkable discovery. Theyfound a lykion, a typical jar made to contain a precious salve totreat eye dryness which frequently occurred to soldiers traversing largestretches of dry lands or deserts (see: Eye cream from antiquity).
[Picture from Daily Sabah]
More recently, they unearthed a jug containing an exceptional hoardof 651 silver coins from the days of Emperor Augustus. Remarkably, 439 coins were standard Roman silverdenarii, but 212 were cistophoruscoins typically from Pergamon. This is not surprising considering that Aizanoi was ruled by Pergamonuntil the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romansin 133 BC.
Aizanoi had started minting its first coins in the second and firstcenturies BC. During the days of the
The story beganin 2017 when a Belgian art collector put several archaeological elements up forsale. The European art catalog offered pieces belonging to a Daunian funerarystele, which were noticed by a State Archaeology lab in Apulia, southeast
The stelepresented by the Belgian collector was missing its centerpiece. An officialfrom the restoration lab had noticed that the missing part was exhibited in themuseums collection. It represented a warrior on horseback and his shield.
[Picture from Archaeology News Network. Credit: Italian Carabinieri Art Squad]This was indeedthe proverbial missing piece in the puzzle, which set in motion the completeinvestigation. Soon, Italian authorities recovered nearly 800 separateartifacts which the Belgian collector had gathered illegally. The piecesincluded Daunian steles, red figure vases, black glazed Apulian ceramics,amphorae and a great number of terracotta figurines. The artifacts have beendated to the period between the 6th and the 3rd centuryBC, and their value has been estimated to 11 million Euros.
Luckily, therare collection has been repatriated to
Knowing where to go and what to see is very important inany travel plan, but some surprises can turn out to be true gems.
It so happened that I could visit the recently excavated
According to Thucydides, the ancient city of
The cemetery has been located underneath the modern cityof
One of the fascinating spots I happen to stumble upon bychance is these lovingly cared-for tombs discovered in 2014, where everythingis kept in situ. I admire thework of the archaeologists who managed to unearth these tombs from differenteras in superposed layers while leaving each one undisturbed by the excavationof the others.
Jars of all sizes and shapes (varying with time)alternate with small tombs, roofed or not. A few poignant small tombs stillcontain the cremated remains with their original grave goods on top littleearthen pots and jars that helped define the burial date. Also, skeletons ofwhat seem to be young children are surrounded by toy horses and miniaturevases. There also are many larger rectangular tombs in terracotta.
Outside, in front of an unmarked building, many largerpots have been collected, some wrapped in protective plastic. They are allwaiting to be cataloged and studied together with smaller items fillingcolorful crates. Archaeology requires a lot of patience!
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generalArrianArsemiaArsinoeArtabazus (satrap)Artabazus-IIArtaxerxesArtemisiaArykandaAsanderAshurnasirpal-IIAsokaAspendosAssosAssurAstyagesAswanAteasAthanasiosAthenaeusAthensAtlantisAttaleiaAttalus (Macedonian general)Attalus-IAttalus-IIAttalus-IIIAudataAugustusAurel SteinAurelianAureliusAydinBaalbekBabylonBactraBagavantBaghdadBagoasBagophanesBahram-IBahram-IIBaiaeBalkhBamyanBarcaBardylisBargyliaBarsaentesBarsineBasraBattusBaziraBegramBellerophonBereniceBerenice-EuesperidesBergamaBeroeaBessusBhagabhadraBhirBindusaraBisantheBishapurBisutunBlaundusBodrumBooksBoscorealeBoscotrecaseBosraBranchidaeBriseisBrundisiumBrutusBryaxisBucephalusBukharaBurdurBurgasButhrotumButterfly ValleyByblosByllisByzantiumCadmusCaesareaCaesarionCairoCaius CaesarCalanusCalasCaligulaCallipolisCallisthenesCallixeinusCambysesCampaspeCanatha (SY)CapriCapuaCaracallaCarchemishCarcinosCaria 2012CarrhaeCarthageCassanderCassiusCassius-DioCassopeCastelluccioCataniaCato-the-ElderCaunosCebalinusCentral AsiaChaironeiaChandraguptaCharax-SpasinouCharesChimeraChirisophusChomaChorienesCiceroCimonCitiumClarosClaudiusClaudius PtolemyCleitarchusCleitosCleitus (Dardani)CleofideCleomenesCleopatraCleopatra (Alexanders sister)Cleopatra (wife of Philip II)CnidosCoenusCommodusCononConstantineConstantinopleCophenCorcyraCordobaCorinthCorupediumCorydallaCosCrassusCraterusCratippusCremnaCrenidesCroesusCtesiasCtesibiusCtesiphonCumaCunaxaCurtiusCyaneaeCyaxaresCydnusCyrenaicaCyreneCyropolisCyrusCyzicusDaimachusDalyanDamascusDamothoinosDanubeDaphneDarius-IDarius-IIDarius-IIIDascyliumDataphernesDeeraDeimachosDeir EzzorDelosDelphiDemadesDemaratusDemetrios-PoliorketesDemetriusDemetrius-I-BactriaDemetrius-IIDemetrius-II-BactriaDemetrius-IIIDemocritusDemosthenesDemreDenderaDerbentDerdasDerebucakDerveniDexippusDiadochiDicaearchusDidymaDidymoteichoDinocratesDiocaesareaDiocletianDiodorusDiodoteiaDiodotopolisDiodotusDiodotus-I-BactriaDiogenesDiogenes-LaërtiusDiolkosDionDion (JO)DionysiosDionysopolisDiyarbakirDjamDodonaDomitianDordugaDougaDoxiparaDrypetisDugaDura EuroposDushanbeDymnusDyrrhachionEblaEcbatanaEdessa (GR)Edessa (TK)EgadiElaiaElbasanEleaEmesaEnuma Anu EnliEpaminondasEphesosEphorusEpicurusEpidamnosEpidaurusErastothenesEratosthenesErigyiusEritreaEryximachusEuclidEucratidesEucratides-I-BactriaEucratidiaEudoxusEumenes (kings of Pergamon)Eumenes (secretary)Eumenes-IEumenes-IIEumolpiaEuphratesEuripidesEuromosEurydice-mother-of-Philip-IIEurydice-wife of ArrhidaeusEurylochusEuryphonEusebiusEuthydemus-IEuthyphronEutychidesFailakaFalerii-NoviFarhangi-SarhangFaustinaFethiyeFinikeFirst EmperorFiruzbuhFlavius JosephusFlorinaFlorusFourni-archipelagoGadaraGaius CaesarGaius-CestiusGalenGaleriusGallienusGandharaGanj-NamehGaramantesGarniGaugamelaGazaGaziantepGedrosiaGelaGelonGenghis KhanGerasaGermanicusGermeniciaGhadamesGizaGlauciasGlaucippusGnaeus EgnatiusGonabacGordiasGordionGotarzesGranicusGylakeiaHaddaHadrianHadrianopolisHaemus-MountHalabiaHalicarnassusHalka BunarHamaHamilcarHammurabiHan DynastyHannibalHaranHarappaHarmezeiaHarmodiusHarpagusHarpalosHarranHatraHatshepsutHattushaHecatomnosHecatompylosHectorHegisistratusHekataiosHekoboliusHeliodorusHeliopolisHelleniumHephaistionHeracleionHeracles-son-of-AlexanderHeracliusHeraklea LyncestisHerakleia-in-LatmosHeratHerculaeumHermiasHermolausHerodotusHerodus AtticusHerostatusHierapolisHieronHimeraHindu KushHipparchusHippocratesHippodamusHipposHomerHomsHuqoqHydaspesHydraotesHyphasisHyspaosinesHyssaldomusIasosIcareaIdreusindusIphigeniaIpsusIrbilIron GatesIsidorus of MiletusIssusIstakhrIstanbulIstladaIzmirJason MagnusJaxartesJerusalemJizzakJubaJulius CesarJunia-TheodoraJustinJustinianJustinopolisKabulKadeshKalamataKalashKalymnosKampyr-TepeKarakumKarmylassosKarnakKarunKaşKasta HillKaterinikausiaKautilyaKavalaKazanlakKekovaKemerKenchreaiKerchKhawak-PassKhivaKhojendKhorezmKhosrowKibyraKızılburunKlazomenaiKleomenisKnossosKomotiniKonyaKorinosKyaenaiKyindaKyzylkumLadeLadomosLamiaLampsacusLaodiceaLaodikeLaomedonLarissaLarnacaLattakiaLechaionLeocharesLeonidas-king-of-SpartaLeonidas-of-NaxosLeonnatusLeptis MagnaLesbosLetoonLeucippusLeuctraLeukaspisLevithaLicinius-LangusLimyraLivyLonginusLorymaLucianLucius VerusLyciaLycian Coast 2007LysimachosLysipposMacedonia forged by PhilipMachatasMagarsusMagna GraeciaMagnesia-ad-SipylumMagnesia-on-the-MeanderMahmoud BeyMallusManlius VulsoMaracandaMarathonMarc AntonyMarcus AureliusMariMarmarisMaroneiaMassaliaMausolosMaximianMazaeusMedaMegalopolisMegaraMegasthenesMegiddoMeknesMeleagrosMeleandrosMelissusMemnonMemphisMenanderMenelausMenesMesembriaMesomedesMesseneMetellusMethoneMetronMetropolisMettius ModestusMetz EpitomeMichael WoodMidasMiezaMilasMiletusMilk AshtartMiltiadesMinareMinaroMir-ZakahMitanniMithrasMithridates (herdsman)Mithridates Darius son-in-law)Mithridates of ParthiaMithridates-IMithridates-II-CommageneMithridates-Kalinikos-IMithridates-VIMithridates-VI-EupatorMithrinesMohenjo-daroMonouniosMopsusMorgantinaMostarMosulMotyaMuglaMuzirisMycaleMyceneMylasaMyndosMyonnissosMyraMyrmekionMyronNabarzanesNabataeansNabonidusNaqsh-e RajabNaqsh-e RustamNarsehNaucratisNaulochosNausiclesNautacaNaxosNeapolisNearchusNebuchadnezzarNectaneboNefertitiNemeaNemiNemrudNeoptolemusNeroNessebarNicaeaNicanorNicesipolisNicomachusNicopolisNileNimrudNinevehNukusNumantiaNumidianumismaticNurNurataNysaOctavianOdenathusOdessosOdrysiaOeaOenoandaOhindOhridOlbaOliver StoneOlympia (GR)OlympiasOlympos (TK)Olympus (Mt)OlynthusOmphisOnesicritusOpisOpramoasOrestisOrontobatesOrraonOrsinesOrtygiaOstiaOstobaraOtrantoOuranopoliOvidOxusOxyartesOxyathresOxyrhynchusPaestumPagasaePalimbothraPallacopasPalmyraPamirPammenesPamphyliaPamukkalePanticapaeumPaphosParaetoniumParmenidesParmenionParopamisadaeParthiaParysatisPasargadaePataraPatroclusPattalaPausaniasPausanias (author)PegasusPeithonPeliumPella (GR)Pella (JO)Pella (SY)PelopidasPelusiumPentapolisPerdiccas generalPerdiccas-IIPerdiccas-IIIPergamonPergePericles (Athens)Pericles (Lycian King)PerinthusPersepolisPerseusPeshawarPetraPeucePeucelaotisPeucestasPhaedrusPharasmanesPharnacesPharosPharsalusPhaselisPhellosPheraePhidiasPhidippidesPhilaPhiletairosPhilinnaPhilip (doctor)Philip-IIPhilip-III-ArrhidaeusPhilip-the-ArabPhilip-VPhilippiPhilippopolisPhilistusPhilocratesPhilostratusPhilotasPhiloteraPhiloxenosPhocisPhoenixPhoinikosPhradaPieriaPieriaAmeinoclesPinaraPinarusPindarPiraeusPiteosPixodarusPlancia MagnaPlataeaPlatoPleistarchusPlinyPlotinopolisPlovdivPlutarchPodzemeljPolybiusPolycleitusPolygnotosPolygyrosPolyperchonPolytimetusPompeiiPompeiopolisPompeus TrogusPompeyPorticiPortusPorusPoseidoniaPotideaPozzuoliPratomedesPraxitelesPrieneProspaltaPseudo-CallisthenesPtolemaisPtolemyPtolemy-II-PhiladelphusPtolemy-III-EuergetesPtolemy-IV-PhilopatorPtolemy-VPtolemy-VIPtolemy-VIIIPtolemy-XIIPuntPydnaPyrrhusPythagorasPytheasPytheosPythiasQatnaQinQuintus of SmyrnaQuintus VeraniusRamses-IIRaphana (JO)RaqqaRasaffaRavennaReggioRhagaeRhodiapolisRhoesacesRiaceRomeRoxaneSabrathaSagalassosSalamisSallustSamarkandSamarraSamothraceSamsatSangalaSanliUrfaSapphoSardesSarikayaSatyrusScipio AemilianusScythiansScythopolisSebasteSegestaSeikilosSelca e PoshtmeSeleuciaSeleucia (JO)Seleucia (TK)Seleucia-on-the-EuphratesSeleucia-on-the-TigrisSeleucos-ISelgeSelimiyeSelinunteSelinusSenecaSeptimius SeverusSerapeumSerdicaSergiopolisSergius PaulusSestosSeuthes-IISeuthes-IIISeuthopolisSeverus AlexanderSextus-JuliusShahrisabzShanovhittaShapur-IShapur-IIShapur-IIISideSidonSidymaSilifkeSilkroadSillyumSimenaSinaiSindosSinopeSirkpaSirsukhSisimithresSisygambisSitalcesSiwahSkopasSkopjeSmyrnaSobessosSochiSocratesSofiaSoliSolonSoluntumSopeithesSophoclesSoranusSostratosSpartaSpitamenesSpithridatesStabiaeStagiraStara ZagoraStateiraStephanus the ByzantineStobiStraboStratonStratoniciaStratonikeiaSulaymaniyahSuraSusaSyemeSyracuseTacitusTamerlaneTaposiris MagnaTaq-e BostanTarsusTashkentTaucheiraTaxilaTaxilesTegeaTehranTeimiussaTell-el-FaramaTelmessusTeneaTeosTepe FullolTerillosTermessosTermezTeucheiraThaisThalesThapsacusThasosThebes (EG)Thebes (GR)ThemistoclesTheodoraTheodosiusTheophilusTheophrastusTheopompusTheraThermopylaeTheronThessalonicaThessalonikiThettalusThonisThouriaThucydidesThutmosisTiberiusTiburTigrisTillya TepeTimaesusTimotheusTiridatesTirynsTitus-Pomponius-AtticusTlosTolmeithaToroneTrajanTrajanopolisTrallesTriopiumTriparadeisusTripoliTripolitaniaTroyTunisTycheroTyreUdrianaUgaritUlpia SerdicaUluburunUlugbekUmm el-AmedUrUrukVaison-la-RomaineValensValentinian-IValerianVariusVarnaVeliaVeniceVerginaVeroiaVerresVespasianVia-EgnatiaVictorinusVirgilVitruviusVolubilisXandramesXanthosXenophanesXenophonXerxesXianXntaburaZagrosZeniketesZenoZenobiaZeravshanZeugmaZeuxisZoneZoroastraFrom my Bookshelves on AlexanderA History of Greece in Fifty Lives (De Griekse Oudheid in Vijftig Levens) by David StuttardAlexander and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions by Frank Holt Alexander de Grote, Macht als Noodlot by Peter BammAlexander de Grote. De ondergang van het Perzische Rijk by J. LenderingAlexander de Grote. De strijd van een jonge man om de wereld te veroverenAlexander the Great and Bactria by Frank Holt Alexander the Great and his Empire by Pierre Briant Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army by Donald Engels Alexander the Great by Arthur Weigall Alexander the Great by Robin Lane FoxAlexander the Great in India. A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus by A. ChuggAlexander the Great was here, and so was I by L. ArgyraspidAlexander the Great, Man and God by Ian WorthingtonAlexander the Great, Son of the Gods by A Fildes and J FletcherAlexander the Great. Man of Action/Man of Spirit by P Briant Alexander the Great. Selections ... by James Romm Alexander's Lovers by Andrew Chugg Alexander's Path by Freya StarkAlexander's Tomb by Nicholas SaundersAlexandre le Grand by Gustave DroysenAll Alexander's Women by Robbert Bosschart Brief and Towering Exploits ... by Jackson and McDonaldBy the Spear. Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire by Ian WorthingtonCampaigns of Alexander by Arrian Conquest and Empire. The Reign of Alexander the Great by A.B.BosworthDancing with the Lion, Becoming by Jeanne Reames (Part I)Dancing with the Lion, Rise by Jeanne Reames (Part II)De Griekse oudheid in vijftig levens (A History of Ancient Greece in Fifty Lives) by David StuttardDiodorus Siculus on AlexanderDiodorus Siculus on Xerxes and SicilyDividing the Spoils. War for Alexander's Empire by Robin WaterfieldEpitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus by Justin Fire from Heaven by Mary Renault Funeral Games by Mary Renault Geography by StraboHistorical Sources in Translation by W. Heckel and J.C. Yardley Into the Land of Bones by Frank Holt Iskander by Louis Couperus La falsification de l'histoire de la Macédoine by Nicolaos MartisLa Route de la Soie, dAlexandre le Grand à Marco Polo by J DauxoisLe Roman d'Alexandre (The Alexander Romance)Le trésor perdu des rois d'Afghanistan (The lost treasure of the Afghan kings) by Philippe FlandrinLost World of the Golden King by Frank Holt Macedonian Warrior by Heckel and Jones Olympias, Mother of Alexander the Great by E Carney Pausanias. Führer durch Olympia Persepolis by A. Shapur-ShahbaziPhilip II King of Macedonia by Ian Worthington Plutarch's Lives or The Lives of Noble Grecians and Romans by PlutarchReconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor, ... by G.S. Aldrete, S. Bartell and A. AldreteResponses to Oliver Stone's AlexanderSailing the Wine-Dark Sea. Why the Greeks Matter by Th. Cahill The Afghan Campaign by Steven Pressfield The Alexander Medallion by O. Bopearachchi and F. Holt The Conquests of Alexander the Great by W. HeckelThe Death of Alexander ... A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus by Andrew Chugg The Epheremides of Alexander's Expedition by C.A. Robinson The Field Campaigns of Alexander the Great by S. English The Genius of Alexander the Great by N. Hammond The Gold of Macedon. Archaeological Museum of ThessalonikiThe Histories by PolybiusThe History of Alexander by Curtius Rufus The Iliad by Homer The Legacy of Alexander ... by AB Bosworth The Lost Chronicles of Alexander .... by Steve StylianosThe Lost Tomb of Alexander by A. Chugg The Macedonian War Machine by David KarunanithyThe Nature of Alexander by Mary RenaultThe Persian Boy by Mary Renault The Persian Expedition by Xenophon The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander by A. Chugg The Sieges of Alexander ... by S. English The Sisygambis Letters. All Alexander's Women by Robbert Bosschart The Treasures of Alexander the Great by Frank HoltThe Virtues of War by Steven PressfieldVergina, The Royal Tombs by Manolis AndronicosWho's Who in the Age of Alexander ... by W. HeckelMore pertinent readingAcross the Hellespont by Richard StonemanAladdin's Lamp by John FreelyAncient Turkey, a Traveller's History by Seton LloydBirds without Wings by Louis de BernièresBlue Guide, Sicily by Ellen GradyCappadocia Guide by Turgay Tuna and B DemirdurakCarthage Antique, des origines jusquà linvasion Vandale (814 BC-439 AD) by Samir AounallahCity of the Sharp-Nosed Fish by Peter ParsonsDe Griekse oudheid in vijftig levens (A History of Ancient Greece in Fifty Lives) by David StuttardEdge of Empires. Pagans, Jews and Christians in Roman Dura-EuroposForeign Devils on the Silk Road by Peter HopkirkFrom Antalya to Demre. Sunflower GuideFrom Bodrum to Marmaris. Sunflower GuideFrom Kabul to Samarkand by S Gorshenina and C RapinHandbook of Greek Art by Gisela RichterHellenica Oxyrhynchia by McKechnie but also as a historical guide to follow Alexander the Great, making his way through history.View my complete profileLinks I likeAlexander and Ancient Macedonia, a selection of information by Prof. Elizabeth CarneyAll about Alexander the GreatAncient Atlas, Searchable Timeline, Measures Conversion, and much moreAncient History and Ancient WarfareFrom Bactria to Taxila, info about Central AsiaPeter Sommer Travels, the best travel organisationSchatten uit de Musea, a shortcut to museumsZenobia: Empress of the EastContact Form
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