Divyum A WAY TO BETTER TOMORROW

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Chalcolithic or Eneolithic period marks the use of the metals among which the Copper was first. Copper was probably the first metal used by humans and the period of Copper Age was from 1800-800 BC. This was the period in which stone tools were losing their significance and copper tools were finding grounds. The earliest settlements belonging to the Chalcolithic Phase are extended from the Chhotanagpur plateau to the copper Gangetic basin. Some sites are found at Brahmagiri near Mysore and Navada Toli on the Narmada. Cattle, sheep, goat buffalo and pig were reared. Thereafter, they were killed for food. Crops like barley and wheat were cultivated. Other crops that were cultivated are bajra, jowar, millets, ragi, green peas, lentil, green gram and black gram. Wheel- made fine pottery is considered as the specialty of the Chalcolithic culture. Most of these used to be of red and orange color.  The burial practice was another striking feature and the dead were buried in a particular direction all over a particular area.The sites ofAhar-Banas Culture wereAahar,balathal,Gilundetcin the vicinity of Banas river in Rajasthan. The distinctive feature is black and red ware.Located in Rajasthan near Chambal and its tributaries, the sturdy red slipped ware with chocolate designs is main feature.Narmada its tributaries in Gujarat. One of the largest Chalcolithic settlements. The largest site of the Chalcolithic period is Diamabad situated on the left bank of the Pravara River. Major sites of Malwa Cultureinclude Daimabad, Inamgaon, Kayatha, Nagda, Vidisha, Eran, Mandsaur, and Navdatoli (near Maheshwar). A massive fortification wall and a moat have been discovered at Eran. Both of them are derived from the Harappa culture. The polished red ware is the hall mark of this culture.Jorweis a village and an archaeological site located on the banks of the Godavari River in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. This site was first was excavated in 1950-51 under the direction of HasmukhDhirajlalSankaliaandShantaramBhalchandra Deo.Chalcolithic sites belonging to theJorweculture (ca. 1300–700 BCE) have been discovered throughout Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and other states. The key features of this culture include red pottery, generally with matt surface bearing paintings in black.The Stone Age is the first period in the three-age system of archaeology, which divides human technological prehistory into three periods: The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years BCE and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two epoch boundaries on the geologic time scale: The Paleolithic period of archaeology Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic period of archaeology Neolithic period of archaeology The Paleolithic also called the Old Stone Age, the term Palaeolithic was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865 ; palaios, old and  lithos, stone , meaning  old age of the stone or Old Stone Age . At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors.Paleolithic humans made tools of stone, bone, and wood.  , The early paleolithic hominins,  Australopithecus, were the first users of stone tools. Lower Paleolithic humans used a variety of stone tools, including hand axes and choppers. Although they appear to have used hand axes often, there is disagreement about their use. Lower Paleolithic humans constructed shelters, such as the possible wood hut at Terra Amata. However, the use of fire only became common in the societies of the following Middle Stone Age and Middle Paleolithic. Use of fire reduced mortality rates and provided protection against predators.Early hominins may have begun to cook their food as early as the Lower Paleolithic (c. 1.9 million years ago) or at the latest in the early Middle Paleolithic (c. 250,000 years ago).The Lower Paleolithic Homo erectus possibly invented rafts to travel over large bodies of water, which may have allowed a group of Homo erectus to reach the island of Flores and evolve into the small hominin Homo floresiensis. Middle Paleolithic stone tool manufacturing spawned a tool making technique known as the prepared-core technique, that was more elaborate than previous Acheulean techniques. This technique increased efficiency by allowing the creation of more controlled and consistent flakes. It allowed Middle Paleolithic humans to create stone tipped spears, which were the earliest composite tools, by hafting sharp, pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts. In addition to improving tool making methods, the Middle Paleolithic also saw an improvement of the tools themselves that allowed access to a wider variety and amount of food sources. Harpoons were invented and used for the first time during the late Middle Paleolithic ; the invention of these devices brought fish into the human diets, which provided a hedge against starvation and a more abundant food supply. Paleolithic groups such as the Neanderthals—who had a Middle Paleolithic level of technology—appear to have hunted large game just as well as Upper Paleolithic modern humans. and the Neanderthals in particular may have likewise hunted with projectile weapons.During the Upper Paleolithic, further inventions were made such as the net ,bolas, the spear thrower , the bow and arrow, Early dogs were domesticated. Upper Paleolithic cultures were probably able to time the migration of game animals such as wild horses and deer. Two main forms of Paleolithic art are known to modern scholars: small sculptures; and monumental paintings, incised designs, and reliefs on the walls of caves. Among the bone and ivory carvings dating to the Paleolithic are several examples of partial bone or ivory flutes, including one with five finger holes, found at Hohle Fels Cave, near Ulm, Germany, and dated to about 35,000 years ago. India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions. State Capital Statehood Andhra PradeshHyderabad (de jure), Amaravati (de facto)01-Nov-56Arunachal PradeshItanagar20-Feb-87AssamDispur26-Jan-50BiharPatna26-Jan-50ChhattisgarhNaya Raipur01-Nov-00GoaPanaji30-May-87GujaratGandhinagar01-May-60HaryanaChandigarh01-Nov-66Himachal PradeshShimla (Summer), Dharamshala (Winter)25-Jan-71JharkhandRanchi15-Nov-00KarnatakaBangalore01-Nov-56KeralaThiruvananthapuram01-Nov-56Madhya PradeshBhopal01-Nov-56MaharashtraMumbai (Summer), Nagpur (Winter)01-May-60ManipurImphal21-Jan-72MeghalayaShillong21-Jan-72MizoramAizawl20-Feb-87NagalandKohima01-Dec-63OdishaBhubaneswar26-Jan-50PunjabChandigarh01-Nov-66RajasthanJaipur01-Nov-56SikkimGangtok16-May-75Tamil NaduChennai01-Nov-56TelanganaHyderabad02-Jun-14TripuraAgartala21-Jan-72Uttar PradeshLucknow26-Jan-50UttarakhandGairsain(Summer), Dehradun (Winter)09-Nov-00West BengalKolkata26-Jan-50SirBenegal Narsing Rau, acivil servantwho became thefirstIndian judgein theInternational Court of Justiceand waspresident of the United Nations Security Council, was appointed as the assembly s constitutional adviser in 1946.At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed. On 29 August, 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India. Rau s draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair. At its first meeting on 30th August 1947, the Drafting Committee elected B.R Ambedkar as its Chairman.A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. The constituent assembly took 2years ,11 months and 17 days to frame the constitution.On 26 Nov 1949 Constituent assembly adopted the constitution. 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete.here were 22 parts, 395 articles and 8 schedules.CITYRIVERSTATEAGRAYAMUNAUTTAR PRADESHAHMEDABADSABARMATIGUJRATALLAHABADAT THE CONFLUENCE OF GANGA, YAMUNA AND SARASWATIUTTAR PRADESHAYODHYASARAYUUTTAR PRADESHBADRINATHALAKANANDAUTTARAKHANDCUTTACKMAHANADIODISHABHAGALPURGANGESBIHARKOLKATAHOOGLYWEST BENGALNEW DELHIYAMUNADELHIDIBRUGARHBRAHMAPUTRAASSAMFEROZPURSUTLEJPUNJABGUWAHATIBRAHMAPUTRAASSAMHARIDWARGANGESUTTARAKHANDHYDERABADMUSITELUNGANAJABALPURNARMADAMADHYA PRADESHKANPURGANGESUTTER PRADESHKOTACHAMBALRAJASTHANJAMMUTAWIJAMMU KASHMIRPATNAGANGESBIHARRAJMUNDRIGODAVARIANDRA PRADESHSRINAGARJHELUMJAMMU KASHMIRSURATTAPIGUJRATVARANASIGANGESUTTAR PRADESHVIJAYAWADAKRISHNAANDRA PRADESHVADODARAVISHWAMITRIGUJRATMATHURAYAMUNAUTTAR PRADESHBANGALOREVRISHABHADRIKARNATAKAKANNAUJGANGESUTTAR PRADESHMANGALORENETRAVATIKARNATAKASHIMOGATUNGA RIVERKARNATAKABHADRAVATIBHADRAKARNATAKAGWALIORCHAMBALMADHYA PRADESHGORAKPURRAPTIUTTAR PRADESHLUCKNOWGOMTIUTTAR PRADESHKANPURGANGESUTTAR PRADESHSMBALPURMAHANADIODISHAROURKELABRAHMANIODISHAMADURAIVAIGAITAMIL NADUTHIRUCHIRAPALLIKAVERITAMIL NADUERODEKAVERITAMIL NADUTIRUNELVELITHAMIRA BARANITAMIL NADUNASHIKGODAVARIMAHARASHTRAHAJIPURGANGESBIHARUJJAINSHIPRAMADHYA PRADESHAMARAVATIKRISHNAANDRA PRADESHTHANJAVURVENNAARUTAMIL NADUCOUNTRYCAPITALCURRENCYAfghanistanKabulAfghaniAlbaniaTiraneLekAlgeriaAlgiersDinarAndorraAndorra la VellaEuroAngolaLuandaNew KwanzaAntigua and BarbudaSaint John sEast Caribbean dollarArgentinaBuenos AiresPesoArmeniaYerevanDramAustraliaCanberraAustralian dollarAustriaViennaEuroAzerbaijanBakuManatThe BahamasNassauBahamian dollarBahrainManamaBahrain dinarBangladeshDhakaTakaBarbadosBridgetownBarbados dollarBelarusMinskBelorussian rubleBelgiumBrusselsEuroBelizeBelmopanBelize dollarBeninPorto-NovoCFA FrancBhutanThimphuNgultrumBoliviaLa Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)BolivianoBosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevoMarkaBotswanaGaboronePulaBrazilBrasiliaRealBruneiBandar Seri BegawanBrunei dollarBulgariaSofiaLevBurkina FasoOuagadougouCFA FrancBurundiBujumburaBurundi francCambodiaPhnom PenhRielCameroonYaoundeCFA FrancCanadaOttawaCanadian dollarCape VerdePraiaCape Verdean escudoCentral African RepublicBanguiCFA FrancChadN DjamenaCFA FrancChileSantiagoChilean PesoChinaBeijingYuan/RenminbiColombiaBogotaColombian PesoComorosMoroniFrancCongo, Republic of theBrazzavilleCFA FrancCongo, Democratic Republic of theKinshasaCongolese francCosta RicaSan JoseColónCote d IvoireYamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)CFA FrancCroatiaZagrebKunaCubaHavanaCuban PesoCyprusNicosiaCyprus poundCzech RepublicPragueKorunaDenmarkCopenhagenKroneDjiboutiDjiboutiDjibouti francDominicaRoseauEast Caribbean dollarDominican RepublicSanto DomingoDominican PesoEast TimorDiliU.S. dollarEcuadorQuitoU.S. dollarEgyptCairoEgyptian poundEl SalvadorSan SalvadorColón; U.S. dollarEquatorial GuineaMalaboCFA FrancEritreaAsmaraNakfaEstoniaTallinnKroonEthiopiaAddis AbabaBirrFijiSuvaFiji dollarFinlandHelsinkiEuroFranceParisEuroGabonLibrevilleCFA FrancThe GambiaBanjulDalasiGeorgiaTbilisiLariGermanyBerlinEuroGhanaAccraCediGreeceAthensEuroGrenadaSaint George sEast Caribbean dollarGuatemalaGuatemala CityQuetzalGuineaConakryGuinean francGuinea-BissauBissauCFA FrancGuyanaGeorgetownGuyanese dollarHaitiPort-au-PrinceGourdeHondurasTegucigalpaLempiraHungaryBudapestForintIcelandReykjavikIcelandickrónaIndiaNew DelhiRupeeIndonesiaJakartaRupiahIranTehranRialIraqBaghdadIraqi DinarIrelandDublinEuroIsraelJerusalemShekelItalyRomeEuroJamaicaKingstonJamaican dollarJapanTokyoYenJordanAmmanJordanian dinarKazakhstanNursultanTengeKenyaNairobiKenya shillingKiribatiTarawa AtollAustralian dollarKorea, NorthPyongyangWonKorea, SouthSeoulWonKosovoPristinaEuroKuwaitKuwait CityKuwaiti dinarKyrgyzstanBishkekSomLaosVientianeNew KipLatviaRigaLatsLebanonBeirutLebanese poundLesothoMaseruMalutiLiberiaMonroviaLiberian dollarLibyaTripoliLibyan dinarLiechtensteinVaduzSwiss francLithuaniaVilniusLitasLuxembourgLuxembourgEuroMacedoniaSkopjeDenarMadagascarAntananarivoMalagasy francMalawiLilongweKwachaMalaysiaKuala LumpurRinggitMaldivesMaleRufiyaMaliBamakoCFA FrancMaltaVallettaMaltese liraMarshall IslandsMajuroU.S. DollarMauritaniaNouakchottOuguiyaMauritiusPort LouisMauritian rupeeMexicoMexico CityMexican pesoMicronesia, Federated States ofPalikirU.S. DollarMoldovaChisinauLeuMonacoMonacoEuroMongoliaUlaanbaatarTugrikMontenegroPodgoricaEuroMoroccoRabatDirhamMozambiqueMaputoMeticalMyanmar (Burma)Rangoon ;Naypyidaw or NayPyiTaw (administrative)KyatInitially, it had 10 duties, now it contains 11 duties by 86th amendments act 2002. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures; To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child, or as the case may be, ward between the age of six to fourteen years. Article 52 – The President of India Article 53 – Executive Power of the union Article 54 – Election of President Article 61 – Procedure for Impeachment of the President Article 63 – The Vice–president of India Article 64 – The Vice–President to be ex–officio chairman the council of States Article 66 – Election of Vice–president Article 72 – Pardoning powers of President Article 74 – Council of ministers to aid and advise President Article 76 – Attorney–General for India Article 79 – Constitution of Parliament Article 80 – Composition of Rajya Sabha Article 81 – Composition of Lok Sabha Article 83 – Duration of Houses of Parliament Article 93 – The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of the people Article 105 – Powers, Privileges, etc. of the House of Parliament Article 109 – Special procedure in respects of money bills Article 110 – Definition of “Money Bills” Article 112 – Annual Financial Budget Article 114 –Appropriation Bills Article 123 – Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of parliament Article 124 – Establishment of Supreme Court Article 125 – Salaries of Judges Article 126 – Appointment of acting Chief justice Article 127 – Appointment of ad–hoc judges Article 128 –Attendance of retired judge at sitting of the Supreme Court Article 129 – Supreme Court to be a court of Record Article 130 – Seat of the Supreme Court Article 136 – Special leaves for an appeal to the Supreme Court Article 137 – Review of judgment or orders by the Supreme Court Article 141 – Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the courts Article 148 – Comptroller and Auditor– General of India Article 149 – Duties and Powers of CAG Article 153 – Governors of State Article 154 – Executive Powers of Governor Article 161 – Pardoning powers of the Governor Article 165 – Advocate–General of the State Article 213 – Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances Article 214 – High Courts for states Article 215 – High Courts to be court of record Article 226 – Power of High Courts to issue certain writs Article 233 – Appointment of District judges Article 235 – Control over Subordinate Courts Article 1– Name and territory of the union.Article 2– Admission and establishment of the new state.Article 3– Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, andnameof existing states.Article 5–Citizenshipat the commencement of the constitution.Article 6– Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan.Article 10– Continuance of rights of citizenship.Article 11– Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.The constitution of India ORIGINALLY provided 7 basic fundamental rights, now there are only 6. The Right to property under article 31 was removed from the list of fundamental rights by 44thamendment act 1978. Right to propertybecome alegal right now underarticle 300–A was made and included in Part XII of the constitution.Article 12– Definition of the state.Article 13– Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.Article 14– Equality before the law.Article 15– Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex. Or place of birth.Article 16– Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.Article 17– Abolition of the untouchability.Article 18– Abolition of titlesRight to freedom of speech and expressionRight to assemble peacefully and without armsRight to form associations or unionsRight to move freelythroughoutthe territory of IndiaRight to reside and settle in any part of the territory of IndiaRight to practice any profession or to carry on anyoccupation,tradeand business.Article 20– Protection in respect of conviction for offences.Article 21– Protection of life and personal liberty.Article 22– Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy.First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – Lists India s states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change. Second Schedule – Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the comptroller and auditor general. Third Schedule – Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges. Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory. Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (areas and tribes requiring special protection). Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351) – Official languages Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain acts and regulations Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) – Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures. Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government) Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government) Part I – States and union territories Part II – Citizenship Part III – Fundamental Rights Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA – Fundamental Duties Part V      The Union Part VI   The States Part VII    States in the B part of the first schedule (repealed)     Part VIII    Union territories Part IX    Panchayats   Part IXA  Municipalities Part IXB – Co-operative societies Part X – Scheduled and tribal areas Part XI – Relations between the union and the states Part XII – Finance, property, contracts and suits Part XIII – Trade and commerce within India Part XIV – Services under the union and states Part XIV A – Tribunals Part XV – Elections Part XVI – Special provisions relating to certain classes Part XVII – Languages Part XVIII – Emergency provisions Part XIX – Miscellaneous Part XX – Amending the constitution Part XXI – Temporary, transitional and special provisions Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repeals

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