Major Differences

Time 2020-09-18 08:02:32

Web Name: Major Differences

WebSite: http://www.majordifferences.com

ID:50754

Keywords:

Major,Differences,

Description:

Trophic cascade is an ecologicalphenomenon that has significant effect on the overall structure and stabilityof an ecosystem.The term trophic cascade was coinedby the famous American ecologist Robert Paine.Trophic cascade is an indirect effectby predators that changes biomass, abundance or productivity of a population,community at successively lower trophic levels or trophic level across morethan one link in a food chain.These are powerful indirectinteractions that can control the entire ecosystem.The most common type of trophiccascade is three level trophic cascade that involves three trophic levels orfeeding levels.Top down Trophic cascadeHere the predators influence the abundanceor biomass of a population at lower trophic levels.Take this example. In the abovefigure, the tiger population (predator) has direct effect on the abundance ofprey population. By controlling the prey population the predator indirectlyinfluences the abundance or productivity at the producer level. This type ofindirect influence at lower trophic levels by predators is termed as Top downtrophic cascade.Bottom up Trophic cascadeHere the Space or nutrients influencethe abundance or biomass of a population at higher trophic levels.In the above figure, lack of space ornutrients may lead to poor productivity at the producer level (amount of grass,no of fruits etc). This limits the number of prey population that willinfluence the number of predators. This type of indirect influence on highertrophic levels by lack of space or nutrients is termed as bottom up trophiccascade.What is a Trophic Cascade? Top down vs Bottom up Trophic CascadeTrophic cascade is an ecologicalphenomenon that has significant effect on the overall structure and stabilityof an ecosystem.The term trophic cascade was coinedby the famous American ecologist Robert Paine.Trophic cascade is an indirect effectby predators that changes biomass, abundance or productivity of a population,community at successively lower trophic levels or trophic level across morethan one link in a food chain.These are powerful indirectinteractions that can control the entire ecosystem.The most common type of trophiccascade is three level trophic cascade that involves three trophic levels orfeeding levels.Top down Trophic cascadeHere the predators influence the abundanceor biomass of a population at lower trophic levels.Take this example. In the abovefigure, the tiger population (predator) has direct effect on the abundance ofprey population. By controlling the prey population the predator indirectlyinfluences the abundance or productivity at the producer level. This type ofindirect influence at lower trophic levels by predators is termed as Top downtrophic cascade.Bottom up Trophic cascadeHere the Space or nutrients influencethe abundance or biomass of a population at higher trophic levels.In the above figure, lack of space ornutrients may lead to poor productivity at the producer level (amount of grass,no of fruits etc). This limits the number of prey population that willinfluence the number of predators. This type of indirect influence on highertrophic levels by lack of space or nutrients is termed as bottom up trophiccascade.Viral genome acts like cellular mRNA.ssRNA has 5 cap and poly A tail for recognition by eukaryotic host ribosme.Genetic material is not infectious inside the host. It It should be converted to +ss RNA by viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) for viral protein synthesis inside host.Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses have complex genomic sequences, cell cycles, and mode of replicationViral genome acts like cellular mRNA.ssRNA has 5 cap and poly A tail for recognition by eukaryotic host ribosme.Genetic material is not infectious inside the host. It It should be converted to +ss RNA by viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) for viral protein synthesis inside host.Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses have complex genomic sequences, cell cycles, and mode of replicationAccording to WorldHealth Organization (WHO), in humans, several coronaviruses are known to causerespiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseasessuch as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute RespiratorySyndrome (SARS).Some examples includea) Coronaviruses causingmild symptoms of common coldHuman coronavirus OC43(HCoV-OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, NewHaven coronavirus), Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)b) Coronaviruses causingsevere respiratory infections including PneumoniaThe most prominent featureof coronaviruses is the club-shape spike projections emanating from the surfaceof the virion. These spikes are a defining feature of the virion and give themthe appearance of a solar corona under two-dimensional transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), prompting the name, coronaviruses. (Latin corona meaning crown or halo )COVID-19COVID 19 Is the infectious disease caused by newly discovered corona virus, firstidentified at Wuhan, China in December 2019February 11, 2020 WHOannouncedan official name COVID-19, CO stands for CORONA, VI for VIrus, and D for DiseaseFormerly, this disease was called as 2019 novelcoronavirus or 2019-nCoV fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some patientsmay have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat ordiarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually.People can catchCOVID-19 from others who have the virus, through respiratory droplets orthrough infected surfacesRegularly and thoroughly clean your hands withan alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water.Maintain at least 1 meter (3 feet) distancebetween yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth as infectedsurfaces can spread the diseaseCover your mouth and nose with your bent elbowor tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissueimmediately.Avoid direct contact with animals and surfaces in contact with animalsStay home if you feel unwell. If you have afever, cough and difficulty in breathing, seek medical attention immediately.Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., ... Niu, P. (2020). A novelcoronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019.New EnglandJournal of Medicine.Fehr, A. R., Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication andpathogenesis. InCoronaviruses(pp. 1-23). Humana Press, NewYork, NY.According to WorldHealth Organization (WHO), in humans, several coronaviruses are known to causerespiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseasessuch as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute RespiratorySyndrome (SARS).Some examples includea) Coronaviruses causingmild symptoms of common coldHuman coronavirus OC43(HCoV-OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, NewHaven coronavirus), Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)b) Coronaviruses causingsevere respiratory infections including PneumoniaThe most prominent featureof coronaviruses is the club-shape spike projections emanating from the surfaceof the virion. These spikes are a defining feature of the virion and give themthe appearance of a solar corona under two-dimensional transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), prompting the name, coronaviruses. (Latin corona meaning crown or halo )COVID-19COVID 19 Is the infectious disease caused by newly discovered corona virus, firstidentified at Wuhan, China in December 2019February 11, 2020 WHOannouncedan official name COVID-19, CO stands for CORONA, VI for VIrus, and D for DiseaseFormerly, this disease was called as 2019 novelcoronavirus or 2019-nCoV fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some patientsmay have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat ordiarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually.People can catchCOVID-19 from others who have the virus, through respiratory droplets orthrough infected surfacesRegularly and thoroughly clean your hands withan alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water.Maintain at least 1 meter (3 feet) distancebetween yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth as infectedsurfaces can spread the diseaseCover your mouth and nose with your bent elbowor tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissueimmediately.Avoid direct contact with animals and surfaces in contact with animalsStay home if you feel unwell. If you have afever, cough and difficulty in breathing, seek medical attention immediately.Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., ... Niu, P. (2020). A novelcoronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019.New EnglandJournal of Medicine.Fehr, A. R., Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication andpathogenesis. InCoronaviruses(pp. 1-23). Humana Press, NewYork, NY.Proposed by Theodor Schwann(1810 1882)and Matthias Jakob Schleiden(1804 1881) 1. All livingorganisms are composed of one or more cells.2. The cell is thebasic structural and functional unit of all living things. The third tenet wasproposed by Rudolf Virchow, a German Pathologist(1821 1902) in 18553. Cells arise frompre-existing cells Omnis cellula ecellula (by cell division; mitosis or meiosis; not derivedfromspontaneous generation)Background:Schleiden in 1838, Germanbotanist, found out cell as the basic unit of plant structure.Theodor Schwann, aGermanphysiologist in 1839 defined cell as the basic unit of animal structurealso. In 1839, they together proposed the two statements of the present celltheory.5 Examples of Exceptions to Cell TheoryModern Cell TheoryThe knowledgeoftheadvancement in the field of molecular biology,biochemistry, etc.is consideredto make the following additions to the above classical cell theory4. Cells containheredity information in their DNA. This information is passed to new cells bycell division.5. All cells have thesame basic chemical composition.6. Energy flow(Metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.other major contributors to the Cell Theory are Robert Hooke; who coined thetern cell and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; who was the first one to observeliving organisms under his own microscope.Proposed by Theodor Schwann(1810 1882)and Matthias Jakob Schleiden(1804 1881) 1. All livingorganisms are composed of one or more cells.2. The cell is thebasic structural and functional unit of all living things. The third tenet wasproposed by Rudolf Virchow, a German Pathologist(1821 1902) in 18553. Cells arise frompre-existing cells Omnis cellula ecellula (by cell division; mitosis or meiosis; not derivedfromspontaneous generation)Background:Schleiden in 1838, Germanbotanist, found out cell as the basic unit of plant structure.Theodor Schwann, aGermanphysiologist in 1839 defined cell as the basic unit of animal structurealso. In 1839, they together proposed the two statements of the present celltheory.5 Examples of Exceptions to Cell TheoryModern Cell TheoryThe knowledgeoftheadvancement in the field of molecular biology,biochemistry, etc.is consideredto make the following additions to the above classical cell theory4. Cells containheredity information in their DNA. This information is passed to new cells bycell division.5. All cells have thesame basic chemical composition.6. Energy flow(Metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.other major contributors to the Cell Theory are Robert Hooke; who coined thetern cell and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; who was the first one to observeliving organisms under his own microscope.Chemiosmotic Hypothesis was proposed by Peter Mitchell 1961.He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978. This process is occurringduring cellular respiration and photosynthesis.Chemiosmotic Theory states that Electron transport and ATP synthesis arecoupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Peter Mitchell proposed this theory to explainATP synthesis during cellular respirationElectron flows through electron carriers located in the Thylakoid membrane of chloroplastProton (H+) is pumped from matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria using energy derived from electron flowProton (H+) is pumped from stroma into the thylakoid lumen or thylakoid space using energy derived from electron flowATP synthesis occurs towards the stromal side as ATP synthase is oriented towards stromal side synthesized is used to fix carbondioxide to carbohydrates during light independent reaction of photosynthesisChemiosmotic Hypothesis was proposed by Peter Mitchell 1961.He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978. This process is occurringduring cellular respiration and photosynthesis.Chemiosmotic Theory states that Electron transport and ATP synthesis arecoupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Peter Mitchell proposed this theory to explainATP synthesis during cellular respirationElectron flows through electron carriers located in the Thylakoid membrane of chloroplastProton (H+) is pumped from matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria using energy derived from electron flowProton (H+) is pumped from stroma into the thylakoid lumen or thylakoid space using energy derived from electron flowATP synthesis occurs towards the stromal side as ATP synthase is oriented towards stromal side synthesized is used to fix carbondioxide to carbohydrates during light independent reaction of photosynthesisProteins are nitrogen containing bio molecules made upof amino acids joined by peptide bond. An amino acids consists of a central α carbon atomjoined by 4 groups namely Hydrogen (H), amino group ( NH2), carboxyl group(-COOH) and side group (R-group). Proteinogenic amino acids are protein forming amino acidswhere as non-proteinogenic amino acids not naturally incorporated into proteinsProteinogenic amino acids are those which are naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism are thosenotnaturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism.Not Protein forming amino acids or amino acids that are not naturally incorporated into proteinsCoded amino acids or proteinogenic amino acids are those which are naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism are thosenotnaturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism. proteins that carry out different activities of the cell like enzymes, hormones like insulin. See 8 different functions of proteins hereFor example GABA is a neurotransmitter that blocks impulses between nerve cells in the brain.Proteins are nitrogen containing bio molecules made upof amino acids joined by peptide bond. An amino acids consists of a central α carbon atomjoined by 4 groups namely Hydrogen (H), amino group ( NH2), carboxyl group(-COOH) and side group (R-group). Proteinogenic amino acids are protein forming amino acidswhere as non-proteinogenic amino acids not naturally incorporated into proteinsProteinogenic amino acids are those which are naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism are thosenotnaturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism.Not Protein forming amino acids or amino acids that are not naturally incorporated into proteinsCoded amino acids or proteinogenic amino acids are those which are naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism are thosenotnaturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism. proteins that carry out different activities of the cell like enzymes, hormones like insulin. See 8 different functions of proteins hereFor example GABA is a neurotransmitter that blocks impulses between nerve cells in the brain.Both Hexokinase andGlucokinase are enzymes catalyzingthe phophorylation of Glucose toGlucose-6-phosphate using ATP. During the reaction, one ATP molecule is cleavedto ADP and the phosphate thus released is added to glucose. Hexokinase andGlucokinae are isoenzymes with same catalytic activity but have differentphysical properties and site of action. Glucokinase is also called as humanhexokinaseIV,hexokinaseD etcGlucokinase plays a central role as a glucose sensor in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. reaction rate (Vmax) of hexokinase is low that means it gets saturated quickly by increasing glucose concentration reaction rate (Vmax) of glucokinase is quite high, thus can handle larger glucose load resulting in a rapid conversion of glucose into usable energy.Hexokinase is an allosteric enzyme with **allosteric site for regulation of enzyme activity*Constitutiveenzymesarealways produced in constant amounts without regard to the physiological demandor the concentration of the substrate.**Allosteric site: is thesite other than the active site where effector molecule binds and regulatedenzyme activity. This type of regulation is called allosteric regulation.Both Hexokinase andGlucokinase are enzymes catalyzingthe phophorylation of Glucose toGlucose-6-phosphate using ATP. During the reaction, one ATP molecule is cleavedto ADP and the phosphate thus released is added to glucose. Hexokinase andGlucokinae are isoenzymes with same catalytic activity but have differentphysical properties and site of action. Glucokinase is also called as humanhexokinaseIV,hexokinaseD etcGlucokinase plays a central role as a glucose sensor in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. reaction rate (Vmax) of hexokinase is low that means it gets saturated quickly by increasing glucose concentration reaction rate (Vmax) of glucokinase is quite high, thus can handle larger glucose load resulting in a rapid conversion of glucose into usable energy.Hexokinase is an allosteric enzyme with **allosteric site for regulation of enzyme activity*Constitutiveenzymesarealways produced in constant amounts without regard to the physiological demandor the concentration of the substrate.**Allosteric site: is thesite other than the active site where effector molecule binds and regulatedenzyme activity. This type of regulation is called allosteric regulation. 1.El Nino is warming of the Pacific Ocean between South America and the Data Line. 2.It accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific.1.La Nina exists when cooler than usual ocean temperatures occur on the equator between South America and the Data Line.2. It accompanies low air surface pressure in the Eastern Pacific.3. La Nina, which occurs when the trade winds blow unusually hard and the sea temperature becomes colder than normal. 1.El Nino is warming of the Pacific Ocean between South America and the Data Line. 2.It accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific.1.La Nina exists when cooler than usual ocean temperatures occur on the equator between South America and the Data Line.2. It accompanies low air surface pressure in the Eastern Pacific.3. La Nina, which occurs when the trade winds blow unusually hard and the sea temperature becomes colder than normal.We have already discussed the difference between C3 and C4 cycle, C3, C4 and CAM cycle. In this post we are discussing the difference between Calvin Cycle or C3 cycle in Photosynthesis and Krebs cycle in Cellular Respiration stage in photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed to carbohydrate using energy (ATP and NADPH) produced during light reaction stage in cellular respiration that involves series of reactions that produces carbon dioxidemolecules, GTP/ATP and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2. catabolic process where respiratory substrates such as carbohydrates, fats etc are broken down releasing energy process that involves oxygen in Electron transport chain which is essential for running Krebs cycleWe have already discussed the difference between C3 and C4 cycle, C3, C4 and CAM cycle. In this post we are discussing the difference between Calvin Cycle or C3 cycle in Photosynthesis and Krebs cycle in Cellular Respiration stage in photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed to carbohydrate using energy (ATP and NADPH) produced during light reaction stage in cellular respiration that involves series of reactions that produces carbon dioxidemolecules, GTP/ATP and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2. catabolic process where respiratory substrates such as carbohydrates, fats etc are broken down releasing energy process that involves oxygen in Electron transport chain which is essential for running Krebs cycle

TAGS:Major Differences 

<<< Thank you for your visit >>>

Hot Websites