The Nation, the State and Transnationalism

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The Nation, the State and Transnationalism

Wednesday, April 24, 2013 "Transnational Struggles for Water and Power" and "Dams, Democracy, and Development in Transnational Perspective"Dams, Democracy, and Development in Transnational Perspective

The rise and the global spread of big dam building is clearly a 20th-century phenomenon. Big dam building and international big dam regime areactivitiesand symbols that reflect and shape the larger dynamics of development.Therefore, there are a lot of dams were built around the world eitherin big or small rivers. But thetrends of dam buildings has been declined by the movements of various actorwho being against the big development projects such aswhichtend to havemore negative impact such as environment, displacement, ecology in thosecertainarea thathasbeen replace by dams.
There are not only the domestic group or movement, such as nongovernmental organizations, grassroots groups, and social movements,thatprevent the large-scale projects like dam building to being built, but also the international norms and international institution in the issue area of eviranment, human rights, and indigenous peoples also become important in transformation in development. The of dams building has been declined because it has been condition by the global spread and international institution of those norms and principles.Those priciples andnorms that first promoted by the international institutionalso influencethe domectic group or movementon empoerment. These actors are sources of infomation, ideas, power, strategies, and legitimacy within transnational coalitionsand network.
There are 3 alternative explanation mentioned in the articles. First, the lobbyingof foreign and transnational nongovernmental organizations my have been sloe factor that changed the dynamic of big dam building in the third world. Second, the global spread of emergent norms on indigenous peoples, humanrights, and the environment could have been so powerful that international organizations, state and non-state proponentsaltered their big dam building practices as a result of independently adopting andactually following these principles. Finally, it is possible that domestic advocacy and social mobilization, particularly in democracies, was sufficient by itself to stop or reform big damprojects.
The level of democracy are also relate to the degree of social moblization in each countries. The countries that has high degree of domocracy tend to have high degree of movement. In the article, India and Brazil are the example of this case. So the government decision on those development projects tends to have difficulty in order to launch the project and achieve it unlike the authoritarian regime,such as china whichtend to has less number of movement, would increase and achieve economic development which consider as necessary.
It does not suggest to change the political regime in order to minimizing the effects of transnational contestation, globalizing norms, and domectic mobilizing that might be the threat of development. But, in order to refiorm or transform delopment, the meaning of development may have to be contested and reconstituted. In my opinion, Since we define development in this way has caused a lot of problems, thus, we should change the way that we define the development nowadays. Economic is not just the only aspect of development. Development can indicates by various way such as human development.
Posted bySenaaamat4:12 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Sunday, April 21, 2013 Gringolandia: The Construction of a New Tourist Space in Mexico

Cancun resort, product oftransnational forces, metaphor for the inequities manifest in the globaleconomic system, a globalogoland Cancun has transformed itinto a circuslike spectacle referred to as Gringolandia by locals. Disneyesquequality of the spectacle that is large-scale mass tourism in Cancun, but italso implies the invasion and expropriation of Mexican space by an Americanplace.Quintana Roo was a space of exile, referredas the empty quarter was selected by Mexican Government as the site for thenations first master-planes resort or Tourist Integral Center, a newexternally oriented, and it is state-driven for economic development. Cancunwas a transition from the empty quarter to mass tourism resort servingpleasure periphery of the first world, has inserted the region into theglobal capitalist sphere. There are 2 main forces according to the article thatconstructed the Cancun: The transnational economic structure of the resort andthe consumption - and production - led migratory flows to Cancun.According to Massay (1994,4) the spatialcan be seen as constructed out of the multiplicity of social relations acrossall spatial scales. Gringolandia is fabricatedof dynamic and multiple social relations and interactions conducted by a diversityof actors. These social relations based on tourism-related transnational forcesoperating at multiples scale. The Cancun can also be understood as the productof globalization, which has reduced geographical barriers and increasedinternational tourism as well as other forms of temporary and permanentmigration. Societies increasingly interconnected, with the global and localblending to reshape local realities. There are three interconnected spherescomprise Cancuns transnational social fields:1. Theinternational sphere exert influence in constructing Gringolandia by thecontinuous circular flow of tourists, foreign home owner, and retirees, Mexicanelites with strong ties to the U.S., foreign professionals and entrepreneurs,and expatriate tourism-industry workers.2.The Mexican urban sphere consists ofback-and forth flows of immigrants from other parts of Mexico working intourism-industry-related employment3. QuintanaRoo rural periphery sphere has circular flow of temporary migrants andpermanent settlers who maintain ties with both Cancun and their cities, towns,or villages of origin. Typically, these temporary laborers fill thelower-paying, seasonal jobs because they have neither the training noreducation for the more senior positions occupied by urbanities from otherMexican states. The migratory in Cancun divides in to twomain groups which are the consumption led and production led migration. Consumption led is mobility include short and long stayed tourists, second home owners, retirees,and repeat visitors. Whereas production led is mobility responds toopportunities associated with tourism growth and includes circular migration ofseasonal workers, permanent migration of domestic and international employees,and migration of entrepreneurs. These two categories of actors in the Cancunare forces,that are part of each sphere, that produce and reproduce the Cancun.The Cancun that result as the Gringolandia , a dynamic hybrid-space in whichelements of Mexican, American, and artificial Maya culture have beenreconstituted for tourist consumption.The migration in this sense, in Cancun,focus on the tourist which another kind of migrants. It does not refer to onlythe short term stayed, but also refers to the long term stayed and the expatriatepeople. In my opinion, I think tourist is the term that refers to the personwho have a good economic status, does not struggle for an opportunity and comeas the legally status unlike other temporary migrants. In addition, the Cancunthat has reconstructed to be the tourism space, so the income in this area alsodepends on the tourists. Posted bySenaaamat7:08 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Wednesday, April 10, 2013 Speechless Emissaries
Refugees,Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricalization The refugees have seen as the encounterof state sovereignty. But In themeantime, refugees are also the passive objects of humanitarian intervention.Because the government has the right to do anything in its own territory, statecan have authority over its own citizens so, these people can easily legitimizeharm by state. Refugee populationsusually consist of people in urgent needs who have been victimized in numerousways. Refugee is term that dehistoricizing itself, as the refugees stop beingspecific persons and become pure victims in general or so called universal man,who have no subjectivity under particular state. This degistoricizinguniversalism creates a context in which it is difficult for people in therefugee category to be approached as historical actors rather than simply asmute victims. Humanitarian intervention is createdin order to help all human regard the nationalities and ethnicities from theabuse by its own government or any abuses that violate human rights anddignity. However, this concept of humanitarian intervention is problematic andcannot be applied effectively to help these subjectivity people. The consequenceof ineffective on play the role is that people are suffered and abused by the government.So they willing to relocate and displace to somewhere to seek for protection. Soin this sense, they become an immigrant or refugee. The refugee, as the passive object ofhumanitarian intervention, was shown to the people by media, photograph, andjournal. It shows about the suffering of refugee who really need help andassistance by they do not have to speak but the media will speak for them and alsorepresent their situation. So, Humanitarian intervention has to play the roleto help them based on the human beings which have to get rid of the cultural orpolitical differences. It became problematic that refugee unable to return totheir homeland because the state can threaten and harmed them because the statusof citizen. Humanitarian intervention can consider as the process that help to dehistoricizeand depoliticize the people to become pure or to be the universal man. The refugeestatus will guarantee safety and protection, because refugees are not thesubjectivity of state that state can control anymore. Posted bySenaaamat11:25 AMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Wednesday, April 3, 2013 The Maze of Fear: Security and Migration after 9/11
The threats of immigrant subversion
TheUnited States of America has been remarkably open to immigrants from most partof the world. Americans, a variety of moments, have also feared immigrants andlashed out at specific groups of new comers who were thought to imperil thenations present or future.Thereare four threats of immigrant subversion. Firstly, fear of religious:Irish-Catholic immigrants in the 1830s-1840s threatened the US where wanted tobe a Protestant country. Secondly, fear of political subversion which theleftist, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, threaten therepublicanism of the US. Thirdly, the fear of economic subversion whichnative-born American often accused immigrants of causing unemployment anddepressing wages. Lastly, fear of racial subversion, Racism was a defining ofthe American republic from the moment of its creation and remained so far onehundred and fifty years. The educated and popular opinion were attempting tomeasure the racial character of people arrange in a hierarchy of racialaptitude. The western and northern Europeans, who are Anglo-Saxon, Nordic, or Caucasian,were labeled on top of racial hierarchies. Whereas, blacks, Orientals, andbrowns peoples such as Mexicans and Indians are labeled at the bottom. The easternand western Europe people were moreover labeled in the middle. This sense of discriminationalso made people treat them differently. In the case of Japanese immigration sinceWorld War II is one of case example from this book. According to aftermath of Japanattack in Pearl Harbor in 1941, Americans definitely feared of Japanese. Governmentforced the Japanese to move to the camps which much alike federal prisonwithout distinction between Japanese Americans who were likely to be subversivesand who are innocent native-born citizens. Since that, the Japanese race is anenemy race Although many are the second or third generation who possessed ofUnited States citizenship that has become Americanized. Fear of racialsubversion had joined fears of political subversion in this case.Thehistorical record instructs us that war or near-war situation often put immigrantsat risk as they possibly threaten the security of the states in 4 mainmentioned dimensions. The American people become anxious and realize about the otherness.Moreover, they started to define the Americaness. For example they started todefine who is the American, according to fear of racial subversion, they definein hierarchy racial labeled and clearly seen that they recognize the Americanas the white people. Thisfear of subversions can also explain by the Self-consciousness of Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHegel. The American can define them from the reflection of theotherness. Only American itself will not able to define what is the Americanessbecause there is no comparison. Moreover they will not concern or aware untilthere is something threatens their collective things that they are sharing or somethingin common such as the idea of republic and Protestant. Posted bySenaaamat11:58 AMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Wednesday, March 27, 2013 The Concept of the Political
The Concept of the Political This article pointed out therelationship between state and political. The concept of the statepresupposes the concept of the political. State and political areinterdependent. The political utilize the concept of power as the decisive factor,this power appears mostly as state power. The state that also mentioned in thearticle is like a tool for men to maintain political power. But the perception that state is equalto politic becomes a mistaken when state and society penetrate each other. Thesocial matters as the neutral domains become affairs of state which necessarilyoccur in a democratically organized unit. The religious, economic, cultural,legal, and scientific domains are the antitheses of political. The boundarybetween state and society was blurred by the demand for control of people insociety, and thus the total state is no longer knows anything absolutelynonpolitical. The political has its own criteriawhich express themselves in a characteristics way. The political must thereforerest on its own ultimate distinctions, to which all action with a specificallypolitical meaning can be traced. The specific political distinction to whichpolitical actions and motives can be reduced is that between friend and enemy.The distinction of friend and enemy show the utmost degree of intensity of aunion or separation, of an association or dissociation. The enemy is not just any competitoror partner of conflict in general. An enemy existed only when one fightingcollectivity of people confronts a similar collectivity, particularly to awhole nation. It refers to public enemy not a private one. In its entirety thestate as an organized political entity decides for itself the friend-enemydistinction. The enemy concept in the presentpossibly belongs to combat. War is armed combat between organized politicalentities. It occur the sense of friend-enemy distinction. The political has been decided who is enemy.War is neither the purpose of politics; it is the only example that determinesway of human action and thinking and thereby creates specifically a politicalbehavior. Politics is something that makes adistinctive means. Religious, cultures and economics are all consists ofpolitics, therefore everything relevant to politics. Politics also makeconflict happen, however the world without politics is only the ideal thathardly exist in the reality. Posted bySenaaamat3:58 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Older PostsHomeSubscribe to:Posts (Atom)The Nation, the State and Transnationalism 2013(7) April(4)Transnational Struggles for Water and Power and ...Gringolandia: The Construction of a New Tourist Sp...Speechless EmissariesThe Maze of Fear: Security and Migration after 9/11 March(3)About MeSenaaamView my complete profile

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